The DOI matches its Crossref record; 87 of the 94 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Environmental and cultural stimulants in the production of carotenoids from microorganisms
Abstract
Commercial production of carotenoids from microorganisms competes mainly with synthetic manufacture by chemical procedures. Efficient stimulation of carotenoid biosynthesis is expected to promote accumulation of carotenoid by microbes. This review describes the variety of environmental and cultural stimulants studied during the last few decades which enhance volumetric production and cellular accumulation of commercially important carotenoids from microalgae, fungi and bacteria. Stimulation of carotenoid production by white-light illumination and temperature fluctuation is discussed along with supplementation of metal ions, salts, organic solvents, preformed precursors and several other chemicals in the culture broth. Reports on the improvements in yield are reviewed and assessed from a biotechnology point of view.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Some microalgae are capable of generating high amounts of carotenes in response to external stimuli that cause stress, so that they can adapt to new changes [150].”
From The Potential of Seaweeds as a Source of Functional Ingredients of Prebiotic and Antioxidant Value (2019) · cites this paper as [150]
Citations
Cites
Engineering a mevalonate pathway in Escherichia coli for production of terpenoids
Martin, V. J. J., Pitera, D. J., Withers, S. T., Newman, J. D., & Keasling, J. D. (2003) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/nbt833 · Cited by 1,720
Can dietary beta-carotene materially reduce human cancer rates?
Peto, R., Doll, R., Buckley, J. D., & Sporn, M. B. (1981) · Nature · doi:10.1038/290201a0 · Cited by 1,563
Dietary carotenoids, vitamins A, C, and E, and advanced age-related macular degeneration
Seddon, J. M. (1994) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.1994.03520180037032 · Cited by 993
Lycopene: A Biologically Important Carotenoid for Humans?
Stahl, W., & Sies, H. (1996) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.1996.0525 · Cited by 712 · cited 2×
“…in which free radicals are thought to play a role in initiation, such as arteriosclerosis, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, multiple sclerosis, and, perhaps most importantly, cancer (Peto et al. 1981; Greenberg et al. 1990; Stahl and Sies 1996; Henneckens 1997; Moeller et al. 2000).”
BackgroundCarotenogenesis in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis : Cellular physiology and stress response
Boussiba, S. (2000) · Physiologia Plantarum · doi:10.1034/j.1399-3054.2000.108002111.x · Cited by 591
Astaxanthin Accumulation in the Green Alga Haematococcus pluvialis1
Boussiba, S., & Vonshak, A. (1991) · Plant and Cell Physiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a078171 · Cited by 496
A Clinical Trial of Beta Carotene to Prevent Basal-Cell and Squamous-Cell Cancers of the Skin
Greenberg, E. R., Baron, J. A., Stukel, T. A., Stevens, M. M., Mandel, J. S., Spencer, S. K., Elias, P. M., Lowe, N., Nierenberg, D. W., Bayrd, G., et al. (1990) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199009203231204 · Cited by 482 · cited 1×
“…in which free radicals are thought to play a role in initiation, such as arteriosclerosis, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, multiple sclerosis, and, perhaps most importantly, cancer (Peto et al. 1981; Greenberg et al. 1990; Stahl and Sies 1996; Henneckens 1997; Moeller et al. 2000).”
