Gender differences in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A narrative review
Open accessAbstract
Certain characteristics of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children have long been known to differ by gender. What has not been as widely studied is whether gender is similarly associated with ADHD differences in adults. In this review, the relation between gender and adult ADHD prevalence, persistence, impairment, comorbidity, cognitive functioning, and treatment response was examined across 73 studies. Although gender was related to several characteristics and correlates of adult ADHD, it appeared that many of these gender differences may be at least be partially attributed to methodological artifacts or social and cultural influences, rather than fundamental differences in the expression of ADHD in men and women. We highlight how understanding the nature of the relation between gender and ADHD across the lifespan is complicated by a number of methodological difficulties, and offer recommendations for how emerging research and clinical practice can better incorporate gender into the conceptualization of ADHD in adulthood.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The text we found for this paper looks like another document, so the self-check wasn’t run.
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/springerreference_121117 · Cited by 20,769 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Widiger, T. A. (2000) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1037/10518-009 · Cited by 19,767 · see citing works
Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties.
Arnett, J. J. (2000) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.55.5.469 · Cited by 16,843 · see citing works
Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans.
Steele, C. M., & Aronson, J. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.5.797 · Cited by 8,181 · see citing works
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment
Barkley, R. A., & Poillion, M. J. (1994) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/019874299401900205 · Cited by 4,632 · see citing works
A review of correlates of physical activity of children and adolescents
SALLIS, J. F., PROCHASKA, J. J., & TAYLOR, W. C. (2000) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200005000-00014 · Cited by 4,421 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Demler, O., Faraone, S. V., Greenhill, L. L., Howes, M. J., Secnik, K., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.4.716 · Cited by 3,886 · see citing works
Prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: meta-analysis
Simon, V., Czobor, P., Bálint, S., Mészáros, Á., & Bitter, I. (2009) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.107.048827 · Cited by 1,601 · see citing works
Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Fayyad, J., De Graaf, R., Kessler, R., Alonso, J., Angermeyer, M., Demyttenaere, K., De Girolamo, G., Haro, J. M., Karam, E. G., Lara, C., et al. (2007) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.106.034389 · Cited by 1,321 · see citing works
Gender Similarities and Differences
Hyde, J. S. (2014) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115057 · Cited by 1,262 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.2.279 · Cited by 1,199 · see citing works
Molina, B. S. G., Hinshaw, S. P., Swanson, J. M., Arnold, L. E., Vitiello, B., Jensen, P. S., Epstein, J. N., Hoza, B., Hechtman, L., Abikoff, H. B., et al. (2009) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e31819c23d0 · Cited by 1,182 · see citing works
Gender Differences in ADHD: A Meta-Analysis and Critical Review
GAUB, M., & CARLSON, C. L. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199708000-00011 · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works
Cohen, P., Cohen, J., Kasen, S., Velez, C. N., Hartmark, C., Johnson, J., Rojas, M., Brook, J., & Streuning, E. L. (1993) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1993.tb01094.x · Cited by 957 · see citing works
Kooij, S. J., Bejerot, S., Blackwell, A., Caci, H., Casas-Brugué, M., Carpentier, P. J., Edvinsson, D., Fayyad, J., Foeken, K., Fitzgerald, M., et al. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-67 · Cited by 928 · see citing works
A Meta-Analytic Review of Gender Differences in ADHD
Gershon, J., & Gershon, J. (2002) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/108705470200500302 · Cited by 875 · see citing works
Gender Differences in ADHD: A Meta-Analysis and Critical Review
Gaub, M., & Carlson, C. L. (1997) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-199708000-00023 · Cited by 871 · see citing works
Biederman, J., Mick, E., Faraone, S. V., Braaten, E., Doyle, A., Spencer, T., Wilens, T. E., Frazier, E., & Johnson, M. A. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.1.36 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
RASMUSSEN, P., & GILLBERG, C. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200011000-00017 · Cited by 728 · see citing works
Frazier, T. W., Youngstrom, E. A., Glutting, J. J., & Watkins, M. W. (2007) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/00222194070400010401 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
