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The meninges as barriers and facilitators for the movement of fluid, cells and pathogens related to the rodent and human CNS.
Open accessAbstract
Meninges that surround the CNS consist of an outer fibrous sheet of dura mater (pachymeninx) that is also the inner periosteum of the skull. Underlying the dura are the arachnoid and pia mater (leptomeninges) that form the boundaries of the subarachnoid space. In this review we (1) examine the development of leptomeninges and their role as barriers and facilitators in the foetal CNS. There are two separate CSF systems during early foetal life, inner CSF in the ventricles and outer CSF in the subarachnoid space. As the foramina of Magendi and Luschka develop, one continuous CSF system evolves. Due to the lack of arachnoid granulations during foetal life, it is most likely that CSF is eliminated by lymphatic drainage pathways passing through the cribriform plate and nasal submucosa. (2) We then review the fine structure of the adult human and rodent leptomeninges to establish their roles as barriers and facilitators for the movement of fluid, cells and pathogens. Leptomeningeal cells line CSF spaces, including arachnoid granulations and lymphatic drainage pathways, and separate elements of extracellular matrix from the CSF. The leptomeningeal lining facilitates the traffic of inflammatory cells within CSF but also allows attachment of bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis and of tumour cells as CSF metastases. Single layers of leptomeningeal cells extend into the brain closely associated with the walls of arteries so that there are no perivascular spaces around arteries in the cerebral cortex. Perivascular spaces surrounding arteries in the white matter and basal ganglia relate to their two encompassing layers of leptomeninges. (3) Finally we examine the roles of ligands expressed by leptomeningeal cells for the attachment of inflammatory cells, bacteria and tumour cells as understanding these roles may aid the design of therapeutic strategies to manage developmental, autoimmune, infectious and neoplastic diseases relating to the CSF, the leptomeninges and the associated CNS.
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“Single-cell profiling suggested functions shared with microglia and astrocytes in maintaining CNS homeostasis [372] and regulating barrier functions [367,378,379,380].”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [380]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“All major meningitis causing bacteria can adhere strongly to meningeal fibroblasts and arachnoid barrier-like cells”
From Living on the Edge of the CNS: Meninges Cell Diversity in Health and Disease (2021) · cites this paper as Weller et al., 2018
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 225
Base barrier cells provide compartmentalization of choroid plexus, brain and CSF
Verhaege, D., Nolf, C. D., Acker, L. V., Claeys, W., Castelein, J., Wonterghem, E. V., Imschoot, G. V., Dujardin, P., Spiegelaere, W. D., Hoste, E., et al. (2026) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-025-02188-7 · Cited by 24
Development of a Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Leptomeningeal Disease Model in Zebrafish
Gopal, U., Monroe, J. D., Marudamuthu, A. S., Begum, S., Walters, B. J., Stewart, R. A., Washington, C. W., Gibert, Y., & Zachariah, M. A. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12070995 · Cited by 14
“The primary conduit for the spread of LMD is the CSF found in the interconnected subarachnoid space and the ventricular system associated with the brain and spinal cord [1,2].”
BackgroundEvolutionary concept of inflammatory response and stroke
Duris, K., & Jurajda, M. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24392 · Cited by 15
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Zhu, H., Li, S., Wang, Y., Song, B., Gao, Y., Xu, Y., & Li, Y. (2023) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106347 · Cited by 14
“In addition, glymphatic dysfunction in rats has already been associated with impaired cognitive functioning on behavioral tests[53, 54].”
