The DOI matches its Crossref record; 109 of the 109 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The meninges as barriers and facilitators for the movement of fluid, cells and pathogens related to the rodent and human CNS.
Open accessAbstract
Meninges that surround the CNS consist of an outer fibrous sheet of dura mater (pachymeninx) that is also the inner periosteum of the skull. Underlying the dura are the arachnoid and pia mater (leptomeninges) that form the boundaries of the subarachnoid space. In this review we (1) examine the development of leptomeninges and their role as barriers and facilitators in the foetal CNS. There are two separate CSF systems during early foetal life, inner CSF in the ventricles and outer CSF in the subarachnoid space. As the foramina of Magendi and Luschka develop, one continuous CSF system evolves. Due to the lack of arachnoid granulations during foetal life, it is most likely that CSF is eliminated by lymphatic drainage pathways passing through the cribriform plate and nasal submucosa. (2) We then review the fine structure of the adult human and rodent leptomeninges to establish their roles as barriers and facilitators for the movement of fluid, cells and pathogens. Leptomeningeal cells line CSF spaces, including arachnoid granulations and lymphatic drainage pathways, and separate elements of extracellular matrix from the CSF. The leptomeningeal lining facilitates the traffic of inflammatory cells within CSF but also allows attachment of bacteria such as Neisseria meningitidis and of tumour cells as CSF metastases. Single layers of leptomeningeal cells extend into the brain closely associated with the walls of arteries so that there are no perivascular spaces around arteries in the cerebral cortex. Perivascular spaces surrounding arteries in the white matter and basal ganglia relate to their two encompassing layers of leptomeninges. (3) Finally we examine the roles of ligands expressed by leptomeningeal cells for the attachment of inflammatory cells, bacteria and tumour cells as understanding these roles may aid the design of therapeutic strategies to manage developmental, autoimmune, infectious and neoplastic diseases relating to the CSF, the leptomeninges and the associated CNS.
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In the citing paper
“Single-cell profiling suggested functions shared with microglia and astrocytes in maintaining CNS homeostasis [372] and regulating barrier functions [367,378,379,380].”
From Revisiting the Pathogenesis of X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy (2025) · cites this paper as [380]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“All major meningitis causing bacteria can adhere strongly to meningeal fibroblasts and arachnoid barrier-like cells”
From Living on the Edge of the CNS: Meninges Cell Diversity in Health and Disease (2021) · cites this paper as Weller et al., 2018
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Cites
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“The layers of leptomeningeal cells performing this barrier function are often only one cell thick and joined by gap junctions or desmosomes [4, 13].”
BackgroundInfluentialA dural lymphatic vascular system that drains brain interstitial fluid and macromolecules
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“Another route of entry of T cells into the CSF appears to be through the choroid plexus and blood CSF barrier into the ventricles [78].”
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Engelhardt, B., Vajkoczy, P., & Weller, R. O. (2017) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3666 · Cited by 893 · cited 3×
“Although veins in the SAS are coated by a layer of leptomeningeal cells, the main barrier to entry of inflammatory cells from the blood into the CSF in the SAS is the vascular endothelium lining veins in the SAS and subpial spaces [30, 31].”
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
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“Slab thickness for dura mater in the phantom assigned value of 0.105 cm (Weller et al. 2018) imitated that of an actual brain dimension.”
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Samuels, J. D., Lotstein, M. L., Lehmann, M. L., Elkahloun, A. G., Banerjee, S., & Herkenham, M. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26600533
Samuels, J. D., Lotstein, M. L., Lehmann, M. L., Elkahloun, A. G., Banerjee, S., & Herkenham, M. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26600536
Samuels, J. D., Lotstein, M. L., Lehmann, M. L., Elkahloun, A. G., Banerjee, S., & Herkenham, M. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26600530
Samuels, J. D., Lotstein, M. L., Lehmann, M. L., Elkahloun, A. G., Banerjee, S., & Herkenham, M. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26600524
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Samuels, J. D., Lotstein, M. L., Lehmann, M. L., Elkahloun, A. G., Banerjee, S., & Herkenham, M. A. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26600521
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Metadata
- Authors
- Weller, R. O., Sharp, M. M., Christodoulides, M., Carare, R. O., & Møllgård, K.
- Affiliations
- Southampton General Hospital (GB)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Weller, Roy O.
- Venue
- Acta Neuropathologica
- Published
- 2018-01-24
- Volume
- 135
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 363-385
- ISSN
- 0001-6322 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-0533
- OpenAlex
- W2786295633
- Cited by
- 222
- References
- 109
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 11
- FWCI
- 2.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Acta Neuropathologica (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Professor Ajay Verma and Biogen
- Vera and Carl Johan Michaelsen Foundation (34077)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Barrier Structure and Function Studies
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Bacterial Infections and Vaccines
- Keywords
- meninges, leptomeninges, dura mater, arachnoid granulations, cerebrospinal fluid drainage, lymphatic drainage, cribriform plate, meningeal cells, extracellular matrix, Neisseria meningitidis, perivascular spaces, ligand expression
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Meninges, Rodentia
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