Mindfulness Meditation Training in Adults and Adolescents With ADHD: A Feasibility Study
Zylowska, L., Ackerman, D. L., Yang, M. H., Futrell, J. L., Horton, N. L., Hale, T. S., Pataki, C., & Smalley, S. L. (2008) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054707308502 · Cited by 674 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Adler, L. A., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Faraone, S. V., Greenhill, L. L., Jaeger, S., Secnik, K., Spencer, T., et al. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.04.001 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Clinical and Functional Outcome of Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder 33 Years Later
Klein, R. G., Mannuzza, S., Olazagasti, M. A. R., Roizen, E., Hutchison, J. A., Lashua, E. C., & Castellanos, F. X. (2012) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.271 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Hart, E. L., Lahey, B. B., Loeber, R., Applegate, B., & Frick, P. J. (1995) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/bf01447474 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Instability of the DSM-IV Subtypes of ADHD From Preschool Through Elementary School
Lahey, B. B., Pelham, W. E., Loney, J., Lee, S. S., & Willcutt, E. (2005) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.8.896 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
What Is the Prevalence of Adult ADHD? Results of a Population Screen of 966 Adults
Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2005) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054705281478 · Cited by 503 · see citing works
How persistent is ADHD? A controlled 10-year follow-up study of boys with ADHD
Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Evans, M., Small, J., & Faraone, S. V. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.12.010 · Cited by 496 · see citing works
Ramtekkar, U. P., Reiersen, A. M., Todorov, A. A., & Todd, R. D. (2010) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2009.11.011 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Larson, T., Anckarsäter, H. S., Gillberg, C. I., Ståhlberg, O., Carlström, E. L., Kadesjö, B., Råstam, M., Lichtenstein, P., & Gillberg, C. (2010) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-10-1 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
SANDRA KOOIJ, J. J., BUITELAAR, J. K., van den OORD, E. J., FURER, J. W., TH. RIJNDERS, C. A., & HODIAMONT, P. P. G. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329170400337x · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Neuropsychological functioning in people with ADHD across the lifespan
Seidman, L. J. (2006) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.01.004 · Cited by 468 · see citing works
Evaluating gender similarities and differences using metasynthesis.
Zell, E., Križan, Z., & Teeter, S. R. (2015) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0038208 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Lara, C., Fayyad, J., de Graaf, R., Kessler, R. C., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Angermeyer, M., Demytteneare, K., de Girolamo, G., Haro, J. M., Jin, R., et al. (2009) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.10.005 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Spencer, T. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950180020004 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Diagnostic Controversies in Adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
McGough, J. J., & Barkley, R. A. (2004) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.161.11.1948 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Spencer, T., Biederman, J., Wilens, T., Doyle, R., Surman, C., Prince, J., Mick, E., Aleardi, M., Herzig, K., & Faraone, S. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.043 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Gender effects on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity disorder in adults, revisited
Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Monuteaux, M. C., Bober, M., & Cadogen, E. (2004) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.12.003 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
ADHD in Adults: What the Science Says
Barkley, R., Murphy, K. R., & Fischer, M. (2007) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-5266 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Prevalence of DSM-IV symptoms of ADHD in adult licensed drivers: Implications for clinical diagnosis
Murphy, K., & Barkley, R. A. (1996) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/108705479600100303 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Efficacy of meta-cognitive therapy for adult ADHD
Solanto, M. V., Marks, D. J., Wasserstein, J., Mitchell, K., Abikoff, H., Alvir, J. M. J., & Kofman, M. D. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09081123 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Hinshaw, S. P., Owens, E. B., Zalecki, C., Huggins, S. P., Montenegro-Nevado, A. J., Schrodek, E., & Swanson, E. N. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029451 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Chapter 1 Gender Differences in Pharmacological Response