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A Cellular Atlas of the Developing Meninges Reveals Meningeal Fibroblast Diversity and FunctionPreprint
DeSisto, J. A., O’Rourke, R., Bonney, S. K., Jones, H. E., Guimiot, F., Jones, K. L., & Siegenthaler, J. A. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.1101/648642 · Cited by 14
Transvascular in vivo microscopy of the subarachnoid space
Anagnostakou, V., Epshtein, M., Ughi, G. J., King, R. M., Valavanis, A., Puri, A. S., & Gounis, M. J. (2022) · Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery · doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2021-018544 · Cited by 13
Subpial hemorrhages in neonates: imaging features, clinical factors and outcomes
Zhuang, X., Jin, K., Li, J., Yin, Y., & He, S. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30332-5 · Cited by 13
Cerebrospinal Fluid–Mediated Brain Clearance: Insights from Human Studies
Eide, P. K., Quesada, C. L. V., & Ringstad, G. A. (2026) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-043024-120520 · Cited by 16
Bian, D. J. H., Lazaratos, A.-M., Maritan, S. M., Quaiattini, A., Zeng, Z., Zhu, Z., Sener, U. T., Malani, R., Kim, Y. J., Ichihara, E., et al. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29668 · Cited by 12
“Notably, the blood-brain and blood-CSF barriers are distinct entities with both unique anatomical structures and expression profiles of efflux transporters, cellular permeabilities and interactions with cancer cells [1,2,169,170].”
BackgroundRevisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy
Bougnères, P., & Le Stunff, C. (2025) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes16050590 · Cited by 11
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“In the EM, the arachnoid appears as a thick trans-lucent sheet (about 200 μ m in humans) composed of closely packed leptomeningeal cells joined by adherence junctions (i.e., desmosomes) and devoid of basement membranes (Saboori, 2021; Saboori & Sadegh, 2015; Weller et al., 2018).”
Therkelsen, H. E., Enger, R., Eide, P. K., & Ringstad, G. A. (2025) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1177/0271678x251316392 · Cited by 11
Borkowski, J., Schroten, H., & Schwerk, C. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21228788 · Cited by 11
“Meningococci similarly adhered to meningioma cells; however, no internalization could be observed [104], thus an intercellular crossing involving desmosomes appears more likely [12].”
BackgroundInfluentialModvig, S., Jeyakumar, J., Marquart, H. V., & Christensen, C. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15092504 · Cited by 14
“, contain window-like openings between adjacent endothelial cells, the arachnoid barrier de facto becomes a barrier between blood and CSF, referred to as the arachnoid blood-CSF barrier [87].”
BackgroundBarker, R. B., Karakaya, E., Baran, D., Ergul, A., Yağmurlu, K., Albayram, S., & Albayram, Ö. (2025) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2025.104031 · Cited by 9
“Additionally, humans possess arachnoid granulations that facilitate CSF absorption into the venous system, a feature that is either absent or less developed in rodents (Weller et al., 2018).”
Glycation‐mediated tissue‐level remodeling of brain meningeal membrane by aging
Kim, H. M., Kim, S., Sim, J., Ma, B. S., Yong, I., Jo, Y., Kim, T., Chang, J., Park, S., Jeong, Y., et al. (2023) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.13805 · Cited by 9
“For example, reaching the cortex of inflammatory cells, bacteria, circulating tumor cells (Weller et al., 2018), and even synthetic macromolecules injected into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (Iliff et al., 2012) are prevented by attaching or filtering the membrane.”
BackgroundGene Polymorphisms of TLR4 and TLR9 and Haemophilus influenzae Meningitis in Angolan Children
Tenhu, E., Teräsjärvi, J. T., Cruzeiro, M. L., Savonius, O., Rugemalira, E., Roine, I., He, Q., & Pelkonen, T. (2020) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes11091099 · Cited by 10
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“…attached to the CNS tissue and surrounds the blood vessels passing through it, thereby separating the vessels from the CNS and forming the VRS [21, 22]. mMΦ are located in the arachnoid membrane, subarachnoid space, and pia mater under the dura mater and is in direct contact with the CSF (Fig.”
Photoacoustic computed tomography monitors cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and glymphatic function
Choi, S., Kim, J., Jeon, H., Lee, Y. J., Lim, G., Ju, W.-M., Kim, K., Lee, D. S., Lee, Y., Lee, J. S., et al. (2026) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-026-69390-4 · Cited by 9
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“ThedevelopmentofmeningesinthepostnatalperiodrevealsthatMLs, including the meninges and the calvarium, continue to develop postnatally 56,57 .”
