The effect of pH on the uptake and toxicity of copper and zinc in a tropical freshwater alga (Chlorella sp.).
Abstract
Copper and zinc toxicity to the freshwater alga Chlorella sp. was determined at a range of pH values (5.5-8.0) in a synthetic softwater (hardness 40-48 mg CaCO(3)/L). The effects of the metals on algal growth (cell division) rate were determined after 48-h exposure at pH 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, and 8.0. The toxicity of both metals was pH dependent. As pH decreased from 8.0 to 5.5, the copper concentration required to inhibit the algal growth rate by 50% (IC50) increased from 1.0 to 19 microg/L. For zinc, the IC50 increased from 52 to 2,700 microg/L over the same pH range. Changes in solution speciation alone did not explain the increased toxicity observed as the pH increased. Modelled Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) concentrations decreased with increasing pH, whereas toxicity was observed to increase. Measurements of extracellular (cell-bound) metal concentrations support the biotic ligand model (BLM) theory of competition between protons (H(+)) and metals for binding sites at the algal cell surface. Higher extracellular metal concentrations were observed at high pH, indicating reduced competition. Independent of pH, both extracellular and intracellular copper were directly related to growth inhibition in Chlorella sp., whereas zinc toxicity was related to cell-bound zinc only. These findings suggest that the algal cell surface may be considered as the biotic ligand in further development of a chronic BLM with microalgae. Conditional binding constants (log K) were determined experimentally (using measured intracellular metal concentrations) and theoretically (using concentration-response curves) for copper and zinc for Chlorella sp. at selected pH values. Excellent agreement was found indicating the possibility of using concentration-response data to estimate conditional metal-cell binding constants.
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- Authors
- Wilde, K. L., Stauber, J. L., Markich, S. J., Franklin, N. M., & Brown, P. L.
- Affiliations
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (AU)
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Wilde, Karyn L.
- Venue
- Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
- Published
- 2006-03-30
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 174-85
- ISSN
- 0090-4341 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0703
- OpenAlex
- W2168778829
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 6.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Heavy Metal Pollution Remediation
- Keywords
- copper toxicity, zinc toxicity, pH dependence, Chlorella, freshwater microalgae, biotic ligand model, metal uptake, metal speciation, conditional stability constants, algal growth inhibition, cell surface binding sites, tropical freshwater
- MeSH terms
- Chlorella, Copper, Fresh Water, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Zinc
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