Trimethylamine-N-oxide and its biological variations in vegetarians.

Obeid, Rima; Awwad, Hussain M.; Keller, Markus; Geisel, Juergen

doi:10.1007/s00394-016-1295-9

Cited by 38Folate and B Vitamins ResearchNutritional Studies and DietMetabolism and Genetic Disorders

Trimethylamine-N-oxide and its biological variations in vegetarians.

Obeid, Rima, Awwad, Hussain M., Keller, Markus, Geisel, Juergen·2017·European Journal of Nutrition

DOI 10.1007/s00394-016-1295-9

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Abstract

Purpose Restriction of animal foods and choline may affect plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). In vegetarians, we investigated the association between TMAO concentrations and the strictness of the diet or sex. We also studied the biological variations of TMAO in vegans.Methods Concentrations of plasma TMAO and choline metabolites were measured in 38 vegans and 67 lacto-ovo-vegetarians (group 1: mean age ± SD = 50 ± 15 years). Group 2 consisted of 66 vegans (29.2 ± 7.3 years) that was tested twice within 3 months of intervention with vitamin B12 or a placebo.Results In group 1, plasma TMAO did not differ according to the strictness of the diet (both means 3.7 µmol/L). In lacto-ovo-vegetarians, men had higher TMAO and betaine, but lower trimethylamine than women. In group 2, the intervention with vitamin B12 had no effect on plasma TMAO or choline metabolites. The mean within-subject change of TMAO within 3 months was -0.3 (95 % confidence intervals = -0.7-0.1 µmol/L). TMAO increased after 3 months (mean 1.7 to 2.8 µmol/L) in vegans with a lower baseline dimethylglycine (2.2 µmol/L), while it declined (from 2.7 to 1.9 µmol/L) in vegans with a higher dimethylglycine (3.1 µmol/L). The intra-class correlation coefficients were 0.819 for TMAO, 0.885 for betaine and 0.860 for dimethylglycine.Conclusions Plasma TMAO was not related to the strictness of the vegetarian diet. Metabolisms of TMAO and dimethylglycine are interrelated. Intra-individual variations of TMAO are low in vegans. Changes of fasting plasma TMAO >80 % upon retesting are likely to exceed the biological variations.

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Prior research suggests that vegans have lower TMAO levels than meat or fish eaters because of the TMAO precursors choline and carnitine in animal products.
“Prior research42,43 has suggested that vegans have lower TMAO levels than meat or fish eaters because of the TMAO precursors choline and carnitine in animal products.”
From Cardiometabolic Effects of Omnivorous vs Vegan Diets in Identical Twins: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [43]

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Authors: Obeid, R., Awwad, H. M., Keller, M., & Geisel, J.
Affiliations: Aarhus University (DK)
Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes (DE)
Corresponding author: Obeid, Rima
ORCID: Obeid, Rima
Awwad, Hussain M.
Venue: European Journal of Nutrition
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2016-08-25
Volume: 56
Issue: 8
Pages: 2599-2609
ISSN: 1436-6207 (ISSN-L)
1436-6215
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1295-9
OpenAlex: W2518649620
Cited by: 38
References: 46
Citations by year: 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 4.26
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (unspecified)
Locations: European Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Folate and B Vitamins Research
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
Keywords: trimethylamine N-oxide, vegetarians, vegans, lacto-ovo-vegetarians, choline metabolites, dimethylglycine, betaine, trimethylamine, vitamin B12 supplementation, sex differences, biological variation, within-person variability
MeSH terms: Vegetarians, Adult, Aged, Betaine, Female, Humans, Male, Methylamines, Middle Aged, Sarcosine, Diet, Vegetarian, Vitamin B 12, Biomarkers, Single-Blind Method

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Trimethylamine-N-oxide and its biological variations in vegetarians.

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