Prevalence of fibromyalgia in general population and patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis

Heidari, Fatemeh; Afshari, Mahdi; Moosazadeh, Mahmood

doi:10.1007/s00296-017-3725-2

Cited by 400Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome ResearchMyofascial pain diagnosis and treatmentMusculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation

Prevalence of fibromyalgia in general population and patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis

Heidari, Fatemeh, Afshari, Mahdi, Moosazadeh, Mahmood·2017·Rheumatology International

DOI 10.1007/s00296-017-3725-2

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Abstract

This study aims to estimate the reliable prevalence of fibromyalgia using meta-analysis method. Available databanks were searched using appropriate keywords. According to the heterogeneity between the results (indicated by Cochrane and I square indices), random- or fixed-effects model was applied to combine the point prevalences. Meta-regression models were used to assess the suspected factors in the heterogeneity. In 65 selected papers, 81 evidences regarding prevalence of fibromyalgia among 3,609,810 subjects from general population and specific groups were investigated. The total prevalences (95% confidence intervals) of fibromyalgia among general population, women, men, patients referring to rheumatology and internal departments, patients with Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), hemodialysis patients and those with type 2 diabetes mellitus were estimated as of 1.78% (1.65, 1.92), 3.98% (2.80, 5.20), 0.01% (-0.04, 0.06), 15.2% (13.6, 16.90), 12.9% (12.70, 13.10), 6.30% (4.60, 7.90) and 14.80% (11.10, 18.40), respectively. In addition, prevalence of fibromyalgia in specified groups varied from 3.90% in hemodialysis patients to 80% in patients suffering from Behcet syndrome. This meta-analysis showed that prevalence of fibromyalgia in general population was significantly lower than that in populations with some diseases.

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Women are more affected by fibromyalgia (prevalence 6-10 times higher than men).
“در برخی مطالعات، شیوع فیبرومیالژیا در زنان 6 تا 10 برابر بیشتر از مردان گزارش شده است ] 3 [ .”
From The Effect of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on the Psychological Consequences of Anxiety, Pain Intensity, and Fatigue in Women with Fibromyalgia: Study with the Effect of Waiting (2022) · cites this paper as [3]

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Fibromyalgia and obesity: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis
D'Onghia, M., Ciaffi, J., Lisi, L., Mancarella, L., Ricci, S., Stefanelli, N., Meliconi, R., & Ursini, F. (2021) · Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2021.02.007 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Pregabalin as a Pain Therapeutic: Beyond Calcium Channels
Alles, S. R. A., Cain, S. M., & Snutch, T. P. (2020) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2020.00083 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“01% of men reported in the general population (Heidari et al., 2017).”
Background
Neurostimulation methods in the treatment of chronic pain
Moisset, X., Lantéri‐Minet, M., & Fontaine, D. (2019) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-019-02092-y · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Fibromyalgia Syndrome Pain in Men and Women: A Scoping Review
Ruschak, I., Montesó-Curto, P., Rosselló, L., Aguilar Martín, C., Sánchez-Montesó, L., & Toussaint, L. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11020223 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
A systematic review of the association between fibromyalgia and functional gastrointestinal disorders
Erdrich, S., Hawrelak, J. A., Myers, S. P., & Harnett, J. (2020) · Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1177/1756284820977402 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Co-occurrence of pain syndromes
Affaitati, G., Costantini, R., Tana, C., Cipollone, F., & Giamberardino, M. A. (2019) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-019-02107-8 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
The prevalence of pain among patients with chronic kidney disease using systematic review and meta-analysis
Lambourg, E. J., Colvin, L., Guthrie, G. D., Murugan, K., Lim, M., Walker, H., Boon, G., & Bell, S. (2021) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2021.03.041 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Prevalence and overlap of somatic symptom disorder, bodily distress syndrome and fibromyalgia syndrome in the German general population: A cross sectional study
Häuser, W., Hausteiner‐Wiehle, C., Henningsen, P., Brähler, E., Schmalbach, B., & Wolfe, F. (2020) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2020.110111 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Prevalence of functional somatic syndromes and bodily distress syndrome in the Danish population: the DanFunD study
Petersen, M. W., Schröder, A., Jørgensen, T., Ørnbøl, E., Dantoft, T. M., Eliasen, M., Carstensen, T. W., Falgaard Eplov, L., & Fink, P. (2020) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/1403494819868592 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“[29] heidari F, Afshari M and Moosazadeh M.”