Okamura, S., Nagai, H., Numa, C., Nagai, M., Shinohara, R., & Furuyashiki, T. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology Reports · doi:10.1002/npr2.12051 · Cited by 7
“Leptomeningeal cells express various receptors for cytokines and chemokines, some of which may be responsible for mediating peripherally derived inflammatory signals to the brain.(17) Indeed, it has been reported that single social defeat stress induces IL‐6 production from bone marrow‐derived leukocytes.”
BackgroundAnatomical and Molecular Characterization of the Zebrafish MeningesPreprint
Galanternik, M. V., Castranova, D., Gober, R., Nguyen, T. A. T., Kenton, M. I., Margolin, G., Kraus, A., Sur, A., Dye, L., Pham, V. N., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.04.09.646894 · Cited by 10
“The arachnoid and pia mater meningeal layers (known together as the leptomeninges) are found immediately below the dura mater and above the brain parenchyma (Absinta et al., 2017; Dasgupta and Jeong, 2019; Louveau et al., 2015; Morris et al., 2022; Weller et al., 2018).”
Thomas, J., & Benveniste, H. (2022) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20221719 · Cited by 8
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A Novel Localization of METTL7A in Bergmann Glial Cells in Human Cerebellum
Vera-Montecinos, A., Galiano-Landeira, J., Roldán, M., Vidal-Domènech, F., Claro, E., & Ramos, B. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24098405 · Cited by 8
“The pia mater is the inner meningeal layer, constituted by leptomeningeal cells that cover the outer brain and the cerebellum [24].”
BackgroundThe Cranial Bowl in the New Millennium and Sutherland's Legacy for Osteopathic Medicine: Part 1
Bordoni, B., Walkowski, S. A., Ducoux, B., & Tobbi, F. (2020) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.10410 · Cited by 8
“The meninges involving the area of the caudal forebrain and midbrain have an ectodermal origin, while the remaining meninges derive from the mesoderm (like the vessels found in the meninges) [41].”
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Neurosurgery and the glymphatic system
Eide, P. K. (2024) · Acta Neurochirurgica · doi:10.1007/s00701-024-06161-4 · Cited by 9
Border‐Associated Macrophages: From Embryogenesis to Immune Regulation
Zhan, T., Tian, S., & Chen, S. (2024) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.70105 · Cited by 7
“The pia mater, located close to the parenchyma, is composed of a single layer of leptomeningeal cells with less frequent gap junctions by desmosomes, making it permissive to limited immune cells [50, 51].”
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Physiological brain clearance architecture revealed by neuronal protein tracing
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Brain Maturation as a Fundamental Factor in Immune-Neurovascular Interactions in Stroke
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“…of the neuronal tube that initiates the formation of the CNS in gestational week 3 (GW3) [1], followed by separation of the CNS from the periphery by the brain vasculature by GW5 [2] and subsequent formation of the choroid plexus (CP) around GW7 [3] and most of the meningeal structures at GW12 [4].”
BackgroundNewly discovered base barrier cells provide compartmentalization of choroid plexus, brain and CSFPreprint
Verhaege, D., Nolf, C. D., Castelein, J., Claeys, W., Wonterghem, E. V., Imschoot, G. V., Dujardin, P., Spiegelaere, W. D., Hoste, E., Boone, F., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.07.08.601696 · Cited by 7
Circadian influences on central nervous system barriers and the glymphatic system
Elliott, B. D., Kisamore, C. O., Nelson, R. J., DeVries, A. C., & Walker, W. H. (2025) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2025.1622236 · Cited by 6
Personalized Models of Biological Barriers and Their Diseases: Recent Progress with Organs‐On‐Chips
Buck, F., Bugter, J., Yorukoglu, G., Dastjerd, M. K., & Winkler, T. E. (2026) · Advanced Biology · doi:10.1002/adbi.202500536 · Cited by 6
“The blood–CSF barrier, moreover, includes the arachnoid mater, which encases the entire brain [ 91, 92 ].”
Kienzler, J. C., Contreras, E. M., Treger, J. M., Liau, L. M., Owens, G. C., & Prins, R. M. (2025) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-025-01924-1 · Cited by 5
“…> 0.95, cluster size > 5), C interquartile box plot calculated from the normalized counts of all the genes in the network shown in (B), D dot plots of the normalized transcripts counts of those genes in the network shown in (B) that are the most connected side of the choroid plexus [22, 57].”