BackgroundMolecular breeding of carotenoid biosynthetic pathways
Schmidt‐Dannert, C., Umeno, D., & Arnold, F. H. (2000) · Nature Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/77319 · Cited by 341
Del Campo, J. (2000) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/s0168-1656(99)00178-9 · Cited by 323
Metabolic engineering towards biotechnological production of carotenoids in microorganisms
P., L., & C., S.-D. (2002) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-002-1101-x · Cited by 309
Kim, S.-W., & Keasling, J. D. (2001) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/1097-0290(20000220)72:4 · Cited by 300
Britton, G. (1993) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-2124-8_4 · Cited by 273
Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Biotechnological Application
Sandmann, G. (2001) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.2000.2170 · Cited by 251
GENETICS of EUBACTERIAL CAROTENOID BIOSYNTHESIS: A colorful tale
Armstrong, G. A. (1997) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.micro.51.1.629 · Cited by 241
ACCUMULATION OF METABOLITES BY HALOTOLERANT ALGAE AND ITS INDUSTRIAL POTENTIAL
Ben-Amotz, A., & Avron, M. (1983) · Annual Review of Microbiology · doi:10.1146/annurev.mi.37.100183.000523 · Cited by 236
The Potential Role of Dietary Xanthophylls in Cataract and Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Moeller, S. M., Jacques, P. F., & Blumberg, J. B. (2000) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2000.10718975 · Cited by 236
Microbial sources of carotenoid pigments used in foods and feeds
Nelis, H. J. C. F., & Leenheer, A. P. D. (1991) · Journal of Applied Bacteriology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb02922.x · Cited by 223
Steinbrenner, J., & Linden, H. (2001) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.125.2.810 · Cited by 221
Metabolic engineering for the production of carotenoids in non-carotenogenic bacteria and yeasts
Misawa, N., & Shimada, H. (1998) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/s0168-1656(97)00154-5 · Cited by 217
Sánchez‐Mirón, A., Cerón-García, M. C., García-Camacho, F., Grima, E. M., & Yusuf Chisti, B. (2002) · Enzyme and Microbial Technology · doi:10.1016/s0141-0229(02)00229-6 · Cited by 213
A search in the genome ofSaccharomyces cerevisiae for genes regulated via stress response elements
Moskvina, E., Schüller, C., Maurer, C. T. C., Mager, W. H., & Ruis, H. (1998) · Yeast · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0061(199808)14:11 · Cited by 204
[36] Enhancement and determination of astaxanthin accumulation in green alga Haematococcus pluvialis
Boussiba, S., Fan, L., & Vonshak, A. (1992) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(92)13140-s · Cited by 160
Metabolic Engineering for Production ofβ-Carotene and Lycopene inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Yamano, S., Ishii, T., Nakagawa, M., Ikenaga, H., & Misawa, N. (1994) · Bioscience Biotechnology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1271/bbb.58.1112 · Cited by 160
Hanada, S., Hiraishi, A., Shimada, K., & Matsuura, K. (1995) · International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology · doi:10.1099/00207713-45-4-676 · Cited by 157
Hyper-accumulation of astaxanthin in a green algaHaematococcus pluvialis at elevated temperatures
Tjahjono, A. E., Hayama, Y., Kakizono, T., Terada, Y., Nishio, N., & Nagai, S. (1994) · Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.1007/bf01021659 · Cited by 151
Kobayashi, M., Kakizono, T., Nishio, N., & Nagai, S. (1992) · Journal of Fermentation and Bioengineering · doi:10.1016/0922-338x(92)90271-u · Cited by 148
García, M. O., Valero, J. F., Herrero, C., & Abalde, J. (2001) · Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.1023/a:1010510508384 · Cited by 143
Regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis genes in response to light in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Bohne, F., & Linden, H. (2002) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Structure and Expression · doi:10.1016/s0167-4781(02)00500-6 · Cited by 139
Genetic manipulation of carotenoid biosynthesis: strategies, problems and achievements
Sandmann, G. (2001) · Trends in Plant Science · doi:10.1016/s1360-1385(00)01817-3 · Cited by 139
Lycopene, Atherosclerosis, and Coronary Heart Disease
Rissanen, T. H., Voutilainen, S., Nyyssönen, K., & Salonen, J. T. (2002) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/153537020222701010 · Cited by 132
Production of β-carotene by a mutant of Rhodotorula glutinis
Bhosale, P., & Gadre, R. V. (2001) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s002530000570 · Cited by 127
Self-citationTomatoes, Lycopene, and Prostate Cancer
Giovannucci, E. L., & Clinton, S. K. (1998) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/00379727-218-44277 · Cited by 124
BIOSYNTHESIS OF YEAST CAROTENOIDS
Simpson, K. L., Nakayama, T. O. M., & Chichester, C. O. (1964) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.88.6.1688-1694.1964 · Cited by 119
Directed Evolution of Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coli for Carotenoid Production
Wang, C., Oh, M., & Liao, J. C. (2000) · Biotechnology Progress · doi:10.1021/bp000124f · Cited by 119
Sandmann, G., Albrecht, M., Schnurr, G., Knörzer, O. C., & Böger, P. (1999) · Trends in biotechnology · doi:10.1016/s0167-7799(99)01307-4 · Cited by 112
Engineering novel carotenoids in microorganisms
Schmidt-Dannert, C. (2000) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/s0958-1669(00)00093-8 · Cited by 103
Sakamoto, T., & Bryant, D. A. (1997) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s002030050535 · Cited by 100
Are active oxygen species involved in induction of ?-carotene in Dunaliella bardawil?
