Cardoon-Based Rennets for Cheese Production

Almeida, Carla Malaquias; Simões, Isaura

doi:10.1007/s00253-018-9032-3

Cited by 61Enzyme Production and CharacterizationCynara cardunculus studiesProteins in Food Systems

Cardoon-Based Rennets for Cheese Production

Almeida, Carla Malaquias, Simões, Isaura·2018·Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

DOI 10.1007/s00253-018-9032-3

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Abstract

The use of crude aqueous extracts of Cynara cardunculus flowers as coagulants in the production of high-quality sheep and goat cheeses-as are the cases of several Portuguese and Spanish cheese varieties with Protected Designation of Origin status-has been maintained since ancient times. The unique rheological attributes and sensory properties characteristic of these cheeses have always suggested that this plant coagulant (and, therefore, its isolated milk-clotting proteases) could be used as alternative rennet in the dairy industry, particularly suited for the production of sheep and goat cheeses. However, the lack of standardization of C. cardunculus crude flower extracts, whose quality and performance depends on numerous factors, has always hampered the application of this plant rennet in industrial production scales. To overcome these limitations, and to aim at developing more effective solutions with potential for scalability of production and commercial application, several strategies have been undertaken in more recent years to establish new cardoon-based rennets. This review provides an overview on these developments and on the currently available solutions, which range from producing standardized formulations of native cardoon enzymes, to the optimization of the heterologous production of cardosins and cyprosins to generate synthetic versions of these milk-clotting enzymes. Challenges and emerging opportunities are also discussed.

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Extract variability in composition is a major challenge for plant proteases, involving difficult standardization and limiting industrial implementation.
“One of the most important challenges of plant proteases is to overcome the problem of extract variability in composition, which involves a difficult standardization and limits the industrial implementation [22].”
From Plant Milk-Clotting Enzymes for Cheesemaking (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
Recombinant cardosin is the best way to produce large quantities of these proteases at an industrial level, with best result for cardosin B.
“Another solution is represented by the use of recombinant cardosin, being the best way to produce large quantities of these proteases at an industrial level, with best result for cardosin B [22].”
From Plant Milk-Clotting Enzymes for Cheesemaking (2022) · cites this paper as [22]

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Authors: Almeida, C. M., & Simões, I.
Affiliations: Biocant – Associação de Transferência de Tecnologia (PT)
Corresponding author: Simões, Isaura
ORCID: Simões, Isaura
Venue: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2018-04-26
Volume: 102
Issue: 11
Pages: 4675-4686
ISSN: 0175-7598 (ISSN-L)
1432-0614
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9032-3
OpenAlex: W2799886267
Cited by: 61
References: 70
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 2
FWCI: 0.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Biotechnology › Enzyme Production and Characterization
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Cynara cardunculus studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Proteins in Food Systems
Keywords: Cynara cardunculus, milk coagulants, sheep cheese, goat cheese, cheese production, heterologous expression, milk-clotting enzyme
MeSH terms: Animals, Cheese, Food Technology, Goats, Milk, Chymosin, Sheep, Cynara, Flowers

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Cardoon-Based Rennets for Cheese Production

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