InfluentialSeeThrough: a rationally designed skull clearing technique for in vivo brain imaging
Liu, X.-Y., Uchigashima, M., Oomoto, I., Saito, Y., Uchida, H., Oginezawa, S., Masuda, K., Satoh, D., Abe, M., Sakimura, K., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-62836-1 · Cited by 5
The meninges as a neuroimmune interface: structure, barriers and roles in CNS disease
Joost, S., Kaddatz, H., Vankriekelsvenne, E., & Brandenburg, L. (2026) · Fluids and Barriers of the CNS · doi:10.1186/s12987-026-00795-5 · Cited by 7
“Proposed mechanisms for traversing the leptomeningeal layer include intracellular penetration and junctional degradation, such as desmo-some disruption [110, 122].”
InfluentialPost-capillary venules is the locus for transcytosis of therapeutic nanoparticles to the brainPreprint
Kucharz, K., Kristensen, K., Johnsen, K. B., Lund, M. A., Lønstrup, M., Moos, T., Andresen, T. L., & Lauritzen, M. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.05.133819 · Cited by 5
“In contrast to microvessels embedded in the brain parenchyma, the vasculature in the dura lacks the BBB (Engelhardt et al., 2017; Weller et al., 2018).”
BackgroundSangha, V., Williams, E. I., Ronaldson, P. T., & Bendayan, R. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119739883.ch14 · Cited by 5
An integrative layer-resolved atlas of the adult human meningesPreprint
Degenhard, T., Groh, A. M. R., Afanasiev, E., Luo, M., Yaqubi, M., Stratton, J. A., & Petrecca, K. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.11.13.623440 · Cited by 5
Bartiromo, S., Alves, C., O’Mahony, J., Yeh, E. A., Marrie, R. A., Narayanan, S., Waters, P. J., Gajofatto, A., Bar‐Or, A., Banwell, B., et al. (2025) · Neurology Neuroimmunology & Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1212/nxi.0000000000200449 · Cited by 4
“…that disruption of this barrier may allow in fl ammatory factors to di ff use into the CNS parenchyma through the pial-glial basement membranes, 16,17 potentially leading to subsequent disruption of the blood-brain barrier within the spinal cord parenchyma, contributing to more extensive…”
Herold, R., Denzer, L., Muranyi, W., Stump-Guthier, C., Ishikawa, H., Schroten, H., & Schwerk, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2023.1113528 · Cited by 4
“The BCSFB can be separated into barriers to the outer CSF located at the arachnoidea and blood vessels present in the subarachnoidal space, and a barrier to the inner CSF located at the choroid plexus (CP) in the brain ventricles (Weller et al., 2018).”
BackgroundThe Role of Oxidative Stress in TB Meningitis and Therapeutic Options
Dawi, J., Mohan, A. S., Misakyan, Y., Affa, S., Gonzalez, E., Hajjar, K., Nikoghosyan, D., Fardeheb, S., Tuohino, C., & Venketaraman, V. (2024) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases12030050 · Cited by 5
“Leptomeninges play a crucial role in bacterial meningitis, and an additional BCSFB function is proposed for through and CSF-facing side [3,7– 9]”
BackgroundFantini, V., Ferrari, R. R., Bordoni, M., Spampinato, E., Pandini, C., Davin, A., Medici, V., Gagliardi, S., Guaita, A., Pansarasa, O., et al. (2024) · Cell Proliferation · doi:10.1111/cpr.13627 · Cited by 4
“1 In addition, the meninges are also present in the deepest areas of the brain located near the choroid plexus, blood vessels, and stroma, 1,3 as well as, underneath the hippocampal formation.”
BackgroundtPA supplementation preserves neurovascular and cognitive function in Tg2576 mice
Uekawa, K., Anfray, A., Ahn, S. J., Casey, N., Seo, J., Zhou, P., Iadecola, C., & Park, L. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13878 · Cited by 4
“6,9,60 60–62 In support of this hypothesis, we recently found that rescuing neurovascular function in Tg2676 mice by deletion of the A β binding scavenging receptor CD36 is able to improve transvascular and paravascular clearance of A β from the brain.”