BackgroundResult
Diagnosis and management of sensory polyneuropathy
Gwathmey, K. G., & Pearson, K. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l1108 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Review article: Physical and psychological comorbidities associated with irritable bowel syndrome
Shiha, M. G., & Aziz, I. (2021) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.16589 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Fibromyalgia syndrome: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment
Koçyiğit, B. F., & Akyol, A. (2022) · Reumatologia/Rheumatology · doi:10.5114/reum.2022.123671 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Vegetarian and Vegan Diet in Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review
Nadal-Nicolás, Y., Miralles-Amorós, L., Martínez-Olcina, M., Sánchez-Ortega, M., Mora, J., & Martínez-Rodríguez, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18094955 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Fibromyalgia (FM) is a chronic non-degenerative disease of unknown etiology without effective medical treatment that mostly affects women [1,2].”
Background
Neurophysiological and psychosocial mechanisms of fibromyalgia: A comprehensive review and call for an integrative model
Pinto, A. M., Luís, M., Geenen, R., Palavra, F., Lumley, M. A., Ablin, J. N., Amris, K., Branco, J., Buskila, D., Castelhano, J., et al. (2023) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105235 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Modified 2016 American College of Rheumatology Fibromyalgia Criteria, the Analgesic, Anesthetic, and Addiction Clinical Trial Translations Innovations Opportunities and Networks–American Pain Society Pain Taxonomy, and the Prevalence of Fibromyalgia
Häuser, W., Brähler, E., Ablin, J. N., & Wolfe, F. (2020) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.24202 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Systematic reviews have found the average prevalence of FM in the general population to be 2% (7).”
Background
Physical therapy modalities for treating fibromyalgia
Araújo, F. M., & DeSantana, J. M. (2019) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.17176.1 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Fibromyalgia (FM) is a syndrome that affects millions of people around the world (between 0.2 and 6.6% of the world population), especially women, after 50 years of age 1–3 .”
BackgroundInfluential
Effectiveness of multidisciplinary programmes for clinical pain conditions: an umbrella review.
Dragioti, E., Evangelou, E., Larsson, B., & Gerdle, B. (2018) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-2377 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Cannabis and cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of fibromyalgia
Berger, A. A., Keefe, J., Winnick, A. A., Gilbert, E., Eskander, J. P., Yazdi, C., Kaye, A. D., Viswanath, O., & Urits, I. (2020) · Best practice & research. Clinical anaesthesiology · doi:10.1016/j.bpa.2020.08.010 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Contribution of Baroreceptor Function to Pain Perception and Perioperative Outcomes
Suárez-Roca, H., Klinger, R. Y., Podgoreanu, M. V., Ji, R., Sigurdsson, M. I., Waldron, N. H., Mathew, J. P., & Maixner, W. D. (2018) · Anesthesiology · doi:10.1097/aln.0000000000002510 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Kynurenine metabolites and ratios differ between Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Fibromyalgia, and healthy controls
Groven, N., Reitan, S. K., Fors, E. A., & Güzey, I. C. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105287 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“Both disorders are common, with prevalence ranging from 0.5% to 2.5% for CFS (Estévez-López et al., 2020) and up to 5% for FM (Heidari et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential
Are the ACR 2010 diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia better than the 1990 criteria?