Anderson, G. D. (2008) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(08)00001-9 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
ADHD In Adults: What the Science Says
Surman, C. B. H. (2008) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31818b466b · Cited by 341 · see citing works
Does ADHD Predict Substance-Use Disorders? A 10-Year Follow-up Study of Young Adults With ADHD
Wilens, T. E., Martelon, M., Joshi, G., Bateman, C., Fried, R., Petty, C., & Biederman, J. (2011) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.01.021 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
Sex differences in <scp>ADHD</scp> symptom severity
Arnett, A. B., Pennington, B. F., Willcutt, E. G., DeFries, J. C., & Olson, R. K. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12337 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Gender differences in a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Spencer, T., Wilens, T., Mick, E., & Lapey, K. A. (1994) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(94)90092-2 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Ernst, M., Zametkin, A. J., Matochik, J. A., Jons, P. H., & Cohen, R. M. (1998) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.18-15-05901.1998 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Rösler, M., Retz, W., Retz-Junginger, P., Hengesch, G., Schneider, M., Supprian, T., Schwitzgebel, P., Pinhard, K., Dovi-Akue, N., Wender, P., et al. (2004) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-004-0516-z · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Kessler, R. C., Green, J. G., Adler, L. A., Barkley, R. A., Chatterji, S., Faraone, S. V., Finkelman, M., Greenhill, L. L., Gruber, M. J., Jewell, M., et al. (2010) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.146 · Cited by 317 · see citing works
Executive functions and ADHD in adults: evidence for selective effects on ADHD symptom domains
Nigg, J. T., Stavro, G., Ettenhofer, M., Hambrick, D. Z., Miller, T., & Henderson, J. M. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.3.706 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
Prioritizing Key Resilience Indicators to Support Coral Reef Management in a Changing Climate
McClanahan, T. R., Donner, S. D., Maynard, J. A., MacNeil, M. A., Graham, N. A. J., Maina, J. M., Baker, A. C., Jahson Berhane Alemu, I., Beger, M., Campbell, S., et al. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0042884 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Barbaresi, W. J., Katusic, S. K., Colligan, R. C., Weaver, A. L., & Jacobsen, S. J. (2007) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e31811ff87d · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment
Johnston, C. (1992) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(92)90012-6 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Self-citationParenting in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Johnston, C., Mash, E. J., Miller, N. V., & Ninowski, J. E. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.01.007 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Self-citationBarkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale--IV (BAARS-IV)
Barkley, R. A. (2011) · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Presenting ADHD symptoms, subtypes, and comorbid disorders in clinically referred adults with ADHD
Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Martelon, M., Westerberg, D., & Spencer, T. J. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.08m04785pur · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Biederman, J., Kwon, A., Aleardi, M., Chouinard, V.-A., Marino, T., Cole, H., Mick, E., & Faraone, S. V. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.6.1083 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Monuteaux, M. C., Fried, R., Byrne, D., Mirto, T., Spencer, T., Wilens, T. E., & Faraone, S. V. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09050736 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Prevalence and Correlates of ADHD Symptoms in the National Health Interview Survey
Cuffe, S. P., Moore, C. G., & McKeown, R. E. (2005) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054705280413 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Self-Report of ADHD Symptoms in University Students
DuPaul, G. J., Schaughency, E. A., Weyandt, L. L., Tripp, G., Kiesner, J., Ota, K., & Stanish, H. (2001) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221940103400412 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Mood and Menopause: Findings from the Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN) over 10 Years
Bromberger, J. T., & Kravitz, H. M. (2011) · Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.ogc.2011.05.011 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Das, D., Cherbuin, N., Butterworth, P., Anstey, K. J., & Easteal, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031500 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Comorbidities and Costs of Adult Patients Diagnosed with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Secnik, K., Swensen, A., & Lage, M. J. (2005) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.2165/00019053-200523010-00008 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment, 4th ed.