BackgroundEsmaeli, M. (2025) · Cell and Tissue Biology · doi:10.1134/s1990519x24600637 · Cited by 3
“Anatomical studies on rodents indicate that the arachnoid layer of the meninges extends beyond the cribriform plate, suggesting that this layer may also extend outward from the plate (Weller et al., 2018).”
Unveiling a hidden brain barrier
Pleskač, P., & Engelhardt, B. (2026) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-025-02189-6 · Cited by 3
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“Consequently, the GLS functions as a structural boundary, regulating the bidirectional exchange of water and solutes between the CSF in the subpial space and the CNS parenchyma [8,9].”
BackgroundMR Imaging of Neurofluids in the Developing Brain
Agarwal, N., Klein, W. M., & Tuura, R. (2025) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nic.2024.12.005 · Cited by 2
Rewiring Neuroimmunity: Nanoplatform Innovations for CNS Disease Therapy
Akbar, M. U., Guo, W., Shen, X. M., Fang, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, P., Elnathan, R., & Chen, Y. (2025) · Advanced Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/adtp.202500124 · Cited by 3
Histology of the Human Dura Mater; A review article
hammady, M. (2023) · Egyptian Journal of Veterinary Science · doi:10.21608/ejvs.2023.207485.1496 · Cited by 2
“But it is a complex, highly vascularized, and wellinnervated tissue [4].”
BackgroundInsights on nervous system biology and anatomy
Esteves, M., Almeida, A., & Leite‐Almeida, H. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818084-6.00001-5 · Cited by 5
Kwon, S. H., Guo, B., Fang, C., Tippani, M., Bach, S. V., Pertea, G. M., Miller, R. A., Maguire, S. E., Iatrou, A., Eagles, N. J., et al. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.02.16.706214 · Cited by 5
Some Basics on Innate Neuroimmunology for Nonspecialists
Konsman, J. P. (2025) · NeuroImmunoModulation · doi:10.1159/000550200 · Cited by 2
FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY OF CEREBRAL VESSELS AND THEIR ROLE IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CIRCULATION
Геннадьевна, Д. Е., & Merkulova, L. M. (2022) · Современные проблемы науки и образования · doi:10.17513/spno.32114 · Cited by 2
DNA methylation profile of human dura and leptomeninges
Maier, A. D., Christiansen, S. N. N., Haslund-Vinding, J. L., Krogager, M. E., Melchior, L. C., Scheie, D., & Mathiesen, T. I. (2023) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlad036 · Cited by 2
Wang, J., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Zheng, P., Li, X.-J., Chen, C., Yan, H., Jin, W., Wang, F., Chen, L., et al. (2025) · Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine · doi:10.1111/jebm.70013 · Cited by 2
“The dura mater is a textured hard membrane, while the arachnoid and soft meninges are softer [26].”
Mody, P. H., Santos, N. L. D., Lenert, M. E., Barron, L. R., Nottingham, B. A., & Burton, M. D. (2020) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.10.014 · Cited by 3
“Recent literature shows an increased presence of T-cells in the lymphatic system that drains the brain as well as leptomeninges (Weller et al., 2019).”
BackgroundA potential role of mechano-gated potassium channels in meningioma-related seizures
Bogdanović, I., Opačić, M., Baščarević, V., Raičević, S., Ilić, R., Grujičić, D., Spasojević, I., & Ristić, A. J. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20761 · Cited by 2
“Meningiomas may interrupt morphologic and biochemical-molecular milieu of the cortex [4,5].”