Sarzi‐Puttini, P., Atzeni, F., Masala, I. F., Salaffi, F., Chapman, J., & Choy, E. (2017) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2017.11.007 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“AC C EP TE D M AN U SC R IP T than in the case of controls and, as the prevalence of FM is 2-5% [16-18], it can be”
Transcranial direct current stimulation of 3 cortical targets is no more effective than placebo as treatment for fibromyalgia: a double-blind sham-controlled clinical trial
Samartin-Veiga, N., Pidal-Miranda, M., González-Villar, A. J., Bradley, C., Garcı́a-Larrea, L., O’Brien, A. T., & Carrillo‐de‐la‐Peña, M. T. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002493 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Review of the Genetic and Epigenetic Contributions to the Development of Fibromyalgia
Ovrom, E. A., Mostert, K., Khakhkhar, S., McKee, D. P., Yang, P., & Her, Y. F. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11041119 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“It is estimated that the prevalence of FM in the general population is 2% [5].”
Background
Pain Over Two Years After Start of Biologic Versus Conventional Combination Treatment in Early Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From a Swedish Randomized Controlled Trial
Olofsson, T., Wallman, J. K., Jöud, A., et al. (2020) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.24264 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“In addition, fibromyalgia is present in up to 25% of RA patients (9,10) (compared to 2% in the general popula tion) (11), lending further support to a multifaceted pain spectrum in RA consisting of both inflammation derived and inflammation independent pain components.”
Background
Fibromyalgia – etiology, diagnosis and treatment including perioperative management in patients with fibromyalgia
Dizner-Golab, A., Lisowska, B., & Kosson, D. (2023) · Reumatologia/Rheumatology · doi:10.5114/reum/163094 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Moreover, in the Behçet syndrome group, 80% of the patients developed FM [29].”
BackgroundMethod
Ocular Surface Alterations in the Context of Corneal In Vivo Confocal Microscopic Characteristics in Patients With Fibromyalgia
Turan, K. E., Kocabeyoğlu, S., Ünal-Çevik, I., et al. (2017) · Cornea · doi:10.1097/ico.0000000000001447 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Non-inflammatory pain in inflammatory arthritis
Das, D., & Choy, E. (2022) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/keac671 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Heidari et al. (2017) conducted a systematic review of 65 Rheumatology key messages • Fibromyalgia may be secondary to rheumatoid arthritis.”
Background
Predictors of unacceptable pain with and without low inflammation over 5 years in early rheumatoid arthritis—an inception cohort study
Eberhard, A., Bergman, S., Mandl, T., Olofsson, T., Rydholm, M., Jacobsson, L., & Turesson, C. (2021) · Arthritis Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13075-021-02550-7 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Enkephalins and Pain Modulation: Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Perspectives
García‐Domínguez, M. (2024) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom14080926 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Global Prevalence and Impact of Rumination Syndrome
Josefsson, A., Hreinsson, J. P., Simrén, M., Tack, J. F., Bangdiwala, S. I., Sperber, A. D., Palsson, O. S., & Törnblom, H. (2021) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2021.11.008 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Understanding the Impact of Fibromyalgia on Men: Findings From a Nationwide Survey
Muraleetharan, D., Fadich, A., Stephenson, C., & Garney, W. R. (2018) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988317753242 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“However, a 2017 systematic review and meta-analysis that looked at the FM prevalence, or all individuals living with FM, in the world population identified approximately 3.98% of women with the disease, with men following closely behind at 2.40% ranging up to 4.80% (Heidari et al., 2017).”
BackgroundInfluential
Naltrexone 6 mg once daily versus placebo in women with fibromyalgia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Bruun, K. D., Christensen, R., Amris, K., Vægter, H. B., Blichfeldt‐Eckhardt, M. R., Bye-Møller, L., Holsgaard‐Larsen, A., & Toft, P. (2023) · The Lancet Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s2665-9913(23)00278-3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Research in Mindfulness Interventions for Patients With Fibromyalgia: A Critical Review
Leça, S., & Tavares, I. (2022) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2022.920271 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The effect of exercise on balance in patients with stroke, Parkinson, and multiple sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials
Salari, N., Hayati, A., Kazeminia, M., et al. (2021) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-021-05689-y · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“9% in dialysis patients and 80% in patients with Behcet syndrome [2].”