Shaish, A., Avron, M., Pick, U., & Ben‐Amotz, A. (1993) · Planta · doi:10.1007/bf00196965 · Cited by 99
Commercial opportunities for carotenoid production by biotechnology
Ausich, R. L. (1997) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1351/pac199769102169 · Cited by 95
Ethanol increases carotenoid production in Phaffia rhodozyma
Gu, W.-L., An, G.-H., & Johnson, E. A. (1997) · Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/sj.jim.2900425 · Cited by 89
Flores‐Cotera, L. B., Martín, R. M. D., & Sánchez, S. (2001) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s002530000498 · Cited by 89
Activation of Torularhodin Production by Rhodotorula glutinis Using Weak White Light Irradiation.
Sakaki, H., Nakanishi, T., Tada, A., Miki, W., & Komemushi, S. (2001) · Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering · doi:10.1016/s1389-1723(01)80265-6 · Cited by 88
Regulation of Carotene Biosynthesis in Phycomyces by Vitamin A and beta-Ionone
Eslava, A. P., Álvarez, M. I., & Cerdá‐Olmedo, E. (1974) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03804.x · Cited by 85
Secondary carotenoids formation by the green alga Chlorococcum sp.
Liu, B., & Lee, Y. K. (2000) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1023/a:1008185212724 · Cited by 76
Ben‐Amotz, A. (1996) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3646.1996.00272.x · Cited by 76
Influence of light on growth and pigmentation of the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma
An, G.-H., & Johnson, E. A. (1990) · Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · doi:10.1007/bf00400151 · Cited by 75
LOW‐TEMPERATURE‐INDUCED SYNTHESIS OF α‐CAROTENE IN THE MICROALGA DUNALIELLA SALINA (CHLOROPHYTA)
Orset, S., & Young, A. J. (1999) · Journal of Phycology · doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.1999.3530520.x · Cited by 68
Influence of carbon and nitrogen sources on Flavobacterium growth and zeaxanthin biosynthesis
Alcántara, S. A., & Sánchez, S. (1999) · Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology · doi:10.1038/sj.jim.2900688 · Cited by 68
Bhosale, P., & Gadre, R. V. (2002) · Letters in Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1046/j.1472-765x.2002.01095.x · Cited by 66
Self-citationAmplification of HMG-CoA Reductase Production Enhances Carotenoid Accumulation in Neurospora crassa
Wang, G. (2002) · Metabolic Engineering · doi:10.1006/mben.2002.0225 · Cited by 63
Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Rhodotorula glutinis
Hayman, E. P., Yokoyama, H., Chichester, C. O., & Simpson, K. L. (1974) · Journal of Bacteriology · doi:10.1128/jb.120.3.1339-1343.1974 · Cited by 58
Carotenoids in asporogenous yeasts
Nakayama, T., Mackinney, G., & Phaff, H. J. (1954) · Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · doi:10.1007/bf02543724 · Cited by 52
Exposure to Low Irradiances Favors the Synthesis of 9-cis β,β-Carotene in Dunaliella salina (Teod.)
