Cited by 212Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderSchizophrenia research and treatmentAutism Spectrum Disorder Research

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The estimated prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in a German community sample

de Zwaan, Martina, Gruß, Barbara, Müller, Astrid, Graap, Holmer, Martin, Alexandra, Glaesmer, Heide, Hilbert, Anja, Philipsen, Alexandra·2012·European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience

DOI 10.1007/s00406-011-0211-9

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Abstract

Little research on the prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD has been conducted outside the United States. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in a large representative sample of the German population aged 18-64 years (n = 1,655). Two self-rating screening instruments to assess childhood and adult ADHD symptomatology were used to estimate the prevalence of ADHD. A 4-item screening tool was used to assess probable cases of current depression and anxiety (Patient Health Questionnaire). The estimated crude prevalence rate of current ADHD was 4.7%. Adult ADHD was significantly associated with lower age, low educational level, unemployment, marital status (never married and divorced), and rural residency. No association was found with gender. Adult ADHD was strongly associated with positive screening results for depression and anxiety. ADHD is a common disorder of adulthood, is associated with significant social impairment and psychiatric co-morbidity, and should receive further research attention.

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Authors: de Zwaan, M., Gruß, B., Müller, A., Graap, H., Martin, A., Glaesmer, H., Hilbert, A., & Philipsen, A.
Affiliations: Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
Leipzig University (DE)
University of Fribourg (CH)
University Medical Center Freiburg (DE)
Corresponding author: Philipsen, Alexandra
ORCID: de Zwaan, Martina
Müller, Astrid
Graap, Holmer
Martin, Alexandra
Glaesmer, Heide
Hilbert, Anja
Philipsen, Alexandra
Venue: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2011-04-17
Volume: 262
Issue: 1
Pages: 79-86
ISSN: 0003-9373 (ISSN-L)
0940-1334
1433-8491
DOI: 10.1007/s00406-011-0211-9
OpenAlex: W1963918749
Cited by: 212
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 15 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 10
FWCI: 10.35
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
Keywords: adult ADHD, ADHD prevalence, depression, anxiety, psychiatric comorbidity, educational attainment, unemployment, marital status, rural residence, German adults, screening tool
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Anxiety, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Depression, Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Residence Characteristics, Statistics as Topic, Prevalence, Young Adult

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The estimated prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in a German community sample

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