Background
Cost–Utility of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction for Fibromyalgia versus a Multicomponent Intervention and Usual Care: A 12-Month Randomized Controlled Trial (EUDAIMON Study)
Pérez‐Aranda, A., D’Amico, F., Feliu‐Soler, A., McCracken, L. M., Peñarrubia‐María, M. T., Andrés‐Rodríguez, L., Angarita‐Osorio, N., Knapp, M. R. J., García‐Campayo, J., & Luciano, J. V. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8071068 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“It is usually diagnosed in women aged between 30 and 50 years old and has an estimated prevalence of around 2% in the general population [2,3].”
Background
Understanding the kynurenine pathway: A narrative review on its impact across chronic pain conditions
Hazrati, E., Eftekhar, S. P., Mosaed, R., Dini, S. S., & Namazi, M. (2024) · Molecular Pain · doi:10.1177/17448069241275097 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Fibromyalgia Increases the Risk of Surgical Complications Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Nationwide Database Study
Sodhi, N., Moore, T., Vakharia, R. M., Leung, P., Seyler, T. M., Roche, M. W., & Mont, M. A. (2019) · The Journal of Arthroplasty · doi:10.1016/j.arth.2019.04.023 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Prevalence, burden of disease, and lost in health state utilities attributable to chronic musculoskeletal disorders and pain in Chile
Pedro Zitko, M., Bilbeny, N., Balmaceda, C., Abbott, T., Carcamo, C., & Espinoza, M. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10953-z · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The prevalence of fibromyalgia obtained in our study was slightly higher than the pooled prevalence informed in a last available systematic review [33], although our number is included in the heterogeneity of estimations.”
Background
Prevalence of fibromyalgia syndrome in Saudi Arabia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Bawazir, Y. M. (2023) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-023-06821-z · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“In addition, the total prevalence in the general population of Eastern Mediterranean region, and the Western Pacific general population was 2.41% and 1.60% [6].”
BackgroundInfluential
Is Whole-Body Cryostimulation an Effective Add-On Treatment in Individuals with Fibromyalgia and Obesity? A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Varallo, G., Piterà, P., Fontana, J. M., Gobbi, M., Arreghini, M., Giusti, E. M., Franceschini, C., Plazzi, G., Castelnuovo, G., & Capodaglio, P. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11154324 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Aquatic exercise and Far Infrared (FIR) modulates pain and blood cytokines in fibromyalgia patients: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study
Salm, D. C., Belmonte, L. A. O., Emer, A. A., Leonel, L. D. S., de Brito, R. N., da Rocha, C. C., Martins, T. C., dos Reis, D. C., Moro, A. R. P., Mazzardo‐Martins, L., et al. (2019) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2019.577077 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Short-Term Magnesium Therapy Alleviates Moderate Stress in Patients with Fibromyalgia: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial
Macian, N., Dualé, C., Voute, M., Leray, V., Courrent, M., Bodé, P., Giron, F., Soule-Sonneville, S., Bernard, L., Joanny, F., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14102088 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Fibromyalgia (FM) affects 2% of the general population, with a predominance in women [1].”