Barkley, R. A. (2015) · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Characteristics of Adults with ADHD: A Comprehensive Review of Initial Studies
Woods, S. P., Lovejoy, D. W., & Ball, J. D. (2002) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1076/clin.16.1.12.8336 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Murphy, K. R., Barkley, R. A., & Bush, T. (2001) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.15.2.211 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
The estimated prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in a German community sample
de Zwaan, M., Gruß, B., Müller, A., Graap, H., Martin, A., Glaesmer, H., Hilbert, A., & Philipsen, A. (2012) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-011-0211-9 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Ehlis, A.-C., Bähne, C. G., Jacob, C. P., Herrmann, M. J., & Fallgatter, A. J. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.11.011 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Presenting ADHD symptoms and subtypes in clinically referred adults with ADHD
Millstein, R., Wilens, T., Biederman, J., & Spencer, T. J. (1997) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/108705479700200302 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Philipsen, A., Richter, H., Peters, J., Alm, B., Sobanski, E., Colla, M., Münzebrock, M., Scheel, C., Jacob, C., Perlov, E., et al. (2007) · Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e31815c088b · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Short, T., Thomas, S. D. M., Luebbers, S., Mullen, P. E., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-66 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Zucker, M., Morris, M. K., Ingram, S. M., Morris, R. D., & Bakeman, R. (2002) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.14.4.379 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A., & Brown, T. E. (2008) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900014036 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Bálint, S., Czobor, P., Komlósi, S., Mészáros, Á., Simon, V., & Bitter, I. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708004236 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
The psychosocial functioning of children and spouses of adults with ADHD
Minde, K., Eakin, L., Hechtman, L., Ochs, E., Bouffard, R., Greenfield, B., & Looper, K. (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00150 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Zetterqvist, J., Asherson, P., Halldner, L., Långström, N., & Larsson, H. (2013) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12004 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Murphy, K. R., Barkley, R. A., & Bush, T. (2001) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.15.2.211 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Rösler, M., Retz, W., Yaqoobi, K. H. A., Burg, E., & Retz‐Junginger, P. (2008) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-008-0841-8 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Modi, G. M., Yang, P. B., Swann, A. C., & Dafny, N. (2006) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-2-1 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Sex differences in the functional neuroanatomy of working memory in adults with ADHD
Valera, E. M., Brown, A., Biederman, J., Faraone, S. V., Makris, N., Monuteaux, M. C., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Vitulano, M., Schiller, M., & Seidman, L. J. (2010) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020249 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Handbook of Behavioral and Emotional Problems in Girls
Bell, D. J., Mash, E. J., & Foster, S. L. (2005) · Issues in clinical child psychology · doi:10.1007/b107822 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Arcia, E., & Conners, K. C. (1998) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-199804000-00003 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Friedrichs, B., Igl, W., Larsson, H., & Larsson, J. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710376909 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Ebejer, J. L., Medland, S. E., van der Werf, J. H. J., Gondro, C., Henders, A. K., Lynskey, M. T., Martin, N. G., & Duffy, D. L. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0047404 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Donker, T., Batterham, P. J., Warmerdam, L., Bennett, K., Bennett, A., Cuijpers, P., Griffiths, K. M., & Christensen, H. (2013) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2013.06.020 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Sex Differences in the Manifestation of ADHD in Emerging Adults
Fedele, D. A., Lefler, E. K., Hartung, C. M., & Canu, W. H. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710374596 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
To act or not to act, that’s the problem: Primarily inhibition difficulties in adult ADHD.
Boonstra, A. M., Kooij, J. J. S., Oosterlaan, J., Sergeant, J. A., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2010) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0017670 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Robison, R. J., Reimherr, F. W., Marchant, B. K., Faraone, S. V., Adler, L. A., & West, S. A. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n0207 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Sex differences in adult ADHD: a double dissociation in brain activity and autonomic arousal
Hermens, D. F., Williams, L. M., Lazzaro, I., Whitmont, S., Melkonian, D. S., & Gordon, E. (2004) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2003.10.006 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Untreated ADHD in Adults: Are There Sex Differences in Symptoms, Comorbidity, and Impairment?
Rasmussen, K., & Levander, S. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054708314621 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Lack of gender effects on subtype outcomes in adults with attention–deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Grevet, E., Bau, C. H. D., Salgado, C. A., Fischer, A. G., Kalil, K., Victor, M., Garcia, C. R., Sousa, N., Rohde, L., & Belmonte-de-Abreu, P. (2006) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-006-0639-5 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Biederman, J., & Faraone, S. V. (2004) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2003.12.004 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
ADHD Prevalence in Adult Outpatients With Nonpsychotic Psychiatric Illnesses
Montes, L. G. A., García, A. O. H., & Ricardo-Garcell, J. (2007) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054707304428 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Atomoxetine and Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The Effects of Comorbidity
Spencer, T. J., Faraone, S. V., Michelson, D., Adler, L. A., Reimherr, F. W., Glatt, S. J., & Biederman, J. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v67n0312 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Ohan, J., & Visser, T. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410903103627 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Holdnack, J. A., Moberg, P. J., Arnold, S. E., Gur, R. C., & Gur, R. E. (1995) · Neuropsychiatry, neuropsychology, and behavioral neurology · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A., Knouse, L. E., & Murphy, K. R. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0022172 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Children’s Perceptions of Their ADHD Symptoms
Wiener, J., MALONE, M. A., Varma, A., Markel, C., Biondic, D., Tannock, R., & Humphries, T. (2012) · Canadian Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1177/0829573512451972 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Working memory deficits in adults with ADHD: is there evidence for subtype differences?