BackgroundCommon principles of macrophage biology in blood–tissue barriers
Hiraga, S., & Masuda, T. (2024) · Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1111/cen3.12812 · Cited by 2
“5,26,27 Perivascular macrophages (pvM Φ ) reside primarily within the perivascular space of arteries and arterioles, located between the vascular basement membrane and the astrocyte-derived parenchymal basement membrane, 6,15,30 while they are scarce along veins and absent in capillaries due to the…”
Concept of Large Artery and Small Vessel
Lee, S. (2020) · Stroke revisited · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-1430-7_3 · Cited by 2
Li, J., Zhao, J., Sun, S., Shen, S., Zhong, B., & Dong, X. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.16676 · Cited by 1
Boezaart, A. P., Server, A., Tubbs, R. S., Carrera, A., Reina, F., & Reina, M. Á. (2024) · Clinical Anatomy · doi:10.1002/ca.24228 · Cited by 1
“The comprehensive review by Weller et al. (2018) provided insights into the anatomical differences between the leptomeninges (pia mater and arachnoid) and pachymeninges (dura mater), explaining their different susceptibilities to infections.”
InfluentialNeonatal subpial hemorrhage: clinical presentation, neuroimaging findings and outcome
Server, A., Latysheva, A., Nedregaard, B., Rønnestad, A. E., & Marthinsen, P. B. (2025) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00234-025-03589-y · Cited by 1
“The subpial space is defined as the potential space between the glia limitans and the pia mater [1, 3, 4].”
Dong, W., Gao, Z., Li, H., Ni, S., Xie, Y., Zhu, Z., Tao, T. H., Shi, Z., Feng, Y., & Liu, K. (2025) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.5c10185 · Cited by 1
Cerebellar Subpial Hemorrhage–An Underestimated Location of Fetal Intracranial Hemorrhage
Haboosheh, A., Amberg, N., Haberler, C., Mirsky, D. M., Glatter, S., Bettelheim, D., Prayer, D., & Kasprian, G. J. (2025) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a9019 · Cited by 1
The meningeal–cerebellar axis: a new perspective on cerebellar development
Al-Sayyar, A., Salvon, L., Haidar, N., Schult, P. A., Kassem, O., Rua, R., & Romano, A. (2025) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-025-05897-1 · Cited by 1
“Moreover, arachnoid granula - tions, which CSF drainage, are prominent in humans (~ 200 µm) but are absent in rodents, which instead rely on alter - native CSF clearance routes (i.e. glymphatic system) [ 50].”
Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Liu, J., Zhao, C., Peng, S., Xu, Z., Xu, X., & Hou, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1764800 · Cited by 1
“On the other hand, characteristic granuloma formation and fibrotic thickening of the meninges in TBM may directly compress meningeal lymphatic vessels, obstructing CSF drainage (Louveau et al., 2015; Manyelo et al., 2021; Weller et al., 2018).”
Gateways for myeloid cell entry into the central nervous system
Amann, L., & Prinz, M. (2026) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2026.04.001 · Cited by 2
Gene delivery for cerebral neurodegenerative disorders: Current advancements and limitations
Dayma, K., & Upadhyay, A. (2026) · Molecular Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.ymthe.2026.06.030 · Cited by 1
Liu, X., Li, M., Wei, Z., Shang, T., & Zou, W. (2026) · ASN NEURO · doi:10.1080/17590914.2026.2687503 · Cited by 1
“…which MnM U maintain barrier integrity; instead, MnM U more likely exert indirect effects on boundary permeability and immune cell recruitment through their perivascular niche positioning and through networks of inflammatory mediators and chemokines (Rustenhoven et al., 2021; Weller et al., 2018).”
