The DOI matches its Crossref record; 78 of the 79 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Dystonia in Parkinson’s disease
Abstract
Dystonia can occasionally be found in idiopathic Parkinson's disease. It is very uncommon in untreated patients and is more frequently seen as a complication of its treatment. In this review, the various types of dystonia occurring in PD, the differential diagnosis with other parkinsonian syndromes associated with dystonia and treatments available are revised. Dystonia unrelated to treatment can be typical (blepharospasm, torticollis), atypical (parkinsonian writer's cramp, camptocormia, anismus), or occurring in earlyonset Parkinson disease (the so-called kinesigenic foot dystonia, considered a hallmark of early-onset Parkinson's disease). Early and prominent dystonia in untreated patients with parkinsonism should raise the suspicion of other entities other than Parkinson's disease, such as progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy or corticobasal degeneration. In patients on chronic dopaminergic treatment, peak-dose dystonia, diphasic dystonia and off-dystonia can be seen. The later constitutes the major dystonic feature of chronic levodopa therapy, and a wide variety of strategies are available to manage this complication. Among them, deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus has proved to be the most effective one. Dystonic reactions (mainly involving oculomotor cranial nerves and limbs) in operated patients (especially carriers of deep brain stimulation (DBS) devices) are increasingly being reported, constituting a new type of dystonia in patients with Parkinson's disease: dystonia linked to surgical treatment.
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In the citing paper
“The typical prediagnostic dystonias include unilateral equinovarus foot position, upper arm-forearm or forearmhand flexion, writer's cramp, oro-mandibular dystonia, torticollis or different combinations of these symptoms (Tolosa and Compta 2006).”
From The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (2016) · cites this paper as Tolosa and Compta 2006
In the citing paper
“In medically treated PD, dystonia, along with dyskinesias, constitutes one of the main motor complications related to chronic therapy, usually occurring as an off-period phenomenon, but can present as peak dose dystonia or diphasic dystonia (Tolosa and Compta 2006).”
From The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (2016) · cites this paper as Tolosa and Compta 2006
In the citing paper
“This may rarely be a prediagnostic symptom in PD (Tolosa and Compta 2006)”
From The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (2016) · cites this paper as Tolosa and Compta 2006
In the citing paper
“In young onset familial PD, dystonia typically involves the foot with cramp-like discomfort or inversion of the affected foot (Tolosa and Compta 2006).”
From The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (2016) · cites this paper as Tolosa and Compta 2006
In the citing paper
“In the majority of cases, the PD symptoms appear within 10 years from onset of the dystonia.”
From The clinical symptoms of Parkinson's disease. (2016) · cites this paper as Tolosa and Compta 2006
Citations
Cites
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“Studies estimated that 30% or more of the patients suffering from PD may experience dystonia as a symptom or as a complication of treatment (Tolosa and Compta, 2006; Wickremaratchi et al., 2011).”
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“Dystonia may occur in idiopathic PD and is more frequently seen as a complication in the treatment of PD (9).”
BackgroundFoot dystonia heralding levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson disease
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“treatment or deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STNDBS).(6,7,69) (8) Finally, a combined BSP-scAEO picture has been reported to be induced by lithium intoxication or bilateral subthalamotomy.”
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“Indeed different types of dystonic features were reported in PD, including several typical focal dystonia and rare forms of dystonia with somewhat atypical features, such as striatal hand/toe, parkinsonian writer’s cramp and camptocormia (Tolosa and Compta 2006).”
BackgroundParkinsonism with a Hint of Huntington’s from 29 CAG Repeats in HTT
Sipilä, J. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9100245 · Cited by 5
“Moreover, although the clinical phenotype in this patient was mostly consistent with PD, there was early dystonia when still untreated which is very uncommon in PD and, according to Tolosa and Compta, should raise the suspicion of other entities [18].”
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Dystonia and Parkinson’s disease: Do they have a shared biology?
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Botulinum Toxin Treatment in Parkinson’s Disease and Atypical Parkinsonian Disorders
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“For instance, levodopa increases dystonic pain [49], but improves musculoskeletal pain [25].”
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Maiola, R., Gómez, C. C. R., & Micheli, F. E. (2016) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2016.09.042 · Cited by 3
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“Dystonia of the foot is frequent, usually in the form of off-dystonia (Tolosa and Compta 2006 ) and typically occurs in the early morning hours concurrent with a lower dopamine level, but it can also occur in the course of the day associated with motor fluctuations under levodopa therapy.”
Cervical Dystonia Resolving After the Onset of Parkinson’s Disease
Ortíz, J. F., Betté, S., Isaacson, S., Hernandez, M. A., & Cozar, J. C. (2021) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.12595 · Cited by 2
“"Off period" dystonia is usually relieved by dopamine agonists [2].”
BackgroundManagement of Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease
Gálvez-Jiménez, N., Fernandez, H. H., Espay, A. J., & Fox, S. H. (2016) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781107284210.010 · Cited by 2
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“Careful adjustment of pharmacological therapy is the first line treatment to provide optimal management of “off” periods, in addition to symptomatic treatment with benzodiazepines, baclofen, botulinum toxin, lithium and eventually, deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus [2].”
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“Dystonia is an unusual presentation in sporadic and familial PD [8].”
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BackgroundCamptocormía. Un raro ejemplo de “síndrome frontera”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tolosa, E., & Compta, Y.
- Affiliations
- Hospital Clínic de Barcelona (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Tolosa, Eduardo
- Venue
- Journal of Neurology
- Published
- 2006-12
- Volume
- 253
- Issue
- S7
- Pages
- vii7-vii13
- ISSN
- 0012-1037 (ISSN-L)
- 0340-5354
- 1432-1459
- OpenAlex
- W2068778836
- Cited by
- 176
- References
- 79
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 0.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Neurology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders
- Keywords
- dystonia, Parkinson's disease, levodopa therapy, subthalamic nucleus, early-onset Parkinson's disease, camptocormia, anismus, blepharospasm, torticollis, progressive supranuclear palsy, multiple system atrophy, corticobasal degeneration, differential diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Dystonia, Humans, Parkinson Disease
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