Strength and Muscle Mass Development after a Resistance-Training Period at Terrestrial and Normobaric Intermittent Hypoxia
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Abstract This study investigated the effect of a resistance training (RT) period at terrestrial (HH) and normobaric hypoxia (NH) on both muscle hypertrophy and maximal strength development with respect to the same training in normoxia (N). Thirty-three strength-trained males were assigned to N (FiO2 = 20.9%), HH (2,320 m asl) or NH (FiO2 = 15.9%). The participants completed an 8-week RT program (3 sessions/week) of a full body routine. Muscle thickness of the lower limb and 1RM in back squat were assessed before and after the training program. Blood markers of stress, inflammation (IL-6) and muscle growth (% active mTOR, myostatin and miRNA-206) were measured before and after the first and last session of the program. Findings revealed all groups improved 1RM, though this was most enhanced by RT in NH (p = 0.026). According to the moderate to large excess of the exercise-induced stress response (lactate and Ca2+) in HH and N, results only displayed increases in muscle thickness in these two conditions over NH (ES > 1.22). Compared with the rest of the environmental conditions, small to large increments in % active mTOR were only found in HH, and IL-6, myostatin and miR-206 in NH throughout the training period. In conclusion, the results do not support the expected additional benefit of RT under hypoxia compared to N on muscle growth, although it seems to favour gains in strength. The greater muscle growth achieved in HH over NH confirms the impact of the type of hypoxia on the outcomes.
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Intense exercise may lead to localized hypoxia, particularly at the venous end of capillaries, potentially triggering secretion of protective myokines and neurotrophic factors.
“Although intense exercise markedly increases muscle blood flow, the high rate of oxygen extraction, particularly at the venous end of capillaries, may lead to localized hypoxia, potentially triggering the secretion of these protective myokines and neurotrophic factors”
From Exercise-Induced Muscle–Fat Crosstalk: Molecular Mediators and Their Pharmacological Modulation for the Maintenance of Metabolic Flexibility in Aging (2025) · cites this paper as [96]
The Introduction (page unavailable) suggests that resistance training combined with environmental hypoxia could alter local myokines. It does not describe intense exercise causing hypoxia through oxygen extraction at the venous end of capillaries, or say that such hypoxia triggers secretion of protective myokines and neurotrophic factors. (LLM, conf=0.77)
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- [45]Rodríguez-Zamora L, Benavente C, Petrer I, Padial P, Timón R, Arguelles J et al (2024) Hypoxia matters: comparison of external and internal training load markers during an 8-week resistance training program in normoxia, normobaric hypoxia and hypobaric hypoxia. Eur J Appl Physiol 1–11. 10.1007/S00421-024-05442-1/FIGURES/2 PMC11322269 38446192 · DOI
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“Although intense exercise markedly increases muscle blood flow, the high rate of oxygen extraction, particularly at the venous end of capillaries, may lead to localized hypoxia, potentially triggering the secretion of these protective myokines and neurotrophic factors [96].”
- Authors
- Benavente, C., Padial, P., Scott, B. R., Almeida, F., Olcina, G., Pérez-Regalado, S., & Feriche, B.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Granada (ES)
- Murdoch University (AU)
- Universidad de Extremadura (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Feriche, B.
- Venue
- Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology
- Published
- 2024-06-25
- Volume
- 476
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1221-1233
- ISSN
- 0031-6768 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-2013
- PMC
- PMC11271399
- OpenAlex
- W4400012114
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 2.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Murdoch University Research Portal (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Institutional Repository of the University of Granada (University of Granada) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Universidad de Granada
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › High Altitude and Hypoxia
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- resistance training, intermittent hypoxia, normobaric hypoxia, altitude training, muscle hypertrophy, maximal strength, one-repetition maximum, back squat, mTOR signaling, myostatin, interleukin-6, miR-206, exercise stress response, lactate, calcium, muscle thickness
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Hypoxia, Humans, Male, Interleukin-6, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Development, MicroRNAs, Muscle Strength, Resistance Training, Myostatin, Young Adult, TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases
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