Orset, S., & Young, A. J. (2000) · PLANT PHYSIOLOGY · doi:10.1104/pp.122.2.609 · Cited by 52
Sexual Activation of Carotenogenesis in Phycomyces blakesleeanus
Govind, N. S., & Cerdá‐Olmedo, E. (1986) · Microbiology · doi:10.1099/00221287-132-10-2775 · Cited by 52
Activation of the biosynthesis of carotenoids by Blakeslea trispora
NINET, L., Renaut, J., & Tissier, R. (1969) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.260110614 · Cited by 50
Frengova, G. I., Simova, E. D., & Beshkova, D. M. (1995) · Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.1007/bf00127443 · Cited by 46
Biosynthesis of cyclic carotenoids: Biochemistry and molecular genetics of the reaction sequence
Sandmann, G. (1991) · Physiologia Plantarum · doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.1991.tb01300.x · Cited by 44
Carotenoid content in growing cells of Haematococcus pluvialis during a sunlight cycle
Chaumont, D., & Th�penier, C. (1995) · Journal of Applied Phycology · doi:10.1007/bf00003939 · Cited by 43
[29] Biosynthesis of carotenoids: An overview
Goodwin, T. W. (1993) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(93)14076-u · Cited by 41
An, G.-H. (2001) · Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.1023/a:1010523800650 · Cited by 40
Photo-Regulated Astaxanthin Production by Phaffia rhodozyma Mutants
Meyer, P. S., & du Preez, J. C. (1994) · Systematic and Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0723-2020(11)80027-5 · Cited by 33
β-Carotene supplementation and cancer prevention
Hennekens, C. H. (1997) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/s0899-9007(97)83019-5 · Cited by 22
Elahi, M., Chichester, C. O., & Simpson, K. L. (1973) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/0031-9422(73)80380-2 · Cited by 21
Environmental and developmental regulation of carotenogenesis in the dimorphic fungus Mucor rouxii
Mosqueda-Cano, G., & Guti�rrez-Corona, J. F. (1995) · Current Microbiology · doi:10.1007/bf00293544 · Cited by 19
Stimulation of carotenogenesis in Blakeslea trispora by cupric ions
Govind, N. S., Amin, A. R., & Modi, V. V. (1982) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)82413-9 · Cited by 18
Noparatnaraporn, N., Sasaki, K., Nishizawa, Y., & Nagai, S. (1986) · Biotechnology Letters · doi:10.1007/bf01025207 · Cited by 17
Enhancement of carotenoid synthesis by fungal metabolites
Margalith, P. (1993) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/bf00182807 · Cited by 16
Chemical regulators of carotenogenesis by Blakeslea trispora
Dandekar, S., Modi, V. V., & Jani, U. K. (1980) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/0031-9422(80)85113-2 · Cited by 15
Phytoene production in Phycomyces
Nakayama, T., Chichester, C. O., Lukton, A., & Mackinney, G. (1957) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/s0003-9861(57)80006-x · Cited by 15
Stimulation of Carotenogenesis by Microbial Cells
Ciegler, A., Pazola, Z., & HALL, H. H. (1964) · Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1128/am.12.2.150-154.1964 · Cited by 14
Some observations on the carotenogenesis in the yeast Rhodotorula mucilaginosa
Margalith, P. (1968) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)84829-3 · Cited by 14
Synthesis of Bacteriochlorophyll by Rhodopseudomonas Spheroides Under Dark-Aerobic Conditions
Higuchi, M., & Kikuchi, G. (1963) · Nature · doi:10.1038/2001191a0 · Cited by 14
Chemical bioregulation of carotenogenesis in Phycomyces blakesleeanus
Hsu, W. J., Yokohama, H., & DeBenedict, C. (1990) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/0031-9422(90)85164-b · Cited by 13
Tada, M., & Shiroishi, M. (1982) · Plant and Cell Physiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076380 · Cited by 12
An, G. H., Chang, K. W., & Johnson, E. A. (1996) · KRIBB Repository · Cited by 12
The yeast Phaffia rhodozyma as an industrial source of astaxanthin.
