Gender-based differences in prevalence and effects of ADHD in adults: A systematic review
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that starts from childhood and lasts through adulthood. Historically thought as male dominant disorder, researches now emphasized that ADHD also effects females equally. Despite the ascending research on gender differences of ADHD, there is little known about its differences in prevalence and effects and there is a dearth of reviews that can draw a firm conclusion especially in adults. Data from the available medical literature published in English language literature of all time was reviewed systematically and tabulated to evaluate the gender-based differences in prevalence and effects of ADHD in adults. The studies revealed gender differences in adult ADHD in prevalence, and effects. Results showed that males have more prevalence as compared to females but females too have a significant presence of disorder. Females were more impaired as compared to men in most of the effects of ADHD like social functioning, time perception, stress tackling and mood disorder. Males were more impaired in working memory and educational functioning as compared to females. The review shows sufficient evidence of gender differences in adult ADHD in prevalence, and effects, that similarity across genders should not be assumed. It is concluded that there are plenty of conflicting evidence regarding gender differences in many areas of adult ADHD research, and to remove such discrepancies, the existing research is the need for more studies on gender differences and similarities in functioning of adults with ADHD.
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Women with ADHD compared to men with ADHD have more mood, anxiety, and eating disorders.
“It has been noted that women with ADHD when compared to men with ADHD have more mood [8,9,10], anxiety, and eating disorders [9]”
From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
Social difficulties are important for women with ADHD.
“We decided on a group programme because of the importance of social difficulties for women with ADHD [10,17].”
From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
Women with ADHD, when compared to men with ADHD, seem to have more mood, anxiety and eating disorders, a higher level of emotional symptoms, and relational instability.
“As previously described, women with ADHD, when compared to men with ADHD, seem to have more mood [8,9,10], anxiety and eating disorders [9], a higher level of emotional symptoms [11] and relational instability [12].”
From A Female-Specific Treatment Group for ADHD—Description of the Programme and Qualitative Analysis of First Experiences (2024) · cites this paper as [10]
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Faheem, M., Akram, W., Akram, H., Khan, M. A., Siddiqui, F. A., & Majeed, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Central Punjab (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Faheem, Muhammad
- Venue
- Asian Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-09
- Volume
- 75
- Pages
- 103205
- ISSN
- 1876-2018 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4285404857
- Cited by
- 146
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 48 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 9
- FWCI
- 4.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Asian Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, gender differences, prevalence, functional disability, social functioning, working memory, school functioning, mood disorders, stress coping, time perception
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Social Adjustment, Prevalence
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