Schweitzer, J. B., Hanford, R. B., & Medoff, D. R. (2006) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-2-43 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Paterson, R. S., Douglas, C. D., Hallmayer, J. F., Hagan, M., & Krupenia, Z. (1999) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.1999.00590.x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Future Directions in ADHD Etiology Research
Nigg, J. T. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.686870 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The burdened life of adults with ADHD: Impairment beyond comorbidity
Garcia, C. R., Bau, C. H. D., Silva, K. L., Callegari-Jacques, S. M., Salgado, C. A. I., Fischer, A. G., Victor, M. M., Sousa, N. O., Karam, R. G., Rohde, L. A., et al. (2010) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2010.08.002 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Neuropsychological correlates of methylphenidate treatment in adult ADHD with and without depression
Riordan, H. J., Flashman, L. A., Saykin, A. J., Frutiger, S. A., Carroll, K. E., & Huey, L. (1999) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/14.2.217 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Neuropsychological Correlates of Methylphenidate Treatment in Adult ADHD With and Without Depression
Riordan, H., Flashman, L. A., Saykin, A. J., Frutiger, S. A., Carroll, K. E., & Huey, L. (1999) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/s0887-6177(98)00015-8 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Mikami, A. Y., & Lorenzi, J. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2011.597089 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Weiss, M., Gibbins, C., Goodman, D., Hodgkins, P., Landgraf, J., & Faraone, S. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.08m04709pur · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Montes, L. G. A., Ricardo-Garcell, J., Torre, L. B. D. L., Alcántara, H. P., García, R. B. M., Fernández-Bouzas, A., & Acosta, D. Á. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.090099 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Mannuzza, S., Castellanos, F., Roizen, E. R., Hutchison, J. A., Lashua, E. C., & Klein, R. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709359907 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Exploring the Gender Gap in Referrals for Children With ADHD and Other Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Coles, E. K., Slavec, J., Bernstein, M., & Baroni, E. M. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710381481 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Prevalence of ADHD and Its Subtypes in Male and Female Adult Prison Inmates
Cahill, B. S., Coolidge, F. L., Segal, D. L., Klebe, K. J., Marle, P. D., & Overmann, K. A. (2012) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.2004 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Pérez de los Cobos, J., Siñol, N., Puerta, C., Cantillano, V., López Zurita, C., & Trujols, J. (2011) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.03.019 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Attributional Styles and Psychosocial Functioning of Adults With ADHD
Rucklidge, J. J., Brown, D., Crawford, S. G., & Kaplan, B. J. (2007) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054706289942 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Felmingham, K. L., & Bryant, R. A. (2012) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0027156 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Bitter, I., Simon, V., Bálint, S., Mészáros, Á., & Czobor, P. (2009) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-009-0076-3 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Primary symptoms, diagnostic criteria, subtyping, and prevalence of ADHD.
Roberts, W., Milich, R. S., & Barkley, R. A. (2015) · Cited by 53 · see citing works
McClernon, F. J., Voorhees, E. E. V., English, J. S., Hallyburton, M., Holdaway, A., & Kollins, S. H. (2011) · Nicotine & Tobacco Research · doi:10.1093/ntr/ntr073 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Do stimulants improve functioning in adults with ADHD?
Surman, C. B. H., Hammerness, P. G., Pion, K., & Faraone, S. V. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.02.010 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Girls
Hinshaw, S. P., & Blachman, D. R. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-48674-1_4 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Kooij, J. J. S., Rösler, M., Philipsen, A., Wächter, S., Dejonckheere, J., van der Kolk, A., van Agthoven, M., & Schäuble, B. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-36 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Predictors of treatment outcome in adults with ADHD treated with OROS® methylphenidate.