Background
Effects of resistance training on the physical symptoms and functional capacity of patients with fibromyalgia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials
Vilarino, G. T., Branco, J. H. L., de Souza, L. C., & Andrade, A. (2022) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-022-03205-5 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Active and sham transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) improved quality of life in female patients with fibromyalgia
Samartin-Veiga, N., González-Villar, A. J., Pidal-Miranda, M., Vázquez-Millán, A., & Carrillo‐de‐la‐Peña, M. T. (2022) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-022-03106-1 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Economic evaluations of educational, physical, and psychological treatments for fibromyalgia: a systematic review with meta-analysis
Cabral, C. M. N., Miyamoto, G. C., Franco, K. F. M., & Bosmans, J. E. (2021) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002233 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
CNS imaging characteristics in fibromyalgia patients with and without peripheral nerve involvement
Aster, H.-C., Evdokimov, D., Braun, A., Üçeyler, N., Kampf, T., Pham, M., Homola, G. A., & Sommer, C. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10489-1 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Comparison of the noPNS and PNS subgroups showed (1) lower volumes in the bilateral pericalcarine cortex in the PNS group, (2) lower FA in the left posterior limb of internal capsule and in the posterior thalamic radiation in the PNS group and (3) a hyperconnectivity cluster between the bilateral inferior frontal gyri…”
BackgroundResult
Health inequities and societal costs for patients with fibromyalgia and their spouses: a Danish cohort study
Amris, K., Ibsen, R., Duhn, P. H., Olsen, J., Lolk, K., Kjellberg, J., & Kristensen, L. E. (2024) · RMD Open · doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2023-003904 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Prevalence of Fibromyalgia and Widespread Pain in Psoriatic Arthritis: Association With Disease Severity Assessment in a Large US Registry
Mease, P. J., Reed, G. W., Ogdie, A., Pappas, D. A., & Kremer, J. M. (2024) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.25358 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Subtle changes of gray matter volume in fibromyalgia reflect chronic musculoskeletal pain rather than disease‐specific effects
Sundermann, B., Nayyeri, M. D., Pfleiderer, B., Stahlberg, K., Jünke, L., Baie, L., Dieckmann, R., Liem, D., Happe, T., & Burgmer, M. (2019) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14558 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
The role of mind body interventions in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia
Islam, Z., D’Silva, A., Raman, M., & Nasser, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1076763 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“1) from a systematic review (n = 30 studies) and meta-analysis (n = 65 studies), likely as a consequence of differing study designs (24, 25).”
Background
Osteopathic medicine for fibromyalgia: a sham-controlled randomized clinical trial
Coste, J., Medkour, T., Maigne, J.-Y., Pérez, M., Laroche, F., & Perrot, S. (2021) · Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease · doi:10.1177/1759720x211009017 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
The Prevalence, Characteristics and Impact of Chronic Pain in People With Muscular Dystrophies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Huang, M., Magni, N., & Rice, D. A. (2021) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2021.04.001 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Blunted short-term autonomic cardiovascular reactivity to orthostatic and clinostatic challenges in fibromyalgia as an indicator of the severity of chronic pain
Contreras‐Merino, A. M., Davydov, D. M., Galvez-Sánchez, C. M., & del Paso, G. A. R. (2022) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.03.001 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Coexistence of fibromyalgia syndrome and inflammatory rheumatic diseases, and autonomic cardiovascular system involvement in fibromyalgia syndrome
Koçyiğit, B. F., & Akyol, A. (2022) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-022-06385-8 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“In addition to being primarily diagnosed, FMS can also occur secondary to various underlying disorders [20].”
Background
Characterization of β-cyclodextrin/myrtenol complex and its protective effect against nociceptive behavior and cognitive impairment in a chronic musculoskeletal pain model
Heimfarth, L., dos Anjos, K. S., de Carvalho, Y. M. B. G., dos Santos, B. L., Serafini, M. R., Neto, A. G. D. C., Nunes, P. S., Filho, J. I. A. B., da Silva, S. P., Ribeiro, A. M., et al. (2020) · Carbohydrate Polymers · doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116448 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Chronic Pain Syndromes and Their Laryngeal Manifestations
Piersiala, K., Akst, L. M., Hillel, A. T., & Best, S. R. (2020) · JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2020.0530 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Chronic pain in Chile: first prevalence report of noncancer chronic pain, fibromyalgia, and neuropathic pain and its associated factors
Durán, J., Tejos‐Bravo, M., Vicente Cid, O., Catterina Ferreccio, R., & Calvo, M. (2023) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002886 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Mechanisms hypothesized for pain-relieving effects of exercise in fibromyalgia: a scoping review
Neelapala, Y. V. R., Mercuri, D., Macedo, L. G., Hanna, S., Kobsar, D., & Carlesso, L. C. (2023) · Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease · doi:10.1177/1759720x231182894 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A web-based educational therapy intervention associated with physical exercise to promote health in fibromyalgia in Brazil: the Amigos De Fibro (Fibro Friends) study protocol
Antunes, M. D., Loures, F. C. N. D. R., de Souza, I. M. B., Cruz, A. T., Januário, P. D. O., Pinheiro, M. M. L. S., Schmitt, A. C. B., Frutos‐Bernal, E., Nogueras, A. M. M., & Marques, A. P. (2023) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-023-07588-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Studies also point to the presence of fibromyalgia in men [4–6].”
