Basal Ganglia Circuits for Reward Value–Guided Behavior
Open accessAbstract
The basal ganglia are equipped with inhibitory and disinhibitory mechanisms that enable a subject to choose valuable objects and actions. Notably, a value can be determined flexibly by recent experience or stably by prolonged experience. Recent studies have revealed that the head and tail of the caudate nucleus selectively and differentially process flexible and stable values of visual objects. These signals are sent to the superior colliculus through different parts of the substantia nigra so that the animal looks preferentially at high-valued objects, but in different manners. Thus, relying on short-term value memories, the caudate head circuit allows the subject's gaze to move expectantly to recently valued objects. Relying on long-term value memories, the caudate tail circuit allows the subject's gaze to move automatically to previously valued objects. The basal ganglia also contain an equivalent parallel mechanism for action values. Such flexible–stable parallel mechanisms for object and action values create a highly adaptable system for decision making.
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Research on reward-based selection history has highlighted key brain areas traditionally linked to reward, such as the basal ganglia, more specifically, the rostral and caudal regions of the caudate nucleus in the striatum, and the VMPFC.
“Research on reward-based selection history has highlighted some of the key brain areas that have traditionally been linked to reward, such as the basal ganglia, more specifically, the rostral and caudal regions of the caudate nucleus in the striatum, and the VMPFC, which directly receives input from the basal ganglia (e.g., Anderson, Kuwabara, et al., 2016, 2017; Hickey & Peelen, 2015; Hikosaka et”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Hikosaka et al., 2014
The Abstract and “Differential value coding in caudate nucleus” section describe reward-value processing in the basal ganglia, including distinct roles for the caudate head and tail. The passages do not identify the VMPFC as a reward-related area or establish the citing sentence’s claim that it directly receives input from the basal ganglia (searched: VMPFC, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and direct input). (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe specific role of dopamine in reward learning is still a matter of debate.
“Although most theories support the idea that dopamine contributes to neuronal plasticity alongside other neuromodulators, its specific role in reward learning is still a matter of debate (e.g., Aarts, van Holstein, & Cools, 2011; Berridge & Robinson, 1998; Hikosaka, Kim, Yasuda, & Yamamoto, 2014; Roelfsema, van Ooyen, & Watanabe, 2010; Schultz, 1997).”
From Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention. (2018) · cites this paper as Hikosaka, Kim, Yasuda, & Yamamoto, 2014
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Yasuda, M., & Hikosaka, O. (2014) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00674.2014 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationVisual hemineglect induced by unilateral striatal dopamine deficiency in monkeys
Miyashita, N., Hikosaka, O., & Katô, M. (1995) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199506090-00007 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationAnticipatory saccades in sequential procedural learning in monkeys
Miyashita, K., Rand, M. K., Miyachi, S., & Hikosaka, O. (1996) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1996.76.2.1361 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationTanibuchi, I., Kitano, H., & Jinnai, K. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.91287.2008 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Saccade Suppression by Electrical Microstimulation in Monkey Caudate Nucleus
Watanabe, M., & Munoz, D. P. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5011-09.2010 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Kitama, T., Ohno, T., Tanaka, M., et al. (1991) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/0168-0102(91)90118-i · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Watanabe, M., & Munoz, D. P. (2010) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21554 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Mishkin M Malamut B Bachevalier J Memories and habits: Two neural systems In Neurobiol Learn Mem, ed. G Lynch, JL McGaugh, NM Weinberger 1984 65 77 The Guilford Press New York
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Selection history: How reward modulates selectivity of visual attention.
Failing, M., & Theeuwes, J. (2018) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-017-1380-y · Cited by 345 · see citing works
“…as the basal ganglia, more specifically, the rostral and caudal regions of the caudate nucleus in the striatum, and the VMPFC, which directly receives input from the basal ganglia (e.g., Anderson, Kuwabara, et al., 2016, 2017; Hickey & Peelen, 2015; Hikosaka et al., 2014; Vaidya & Fellows, 2015).”
BackgroundA Genetically Defined Compartmentalized Striatal Direct Pathway for Negative Reinforcement
Xiao, X., Deng, H., Furlan, A., Yang, T., Zhang, X., Hwang, G.-R., Tucciarone, J., Wu, P., He, M., Palaniswamy, R., et al. (2020) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2020.08.032 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Kelly, S. M., Raudales, R., He, M., Lee, J. H., Kim, Y., Gibb, L. G., Wu, P., Matho, K., Osten, P., Graybiel, A. M., et al. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2018.06.021 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Approach-Induced Biases in Human Information Sampling
Hunt, L. T., Rutledge, R. B., Malalasekera, W. M. N., Kennerley, S. W., & Dolan, R. J. (2016) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2000638 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Anderson, B. A., Kuwabara, H., Wong, D. F., Roberts, J., Rahmim, A., Brašić, J. R., & Courtney, S. M. (2017) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.05.062 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Brain systems at the intersection of chronic pain and self-regulation
Reddan, M. C., & Wager, T. D. (2019) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2018.11.047 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Deficits in context-dependent adaptive coding of reward in schizophrenia
Kirschner, M., Hager, O. M., Bischof, M., Hartmann-Riemer, M. N., Kluge, A., Seifritz, E., Tobler, P. N., & Kaiser, S. (2016) · npj Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/npjschz.2016.20 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Reward modulates oculomotor competition between differently valued stimuli
Bucker, B., Silvis, J. D., Donk, M., & Theeuwes, J. (2015) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2015.01.020 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hikosaka, O., Kim, H. F., Yasuda, M., & Yamamoto, S.
- Affiliations
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2014-07-08
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 289-306
- ISSN
- 0147-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4126
- PMC
- PMC4148825
- OpenAlex
- W2168442233
- Cited by
- 259
- References
- 113
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 2.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Louisiana State University
- National Institutes of Health
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- National Eye Institute (ZIAEY000415)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- basal ganglia, reward value, caudate nucleus, caudate head, substantia nigra, superior colliculus, gaze control, action value, decision-making, disinhibition
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Basal Ganglia, Basal Ganglia Diseases, Brain Mapping, Decision Making, Humans, Memory, Neural Pathways, Reward, Saccades, Superior Colliculi, Visual Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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