Buitelaar, J., Kooij, J. J. S., Ramos-Quiroga, J., Dejonckheere, J., Casas, M., van Oene, J. V., Schäuble, B., & Trott, G. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.016 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Women with Childhood ADHD: Comparisons by Diagnostic Group and Gender
Babinski, D. E., Pelham, W. E., Molina, B. S. G., Waschbusch, D. A., Gnagy, E. M., Yu, J., Sibley, M. H., & Biswas, A. (2011) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-011-9247-4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
On the Experience of Feeling Powerful
Loo, K. J. V., & Rydell, R. J. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167212475320 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Spencer, T. J., Landgraf, J. M., Adler, L. A., Weisler, R. H., Anderson, C. S., & Youcha, S. H. (2008) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v69n1112 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Haberstick, B. C., Timberlake, D. S., Hopfer, C. J., Lessem, J. M., Ehringer, M. A., & Hewitt, J. K. (2007) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291707001584 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Geropsychology: The Gender Gap in Human Aging – A Mini-Review
Kryspin‐Exner, I., Lamplmayr, E., & Felnhofer, A. (2010) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000323154 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Who cares for patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
Schlander, M., Schwarz, O., Trott, G.-E., Viapiano, M., & Bonauer, N. (2007) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-007-0616-1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Young, S., Gudjonsson, G. H., Misch, P., Collins, P., Carter, P., Redfern, J., & Goodwin, E. (2009) · Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology · doi:10.1080/14789940903311566 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Effects of Comorbid ADHD with Learning Disabilities on Anxiety, Depression, and Aggression in Adults
McGillivray, J., & Baker, K. L. (2008) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054708320438 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sobanski, E., Retz, W., Fischer, R., Ose, C., Alm, B., Hennig, O., & Rösler, M. (2014) · European psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2013.08.004 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Developmental progression and gender differences among individuals with ADHD.
Owens, E. B., Cardoos, S. L., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2015) · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Buitelaar, J. K., Casas, M., Philipsen, A., Kooij, J. J. S., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Dejonckheere, J., van Oene, J. C., & Schäuble, B. (2011) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291711000845 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Marital and Coparenting Relationships
Williamson, D., & Johnston, C. (2013) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712471717 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationA Comparison of Service Use and Costs Among Adults With ADHD and Adults With Other Chronic Diseases
Hinnenthal, J. A., Perwien, A. R., & Sterling, K. L. (2005) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/appi.ps.56.12.1593 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Intact sensorimotor gating in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Hanlon, M., Karayanidis, F., & Schall, U. (2008) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145708009711 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Atomoxetine Once Daily for 24 Weeks in Adults With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Wietecha, L. A., Young, J. L., Ruff, D. D., Dunn, D., Findling, R. L., & Saylor, K. E. (2012) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/wnf.0b013e3182560315 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Neuropsychological and personality differences between men and women with ADHD
Katz, L. J., Goldstein, G., & Geckle, M. (1998) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/108705479800200404 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Time Estimation Could Be Impaired in Male, but Not Female Adults with Attention Deficits
Seri, Y., Kofman, O., & Shay, L. (2002) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1006/brcg.2001.1416 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Unveiling the Mystery about Adult ADHD: One Woman's Journey
Waite, R. L., & Ivey, N. (2009) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840902741989 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lynn, C. D., Pipitone, R. N., & Keenan, J. P. (2014) · Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1037/h0097255 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Fletcher‐Janzen, E. (2008) · Issues of diversity in clinical neuropsychology. · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-76908-0 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Social Perception and Cue Utilization in Adults With ADHD
Petersen, B. D., & Grahe, J. E. (2012) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2012.31.7.663 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Dunkin, J. J. (2008) · Issues of diversity in clinical neuropsychology. · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-76908-0_10 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Young, S., Adamo, N., Ásgeirsdóttir, B. B., Branney, P., Beckett, M., Colley, W., Cubbin, S., Deeley, Q., Farrag, E., Gudjonsson, G., et al. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02707-9 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
Hinshaw, S. P., Nguyen, P. T., O’Grady, S. M., & Rosenthal, E. A. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13480 · Cited by 424 · see citing works
Miss. Diagnosis: A Systematic Review of ADHD in Adult Women
Attoe, D. E., & Climie, E. A. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231161533 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“Women are more likely to present with inattentive symptoms than hyperactive symptoms, which may be less easily noticed and less likely to trigger a referral for diagnosis (Williamson & Johnston, 2015).”