Background
Comorbidities in a Nationwide, Heterogenous Population of Veterans with Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome
Laden, B. F., Bresee, C. J., Hoedt, A. M. D., Dallas, K. B., Scharfenberg, A., Saxena, R., Senechal, J. F., Barbour, K. E., Kim, J., Freedland, S. J., et al. (2021) · Urology · doi:10.1016/j.urology.2021.04.015 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Performance of 2016 revised fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria in patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Shresher, N. M., Mohamed, A. E., & Elshahaly, M. H. (2019) · Rheumatology International · doi:10.1007/s00296-019-04403-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Prevalence of Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome among Individuals with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: An Analysis of United States National Inpatient Sample Database
Tarar, Z. I., Farooq, U., Nawaz, A., Gandhi, M. H., Ghouri, Y. A., Bhatt, A., & Cash, B. D. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11102594 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Description and narrative review of well-established and promising psychological treatments for fibromyalgia
Pérez-Aranda, A., Barceló-Soler, A., Andrés-Rodríguez, L., Peñarrubia-María, M. T., Tuccillo, R., Borraz-Estruch, G., García-Campayo, J., Feliu-Soler, A., & Luciano, J. V. (2017) · Mindfulness & Compassion · doi:10.1016/j.mincom.2017.10.002 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Central Sensitization and Nociplastic Pain: Shared Mechanisms in Fibromyalgia, Osteoarthritis, and Inflammatory Arthritis
Hladkykh, F. V., Liadova, T., Matvieienko, M. S., Komorovsky, R., Smiyan, S., & Student, V. (2026) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s571311 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The reliability, validity, and responsiveness of Cognitive Exercise Therapy Approach‐Biopsychosocial Questionnaire for patients with fibromyalgia
Zahid, M., Ünal, E., Işık, Ö. Ö., Öksüz, S., Karakaya, J., & Çefle, A. (2022) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.14325 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Efficacy and safety of weekly vitamin D3 in patients with fibromyalgia: 12-week, double-blind, randomized, controlled placebo trial
Lozano-Plata, L. I., Vega‐Morales, D., Esquivel‐Valerio, J. A., Garza‐Elizondo, M. A., Galarza-Delgado, D. Á., Silva-Luna, K., Serna‐Peña, G., Sifuentes-Ramírez, J., Guerra, A. D. J. G., & de Rivera, R. D.-N. (2021) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-021-05640-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The relationship between COVID-19 and fibromyalgia syndrome: prevalence, pandemic effects, symptom mechanisms, and COVID-19 vaccines
Koçyiğit, B. F., & Akyol, A. (2022) · Clinical Rheumatology · doi:10.1007/s10067-022-06279-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“It is remarkable that these results are higher than the literature data [16, 17].”
Result
Efficacy of a Multicomponent Intervention for Fibromyalgia Based on Pain Neuroscience Education, Exercise Therapy, Psychological Support, and Nature Exposure (NAT-FM): Study Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Serrat, M., Sanabria‐Mazo, J. P., García-Troiteiro, E., Fontcuberta, A., Canedo, C. M., Almirall, M., Feliu‐Soler, A., Méndez-Ulrich, J. L., Sanz, A., & Luciano, J. V. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17020634 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
A behavioral and brain imaging dataset with focus on emotion regulation of women with fibromyalgia
Balducci, T., Rasgado‐Toledo, J., Valencia, A., van Tol, M., Aleman, A., & Garza‐Villarreal, E. A. (2022) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-022-01677-9 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The order of the sequences was: (1) resting state (rs-fMRI), (2) T1-weighted (T1w), (3) T2-weighted (T2w), (4) task (task-fMRI).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Fibromyalgia: Centralized Pain Processing and Neuroimaging
Richard, J. Y., Hurley, R. A., & Taber, K. H. (2019) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.neuropsych.19050107 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Abnormal functional neurocircuitry underpinning emotional processing in fibromyalgia
Balducci, T., Garza‐Villarreal, E. A., Valencia, A., Aleman, A., & van Tol, M. (2023) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-023-01578-x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Fibromyalgia is a clinical syndrome that mainly affects women [1], characterized by a chronic presence of widespread pain, accompanied by a conglomerate of physical and psychological symptoms.”
