The intrinsic value of visual information affects saccade velocities
Open accessAbstract
Let us assume that the purpose of any movement is to position our body in a more advantageous or rewarding state. For example, we might make a saccade to foveate an image because our brain assigns an intrinsic value to the information that it expects to acquire at the endpoint of that saccade. Different images might have different intrinsic values. Optimal control theory predicts that the intrinsic value that the brain assigns to targets of saccades should be reflected in the trajectory of the saccade. That is, in anticipation of foveating a highly valued image, our brain should produce a saccade with a higher velocity and shorter duration. Here, we considered four types of images: faces, objects, inverted faces, and meaningless visual noise. Indeed, we found that reflexive saccades that were made to a laser light in anticipation of viewing an image of a face had the highest velocities and shortest durations. The intrinsic value of visual information appears to have a small but significant influence on the motor commands that guide saccades.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The eyes represent an object of high interest or intrinsic value.
“The higher peak velocity of gaze following saccades and/or saccades targeting the eyes demonstrate that the eyes represent an object of high interest or intrinsic value (Xu-Wilson et al., 2009).”
From Oxytocin enhances gaze-following responses to videos of natural social behavior in adult male rhesus monkeys (2016) · cites this paper as Xu-Wilson et al., 2009
Previous reports indicate changes in saccade parameters induced by social stimuli.
“This analysis was justified by previous reports on changes in saccade parameters induced by social stimuli (Xu-Wilson et al., 2009).”
From Oxytocin enhances gaze-following responses to videos of natural social behavior in adult male rhesus monkeys (2016) · cites this paper as Xu-Wilson et al., 2009
These results support the hypothesis that saccade parameters might be related to the salience or value of fixation targets.
“These results support the hypothesis put forth by Xu-Wilson et al. (2009) that saccade parameters might be related to the salience or value of fixation targets.”
From Oxytocin enhances gaze-following responses to videos of natural social behavior in adult male rhesus monkeys (2016) · cites this paper as Xu-Wilson et al. (2009)
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
A neural substrate of prediction and reward
Schultz, W., Dayan, P., & Montague, P. R. (1997) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.275.5306.1593 · Cited by 9,388 · see citing works
Signal-dependent noise determines motor planning
Harris, C. M., & Wolpert, D. M. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/29528 · Cited by 2,498 · see citing works
A Method of Measuring Eye Movemnent Using a Scieral Search Coil in a Magnetic Field
Robinson, D. A. (1963) · IEEE Transactions on Bio-medical Electronics · doi:10.1109/tbmel.1963.4322822 · Cited by 2,214 · see citing works
A method of measuring eye movements using a scleral search coil in a magnetic field
Robinson, D. A. (1963) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,709 · see citing works
Eye movements in natural behavior
Hayhoe, M., & Ballard, D. H. (2005) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.02.009 · Cited by 1,321 · see citing works
The main sequence, a tool for studying human eye movements
Bahill, A. T., Clark, M. R., & STARK, L. W. (1975) · Mathematical Biosciences · doi:10.1016/0025-5564(75)90075-9 · Cited by 1,291 · see citing works
A computational neuroanatomy for motor control
Shadmehr, R., & Krakauer, J. W. (2008) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-008-1280-5 · Cited by 1,187 · see citing works
Self-citationTonic dopamine: Opportunity costs and the control of response vigor
Niv, Y., Daw, N. D., Joel, D., & Dayan, P. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0502-4 · Cited by 1,133 · see citing works
The representation of visual salience in monkey parietal cortex
Gottlieb, J. P., Kusunoki, M., & Goldberg, M. E. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35135 · Cited by 1,078 · see citing works
Salience, relevance, and firing: a priority map for target selection
Fecteau, J. H., & Muñoz, D. G. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.06.011 · Cited by 912 · see citing works
Reward value of attractiveness and gaze
Kampe, K. K. W., Frith, C. D., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, U. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35098149 · Cited by 475 · see citing works
Predicting human gaze using low-level saliency combined with face detection
Cerf, M., Harel, J., Wolfgang Einhäuser, A., & Christof Koch, A. (2008) · CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) · Cited by 473 · see citing works
Binocular co‐ordination of human horizontal saccadic eye movements.
Collewijn, H., Erkelens, C. J., & Steinman, R. M. (1988) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1988.sp017284 · Cited by 471 · see citing works
Monkeys Pay Per View: Adaptive Valuation of Social Images by Rhesus Macaques
Deaner, R. O., Khera, A. V., & Platt, M. L. (2005) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.044 · Cited by 431 · see citing works
Neuronal representations of cognitive state: reward or attention?
