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Knee extensor and plantar flexor muscle size and function following 90 days of bed rest with or without resistance exercise
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy and strength loss induced by short-term simulated spaceflight are offset or attenuated by resistance exercise (RE). This study compared the effects of plantar flexor and knee extensor RE on muscle size and function in 17 healthy men (aged 26-41years) subjected to 90 days 6 degrees head-down-tilt bed rest with (BRE; n = 8) or without (BR; n = 9) RE. The RE program consisted of coupled maximal concentric and eccentric actions in the supine squat (4 sets of 7 repetitions) and calf press (4 x 14) every third day employing a gravity-independent flywheel ergometer (FW). Prior to, and following bed rest, muscle volume was assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. Similarly, muscle strength and power and surface electromyographic (EMG) activity were determined during maximal actions using FW or isokinetic dynamometry. In BR, knee extensor and plantar flexor muscle volume decreased (P < 0.05) 18% and 29%, respectively. Torque or force and power decreased (P < 0.05) 31 60% (knee extension) and 37-56% (plantar flexion) while knee extensor and plantar flexor EMG activity decreased 31-38% and 28-35%, respectively following BR. Muscle atrophy in BRE was prevented (P > 0.05; knee extensors) or attenuated (-15%; plantar flexors). BRE maintained task-specific force, power and EMG activity. The decrease in non-task-specific torque was less (P < 0.05) than in BR. The present data imply that the triceps surae and quadriceps muscles show different responsiveness to long-term bed rest with or without resistance exercise. The results also suggest that designing in-flight resistance exercise protocols for space travellers is complex and must extend beyond preserving muscle only.
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In the citing paper
“resistance exercise every third day during 90-days bed rest was sufficient to completely offset the 20% reduction in knee extensor muscle size noted in the resting control subjects [92].”
From Transgender Women in the Female Category of Sport: Perspectives on Testosterone Suppression and Performance Advantage (2021) · cites this paper as [92]
In the citing paper
“Numerically established degeneration rates for the knee extensors differed by 5% to 80% dependent on the duration of disuse (6, 18, 21–23).”
From Nonuniform loss of muscle strength and atrophy during bed rest: a systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“The aforementioned factors may cause cumulative effects (71, 72), which may account for the particularly steep slope portion in muscle strength (21, 93).”
From Nonuniform loss of muscle strength and atrophy during bed rest: a systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“Second, dependent on their topography and function (21), muscles are more or less apt to undergo atrophy in response to unloading or disuse (71, 72).”
From Nonuniform loss of muscle strength and atrophy during bed rest: a systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“With reference to Clark (70), the transferability to other body regions or contractile classes is limited by the phenotype (21), fiber composition (71), function [i.e., extensors or flexors (72)], and the muscles’ task specificity (70, 73, 74).”
From Nonuniform loss of muscle strength and atrophy during bed rest: a systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
In the citing paper
“Considering such evidence, it becomes apparent that distinctions in their histology and molecular muscle characteristics requires care in transferring the rates and extent of atrophy in the knee extensors to other skeletal muscles of the lower extremities (21), not to mention lumbar or thoracic regions (96).”
From Nonuniform loss of muscle strength and atrophy during bed rest: a systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as [21]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Alkner, B. A., & Tesch, P. A.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Venue
- European Journal of Applied Physiology
- Published
- 2004-08-27
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 294-305
- ISSN
- 0020-9376 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-6319
- 1439-6327
- OpenAlex
- W2093021904
- Cited by
- 306
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 9.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- European Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Swedish National Space Agency
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Spaceflight effects on biology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- muscle atrophy, resistance training, bed rest, simulated microgravity, head-down tilt, knee extensors, plantar flexors, muscle volume, muscle strength, muscle power, electromyography, triceps surae, quadriceps, spaceflight countermeasures, squatting
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Humans, Leg, Male, Exercise, Weightlessness Simulation, Muscle, Skeletal
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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