Calo, P., & González, T. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 12
Björk, L., Neujahr, H. Y., Yom‐Tov, B., Heinegård, D. K., Balaban, A. T., & Craig, J. C. (1969) · Acta chemica Scandinavica/Acta chemica Scandinavica. B, Organic chemistry and biochemistry/Acta chemica Scandinavica. A, Physical and inorganic chemistry/Acta chemica Scandinavica. Series B. Organic chemistry and biochemistry/Acta chemica Scandinavica. Series A, Physical and inorganic chemistry · doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.23-2908 · Cited by 11
Uptake of oxygen, release and degradation of hydrogen peroxide by Streptococcus mutans NCTC 10449
van der Hoeven, J. S., & Hoogendoorn, H. (1990) · Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · doi:10.1007/bf00403160 · Cited by 10
Stimulation of carotenogenesis by penicillin in Blakeslea trispora
Desai, H., & Modi, V. V. (1977) · Phytochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)88785-3 · Cited by 10
Mechanism of photoregulated carotenogenesis in Rhodotorula minuta
多田, 幹. (1983) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 10
Novel Carotenoids Genetically Engineered in a Heterologous Host
Sandmann, G. (2003) · Chemistry & Biology · doi:10.1016/s1074-5521(03)00131-5 · Cited by 9
[24] Methods for investigating photoregulated carotenogenesis
Tada, M. (1993) · Methods in enzymology on CD-ROM/Methods in enzymology · doi:10.1016/0076-6879(93)14071-p · Cited by 9
Tada, M., Tsubouchi, M., Matsuo, K., Takimoto, H., Kimura, Y., & Takagi, S. (1990) · Plant and Cell Physiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a077910 · Cited by 8
ACC'UMULATION OF METABOLITES BY HALOTOLERANT ALGAE AND ITS INDUSTRIAL POTENTIAL
Amotz, A. B., & Vron, A. (2002) · Cited by 8
The effect of veratrole on carotenoid biosynthesis by Phycomyces blakesleeanus
Shlomai, P., Ben‐Amotz, A., & Margalith, P. (1991) · Journal of Applied Bacteriology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb04443.x · Cited by 3
Pazola, Z., Ciegler, A., & HALL, H. H. (1966) · Nature · doi:10.1038/2101367b0 · Cited by 3
[Effect of organic acids on the biosynthesis of carotenes by an Actinomyces chrysomallus strain].
Mv, N., Sverdlova, A. N., & Ln, A. (1978) · PubMed · Cited by 2
Flagged first, then by citations
7 of the 94 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Metabolites from algae with economical impact
Cardozo, K. H. M., Guaratini, T., Barros, M. P., Falcão, V. D. R., Tonon, Â. P., Lopes, N. P., Campos, S. C. G., Torres, M. A., Souza, A. D. O., Colepicolo, P., et al. (2006) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.05.007 · Cited by 960
Carotenoids from microalgae: A review of recent developments
Gong, M., & Bassi, A. S. (2016) · Biotechnology Advances · doi:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.10.005 · Cited by 747
Carotenoids and their cleavage products: Biosynthesis and functions
Walter, M. H., & Strack, D. (2011) · Natural Product Reports · doi:10.1039/c0np00036a · Cited by 580
Bernstein, P. S., Li, B., Vachali, P. P., Gorusupudi, A., Shyam, R., Henriksen, B. S., & Nolan, J. M. (2015) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.10.003 · Cited by 570
Bacterial pigments and their applications
Venil, C. K., Zakaria, Z. A., & Ahmad, W. A. (2013) · Process Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2013.06.006 · Cited by 465
Metadata
- Authors
- Bhosale, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Utah (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bhosale, P.
- Venue
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
- Published
- 2004-01-01
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 351-361
- ISSN
- 0175-7598 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0614
- OpenAlex
- W2008784761
- Cited by
- 341
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 7.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Microbial Metabolism and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial Metabolic Engineering and Bioproduction
- Keywords
- carotenoid production, microbial carotenoids, microalgae, fungi, bacteria, white light illumination, temperature fluctuations, metal ions, organic solvents, precursors, carotenoid biosynthesis, carotenoid accumulation
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Biotechnology, Carotenoids, Culture Media, Fungi, Light, Temperature, Bioreactors, Eukaryota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review