Maunsell, J. H. R. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.04.003 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Basal ganglia orient eyes to reward
Hikosaka, O., Nakamura, K., & Nakahara, H. (2006) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00458.2005 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Modulation of saccadic eye movements by predicted reward outcome
Takikawa, Y., Kawagoe, R., Itoh, H., Nakahara, H., & Hikosaka, O. (2002) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-001-0928-1 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
How visual stimuli activate dopaminergic neurons at short latency
Dommett, E., Coizet, V., Blaha, C. D., Martindale, J., Lefebvre, V., Walton, N., Mayhew, J. E. W., Overton, P. G., & Redgrave, P. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1107026 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Adaptive Control of Saccades via Internal Feedback
Chen‐Harris, H., Joiner, W. M., Ethier, V., Zee, D. S., & Shadmehr, R. (2008) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5300-07.2008 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Self-citationMoment-to-moment tracking of state value in the amygdala
Belova, M. A., Paton, J. J., & Salzman, C. D. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1400-08.2008 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Characteristics of Saccadic Gain Adaptation in Rhesus Macaques
Straube, A. M., Fuchs, A. F., Usher, S., & Robinson, F. R. (1997) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1997.77.2.874 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Social status gates social attention in monkeys
Shepherd, S. V., Deaner, R. O., & Platt, M. L. (2006) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.02.013 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Saccade Reward Signals in Posterior Cingulate Cortex
McCoy, A. N., Crowley, J. C., Haghighian, G., Dean, H. L., & Platt, M. L. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00719-0 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Neural Coding of Reward-Prediction Error Signals During Classical Conditioning With Attractive Faces
Bray, S., & O’Doherty, J. P. (2007) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01211.2006 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Reduced saccadic resilience and impaired saccadic adaptation due to cerebellar disease
Golla, H., Tziridis, K., Haarmeier, T., Catz, N., Barash, S., & Thier, P. (2008) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05996.x · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Economic principles motivating social attention in humans
Hayden, B. Y., Parikh, P. C., Deaner, R. O., & Platt, M. L. (2007) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2007.0368 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Basal Ganglia Mechanisms of Reward‐Oriented Eye Movement
Hikosaka, O. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1390.012 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Neurophysiology and neuroanatomy of reflexive and voluntary saccades in non-human primates
Johnston, K., & Everling, S. (2008) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2008.08.017 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
The Influence of Expected Value on Saccadic Preparation
Milstein, D. M., & Dorris, M. C. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0577-07.2007 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Eye-Hand Coordination: Saccades Are Faster When Accompanied by a Coordinated Arm Movement
Snyder, L. H., Calton, J. L., Dickinson, A. R., & Lawrence, B. M. (2002) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00854.2001 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Neural Correlates of Rewarded and Unrewarded Eye Movements in the Primate Caudate Nucleus
Watanabe, K., Lauwereyns, J., & Hikosaka, O. (2003) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.23-31-10052.2003 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Predictive eye saccades are different from visually triggered saccades
Bronstein, A. M., & Kennard, C. (1987) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(87)90037-x · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The control of attention to faces
Bindemann, M., Burton, A. M., Langton, S., Schweinberger, S. R., & DOHERTY, M. J. (2007) · Journal of Vision · doi:10.1167/7.10.15 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
The urgency to look: Prompt saccades to the benefit of perception
Montagnini, A., & Chelazzi, L. (2005) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.07.013 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Rewarding properties of visual stimuli
Blatter, K., & Schultz, W. (2005) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-005-0114-y · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Antisaccade velocity, but not latency, results from a lack of saccade visual guidance
Edelman, J. A., Valenzuela, N., & Barton, J. J. S. (2005) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2005.09.013 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Control of Sensorimotor Variability by Consequences
Madelain, L., Champrenaut, L., & Chauvin, A. (2007) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.01286.2006 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Saccadic Output Is Influenced by Limb Kinetics During Eye—Hand Coordination
van Donkelaar, P., Siu, K., & Walterschied, J. (2004) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.3200/jmbr.36.3.245-252 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Eye movements during the examination of complicated objects.
Yarbus, A. L. (1961) · PubMed · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Focal attentional level while tracking a smoothly moving target influences saccadic dynamics
Ebisawa, Y., & Suzu, K.-I. (2002) · Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/iembs.1995.579771 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Niv Y Daw ND Joel D Dayan P Tonic dopamine: opportunity costs and the control of response vigor Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007b 191 507 520 17031711
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Error Correction, Sensory Prediction, and Adaptation in Motor Control
Shadmehr, R., Smith, M. A., & Krakauer, J. W. (2010) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-060909-153135 · Cited by 1,869 · see citing works
Self-citationBasal Ganglia Circuits for Reward Value–Guided Behavior
Hikosaka, O., Kim, H. F., Yasuda, M., & Yamamoto, S. (2014) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071013-013924 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Cerebellar contributions to adaptive control of saccades in humans
Xu-Wilson, M., Chen-Harris, H., Zee, D. S., & Shadmehr, R. (2009) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3115-09.2009 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Self-citationPutnam, P. T., Roman, J. M., Zimmerman, P. E., & Gothard, K. M. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.016 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“This analysis was justified by previous reports on changes in saccade parameters induced by social stimuli (Xu-Wilson et al., 2009).”
Coello, Y., Quesque, F., Gigliotti, M.-F., Ott, L., & Bruyelle, J.-L. (2018) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0196874 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
- Authors
- Xu-Wilson, M., Zee, D. S., & Shadmehr, R.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Xu-Wilson, Minnan
- Venue
- Experimental Brain Research
- Published
- 2009-06-14
- Volume
- 196
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 475-481
- ISSN
- 0014-4819 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-1106
- PMC
- PMC2771693
- OpenAlex
- W2147955121
- Cited by
- 160
- References
- 40
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 3.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Experimental Brain Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Eye Institute (R21EY019581, R01EY001849)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007057)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (F31NS062513, R01NS037422)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- saccade velocity, saccade duration, optimal control, reflexive saccades, foveation, face perception, inverted faces, visual noise, motor control
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cognition, Computer Simulation, Face, Female, Fixation, Ocular, Humans, Judgment, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Reflex, Reward, Saccades, Space Perception, Time Factors, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