Background
The Role of Nutrient Supplementation in the Management of Chronic Pain in Fibromyalgia: A Narrative Review
Haddad, H. W., Mallepalli, N. R., Scheinuk, J. E., Bhargava, P., Cornett, E. M., Urits, I., & Kaye, A. D. (2021) · Pain and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40122-021-00266-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A retrospective analysis of the prevalence and impact of associated comorbidities on fibromyalgia outcomes in a tertiary care center
Rivera, F. A., Munipalli, B., Allman, M. E., Hodge, D. O., Wieczorek, M. A., Wang, B. X., Abril, A., Perlman, A. I., Knight, D. R. T., & Bruce, B. K. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2023.1301944 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“FM can affect individuals of all ages, but it is more commonly diagnosed in middle aged adults (30–50-year-old) (1, 2).”
Background
Low catechol-O-methyltransferase and stress potentiate functional pain and depressive behavior, especially in female mice
Zhang, X., Kanter, K. N., Chen, J., Kim, S., Wang, Y., Adeyemi, C., O’Buckley, S. C., & Nackley, A. G. (2019) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001734 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Feasibility of Auricular Field Stimulation in Fibromyalgia: Evaluation by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Randomized Trial
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“Fibromyalgia is a chronic pain syndrome that consists of chronic widespread pain, decreased physical function, fatigue, psychoemotional and sleep disturbances, and various somatic complaints and affects approximately 8 million people in the United States [1].”
Background
Work limitations and associated factors in rheumatoid arthritis, axial spondyloarthritis, osteoarthritis and fibromyalgia
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Prevalence of fibromyalgia in physicians in training: a cross-sectional study
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A systematic literature review on the clinical efficacy of low dose naltrexone and its effect on putative pathophysiological mechanisms among patients diagnosed with fibromyalgia
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Assessing Ethnic Minority Representation in Fibromyalgia Clinical Trials: A Systematic Review of Recruitment Demographics
Henley, P. P., Martins, T., & Zamani, R. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20247185 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Fibromyalgia prevalence is unknown; however, it has been estimated to be around 2% [24].”
Background
Proteomics in Patients with Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies
Gkouvi, A., Tsiogkas, S. G., Bogdanos, D. P., Gika, H., Goulis, D. G., & Grammatikopoulou, M. G. (2024) · Current Pain and Headache Reports · doi:10.1007/s11916-024-01244-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“For example, 14.8% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and 80% of those with Behçet’s disease are diagnosed with FMS [4, 5].”
BackgroundInfluential
A Patient-Narrative Video Approach to Teaching Fibromyalgia
Leeds, F. S., Sommer, E. M., Andrasik, W. J., Atwa, K. M., & Crawford, T. N. (2020) · Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development · doi:10.1177/2382120520947068 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Fibromyalgia Among Medical Students at King Abdulaziz University: A Cross-Sectional Study
Samman, A. A., Bokhari, R. A., Idris, S., Bantan, R., Margushi, R., Lary, S., Sait, R. M., & Bawazir, Y. M. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.12670 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“The diagnosis is primarily based on chronic pain that is generalized with tenderness at the time of the physical exam, along with fatigue, sleep problems, notable cognitive dysfunction, mood changes, and headaches [4].”