Effect and Mechanism of Resveratrol on Neurovascular Units in Rats with Acute Cerebral Ischemia
Zhang, J., Zhang, Z.-Y., Li, S., & Liu, B. (2022) · Letters in Drug Design & Discovery · doi:10.2174/1570180819666220720094115 · Cited by 1
Saboori, P. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819509-3.00006-7 · Cited by 1
Electronmicroscopic Features of Structural Elements in The Brain Menings of White Rats
Gasimov, E. K., & Huseynova, S. A. (2018) · NATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY · doi:10.61788/njn.v2i18.09 · Cited by 1
Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection
Zamboni, M., Santopolo, G., & Frisén, J. (2020) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/61009 · Cited by 1
Neuroinflammation alters the phenotype of lymphangiogenic vessels near the cribriform platePreprint
Hsu, M., Madrid, A., Choi, Y. H., Laaker, C. J., Herbáth, M., Sándor, M., & Fábry, Z. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.10.08.331801 · Cited by 1
The peculiar property of pia mater on the prediction of acute subdural hematomaPreprint
Li, C. F., Kleiven, S., & Zhou, Z. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.06.24.733734 · Cited by 1
Electronmicroscopic features of structural elements in the brain menings of white rats
Qasimov, E., & Huseynova, S. A. (2019) · NATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY · doi:10.28942/nnj.v2i14.259
Estudio de los mecanismos que median el ingreso de la ghrelina plasmática al cerebro
Uriarte, M. (2020) · El Servicio de Difusión de la Creación Intelectual (National University of La Plata) · doi:10.35537/10915/90225
'Exploring outer space': neurovascular optical coherence tomography beyond the vessel wall
Breckwoldt, M. O., Bendszus, M., & Möhlenbruch, M. A. (2022) · Journal of NeuroInterventional Surgery · doi:10.1136/neurintsurg-2022-018822
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Characterization of non-human primate dura in health and neurodegenerationPreprint
Janson, C., Hauser, K., Muller, S., Hansen, E., Lam, C. H., Kordower, J. H., & Romanova, L. G. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.06.03.477517
Effect of Parenchymal Arachnoid on Brain Fluid Transport
Hansen, E. A., Janson, C., Romanova, L. G., & Lam, C. H. (2022) · Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal · doi:10.32598/bcn.2022.3089.1
“…and components, including cell height, paracellular space tortuosity, tight junctions, gap junctions (Harhaj & Antonetti, 2004; Holman et al., 2010; Stoppini et al., 1991), and neuronal and glial-endothelial cell relationships (Duport et al., 1998; Tontsch & Bauer, 1991; Weller et al., 2018).”
BackgroundKumar, C. P., Aggarwal, L. M., Bhasi, S., & Sharma, N. (2022) · Radiation effects and defects in solids · doi:10.1080/10420150.2022.2133709
Gadolinium-based imaging of the blood brain barrier and brain waste clearance pathways
(2023) · Advances in magnetic resonance technology and applications · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91771-1.00017-4
Encapsulation strategies for the treatment of CNS disorders
Oliveira, E. P., Silva‐Correia, J., Reis, R. L., & Oliveira, J. M. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824345-9.00013-1
Mass in the Meninges: Meningioma Types and Grades
Han, P., & Smith, M. T. (2020) · AJSP Review and Reports · doi:10.1097/pcr.0000000000000367
Cerebrospinal Fluid Flow Extends to Peripheral NervesPreprint
Ligocki, A. P., Vinson, A. V., Yachnis, A. T., Dunn, W. A., Smith, D. E., Scott, E. A., Alvarez-Castanon, J. V., Montalvo, D. E. B., Frisone, O. G., Brown, G. A. J., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.11.20.567884
“In place of blood and lymphatics, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) functions in the maintenance and health of CNS tissues(16).”
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Cerebrospinal Fluid, the Meninges, and the Subarachnoid Space
Yaksh, T. L. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39558-1_10
Epilepsy in patients with supratentorial meningiomas
Bogdanović, I., Ristić, A. J., & Grujičić, D. (2023) · Medicinski podmladak · doi:10.5937/mp74-43084
Metadata
- Authors
- Weller, R. O., Sharp, M. M., Christodoulides, M., Carare, R. O., & Møllgård, K.
- Affiliations
- Southampton General Hospital (GB)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Weller, Roy O.
- Venue
- Acta Neuropathologica
- Published
- 2018-01-24
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 363-385
- ISSN
- 0001-6322 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0533
- OpenAlex
- W2786295633
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 11
- FWCI
- 2.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Acta Neuropathologica (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Professor Ajay Verma and Biogen
- Vera and Carl Johan Michaelsen Foundation (34077)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
- Keywords
- meninges, leptomeninges, dura mater, arachnoid granulations, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, lymphatic drainage, cribriform plate, meningeal cells, extracellular matrix, Neisseria meningitidis, perivascular spaces, ligand expression
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Meninges, Rodentia
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