BackgroundSolberg, B. S., Halmøy, A., Engeland, A., Igland, J., Haavik, J., & Klungsøyr, K. (2018) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.12845 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Kofler, M. J., Raiker, J. S., Sarver, D. E., Wells, E. L., & Soto, E. F. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.04.004 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Adult ADHD and romantic relationships: What we know and what we can do to help
Wymbs, B. T., Canu, W. H., Sacchetti, G. M., & Ranson, L. M. (2021) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12475 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Yoshimasu, K., Barbaresi, W. J., Colligan, R. C., Voigt, R. G., Killian, J. M., Weaver, A. L., & Katusic, S. K. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716676342 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Sex Differences in Neurodevelopmental Disorders: A Key Role for the Immune System
Breach, M. R., & Lenz, K. M. (2022) · Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2022_308 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Risk of dementia in adults with ADHD: a nationwide, population-based cohort study in Taiwan
Tzeng, N.-S., Chung, C.-H., Lin, F.-H., Yeh, C.-B., Huang, S.-Y., Lu, R.-B., Chang, H.-A., Kao, Y.-C., Yeh, H.-W., Chiang, W.-S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054717714057 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Ziobrowski, H., Brewerton, T. D., & Duncan, A. E. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.11.026 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Females With ADHD Report More Severe Symptoms Than Males on the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale
Vildalen, V. U., Brevik, E. J., Haavik, J., & Lundervold, A. J. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716659362 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Li, T., Mota, N. R., Galesloot, T. E., Bralten, J., Buitelaar, J. K., IntHout, J., AriasVasquez, A., & Franke, B. (2019) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.07.136 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Meyer, B. J., Stevenson, J., & Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054717723988 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Sex-specific trajectories of ADHD symptoms from adolescence to young adulthood
Millenet, S., Laucht, M., Hohm, E., Jennen-Steinmetz, C., Hohmann, S., Schmidt, M. H., Esser, G., Banaschewski, T., Brandeis, D., & Zohsel, K. (2018) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1129-9 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Relationship between sex hormones, reproductive stages and ADHD: A systematic review
Camara, B., Padoin, C., & Bolea, B. (2022) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-021-01181-w · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Murray, A. L., Ushakova, A., Speyer, L., Brown, R., Auyeung, B., & Zhu, X. (2022) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12057 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sex differences in parent–offspring recurrence of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Solberg, B. S., Hegvik, T., Halmøy, A., Skjærven, R., Engeland, A., Haavik, J., & Klungsøyr, K. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13368 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Allard, M., Brochu, M., Bergeron, J. D., & Sebire, G. (2018) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.06.005 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Neurochemical sex differences in adult ADHD patients: an MRS study
Endres, D., Tebartz van Elst, L., Maier, S. J., Feige, B., Goll, P., Meyer, S. A., Matthies, S., Domschke, K., Lange, T., Sobanski, E., et al. (2019) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-019-0264-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
de Jong, M., Wynchank, D. S. M. R., Michielsen, M., Beekman, A. T. F., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13072106 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
ADHD in Females Across the Lifespan and the Role of Estrogen
Littman, E., Dean, J. M., Wagenberg, B., & Wasserstein, J. (2021) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2021.29.5.1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Williamson, D., & Johnston, C.
- Affiliations
- University of British Columbia (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Williamson, David
- ORCID
- Johnston, Charlotte
- Venue
- Clinical Psychology Review
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 40
- Pages
- 15-27
- ISSN
- 0272-7358 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W351849665
- Cited by
- 226
- References
- 143
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Clinical Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- cIRcle (University of British Columbia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- University of British Columbia
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, gender differences, ADHD prevalence, ADHD persistence, functional disability, comorbidities, cognitive function, treatment response, methodological artifacts, sociocultural factors, lifespan development
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