Background
Prevalence of fibromyalgia in medical students and its association with lifestyle factors – a cross-sectional study
Patel, A., Alsaffar, A. M., Sharma, M., Masiak, A., & Zdrojewski, Z. (2021) · Reumatologia/Rheumatology · doi:10.5114/reum.2021.106908 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Treatment preferences in fibromyalgia patients: A cross‐sectional web‐based survey
Valentini, E., Fetter, E., & Orbell, S. (2020) · European Journal of Pain · doi:10.1002/ejp.1570 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Women are twice as likely to be diagnosed with the FM syndrome compared to men, with the most common age for the onset of the diagnosis between the ages of 25 and 55 (Heidari et al., 2017).”
Background
Psychometric properties of Turkish version of Jenkins sleep scale in fibromyalgia syndrome
Ünal-Ulutatar, Ç., & Özsoy-Ünübol, T. (2020) · Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia · doi:10.1186/s42358-020-0123-3 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Physicians’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding fibromyalgia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies
Agarwal, A., Emary, P. C., Gallo, L., Oparin, Y., Shin, S. H., Fitzcharles, M., Adachi, J. D., Cooper, M. D., Craigie, S., Rai, A., et al. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000039109 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Analysis of Fibromyalgia and the Role of the Endogenous Opioid System
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Risk of hearing loss in patients with fibromyalgia: A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study
Le, T. P., Tzeng, Y., Muo, C., Ting, H., Sung, F., Lee, S., & Teng, Y. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238502 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Patients with FM often have nonspecific symptoms and are at increased risk of many comorbidities and disorders [4].”
Background
Fibromyalgia in Health Care Worker During COVID-19 Outbreak in Saudi Arabia
Alenzi, F., Alhamal, S., Alramadhan, M., Altaroti, A., Siddiqui, I. A., & Aljanobi, G. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.693159 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“(29), in the general population, the pooled prevalence of FM among men and women was 0.”
Background
Central sensitization and its relationship with health profile in Behçet’s disease
Ayar, K., Ökmen, B. M., Altan, L., & ÖZTÜRK, E. K. (2020) · Modern Rheumatology · doi:10.1080/14397595.2020.1780076 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Sleeping is a nightmare: A qualitative study on the experience and management of poor sleep quality in women with fibromyalgia
Climent‐Sanz, C., Gea‐Sánchez, M., Fernández‐Lago, H., Mateos, J. T., Rubí‐Carnacea, F., & Briones‐Vozmediano, E. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.14977 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Exercise Intervention in Women with Fibromyalgia and Its Influence on Pain, Psychological Variables, and Disability: An Observational Study
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“Due to the gender prevalence of fibromyalgia, more than 9 out of 10 patients are women [33,34], and only female patients participated in this study.”
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Acupuncture decreased the risk of stroke among patients with fibromyalgia in Taiwan: A nationwide matched cohort study
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Subcategories of Fibromyalgia - A New Concept
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Who Gets Fibromyalgia and Why?
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Prevalence of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Chronic Fatigue
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Authors: Heidari, F., Afshari, M., & Moosazadeh, M.
Affiliations: Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences (IR)
Zabol University of Medical Sciences (IR)
Corresponding author: Moosazadeh, Mahmood
ORCID: Moosazadeh, Mahmood
Venue: Rheumatology International
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2017-04-26
Volume: 37
Issue: 9
Pages: 1527-1539
ISSN: 0172-8172 (ISSN-L)
1437-160X
DOI: 10.1007/s00296-017-3725-2
OpenAlex: W2609172362
Cited by: 399
References: 76
Citations by year: 2026: 49 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 52 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 33 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6
FWCI: 3.15
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
Locations: Rheumatology International (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Research
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Myofascial pain diagnosis and treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Keywords: fibromyalgia, prevalence, general population, sex differences, hemodialysis patients, Behçet's disease, irritable bowel syndrome, type 2 diabetes, comorbidities, rheumatology patients
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Female, Fibromyalgia, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Young Adult

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Prevalence of fibromyalgia in general population and patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis

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