Acute and chronic hormonal responses to resistance training designed to promote muscle hypertrophy
Abstract
Acute and chronic hormonal responses to resistance training were evaluated in 11 college men who completed 12 weeks (33 sessions) of high volume resistance training. No differences in resting concentrations of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I, testosterone, or sex hormone-binding globulin occurred from pre- and posttraining in the trained vs. nontrained control group. However, cortisol (c) decreased 17% for both groups (p < 0.05). There were no differences in exercise-induced responses between Sessions 10 and 20, with all hormone concentrations increasing (p < 0.05) from pre- at mid- and post exercise session. However, after correction for plasma volume decreases, only C and GH showed differences, with C increased from mid- to postsession (48% 10th; 49% 20th), and GH increased from pre- at mid- and postsession for both sessions 10 (0.16 +/- 0.42 pre; 4.77 +/- 6.24 mid; 6.26 +/- 5.19 post; microg x L-1) and 20 (0.33 +/- 0.85 pre; 5.42 +/- 9.08 mid; 8.24 +/- 7.61 post; microg x L-1). Significant correlations (p< 0.05) existed only between absolute mean GH increases from presession and the degree of muscle fiber hypertrophy for type I (r = 0.70 mid, 0.74 post) and type II (r = 0.71 post) fibers. In conclusion, resistance training had no effect on resting serum hormone concentrations, whereas similar acute exercise responses occurred between the 10th and 20th training sessions.
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Resistance exercise training does not change the acute effect of exercise on GH release in young or old subjects.
“but RET does not change the acute effect of exercise on GH release in young283 or old281 subjects.”
From Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications (2021) · cites this paper as [283]
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Progression Models in Resistance Training for Healthy Adults
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“It has been 54 suggested that acute elevation of this triumvirate of hormones that occurs after performance of 55 intense resistance exercise is a significant contributor to the gains in strength and hypertrophy 56 that are observed with resistance training (14, 19, 24, 30).”
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Wideman, L., Weltman, J. Y., Hartman, M. L., Veldhuis, J. D., & WELTMAN, A. L. (2002) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200232150-00003 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
“Several studies have reported that the effect of chronic progressive resistance training on the GH response to acute resistance exercise is similar preand post-training in both men and women.[107,121] Craig et al.”
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“However, as far as the increase in serum concentration of immunoreactive GH after a strenuous exercise is concerned, it has been shown to correlate with the degree of muscle fiber hypertrophy for both type I and type II fibers [18].”
BackgroundMuscular and Systemic Correlates of Resistance Training-Induced Muscle Hypertrophy
Mitchell, C. J., Churchward‐Venne, T. A., Bellamy, L. M., Parise, G., Baker, S. K., & Phillips, S. M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078636 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
“However, we have proposed, and provided evidence, that changes in these circulating factors after a single session of resistance exercise are unrelated to the magnitude of the MPS response or to muscular hypertrophy with resistance training [17–19].”
BackgroundEndocrine responses of the stress system to different types of exercise
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“In fact, in vitro and in vivo studies have identified a number of regulatory and/or signaling pathways that have the potential to impact these fundamental cellular and molecular processes in skeletal muscles (10, 14, 20, 28, 34, 37, 38, 42, 51).”
BackgroundINTERACTIONS OF CORTISOL, TESTOSTERONE, AND RESISTANCE TRAINING: INFLUENCE OF CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS
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BackgroundResultImproving Strength and Power in Trained Athletes With 3 Weeks of Occlusion Training
Cook, C. J., Kilduff, L. P., & Beaven, C. M. (2014) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2013-0018 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Ischemic strength training: a low‐load alternative to heavy resistance exercise?
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“While the correlations reported in the studies of Wernbom et al. McCall et al. (1999) and Goto et al. (2005) appear to support a role for GH, they do not prove causality.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCytokine and hormone responses to resistance training
Izquierdo, M., Ibañez, J., Calbet, J. A. L., Navarro-Amézqueta, I., González‐Izal, M., Idoate, F., Häkkinen, K., Kraemer, W. J., Palacios-Sarrasqueta, M., Almar, M., et al. (2009) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1139-x · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“Such complex interactions may be critical to the support and mediation of physiological adaptations to resistance training (Hakkinen et al. 1998; Kraemer and Ratamess 2005; McCall et al. 1999; Staron et al. 1994).”
BackgroundResultHypoxia and Resistance Exercise: A Comparison of Localized and Systemic Methods
Scott, B. R., Slattery, K., Sculley, D., & Dascombe, B. J. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0177-7 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“increasing protein synthesis and decreasing protein degradation [9–11].”
BackgroundEffects of systemic hypoxia on human muscular adaptations to resistance exercise training
Kon, M., Ohiwa, N., Honda, A., Matsubayashi, T., Ikeda, T., Akimoto, T., Suzuki, Y., Hirano, Y., & Russell, A. P. (2014) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.12033 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“However, a consensus view on the relationship between the change in GH following a single session of resistance exercise and muscular hypertrophy with resistance training has not been achieved so far (McCall et al. 1999; Mitchell et al. 2013).”
BackgroundPossible Stimuli for Strength and Power Adaptation
Crewther, B. T., Keogh, J., Cronin, J. B., & Cook, C. J. (2006) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200636030-00004 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
West, D. W. D., & Phillips, S. M. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-2246-z · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“Changes in the systemic hormonal milieu are frequently measured since they have been suggested to influence (Beaven et al. 2008a, b; Hansen et al. 2001; Migiano et al. 2009; Ronnestad et al. 2011) and/or predict (Ahtiainen et al. 2003a; McCall et al. 1999) adaptations to resistance exercise.”
InfluentialHoffman, J., Ratamess, N., Kang, J., Mangine, G., Faigenbaum, A., & Stout, J. (2006) · International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism · doi:10.1123/ijsnem.16.4.430 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“Generally, a reduction (10, 24) or no change in resting SHBG concentrations have been reported following prolonged resistance training, while little to no change is generally seen in resting GH and IGF concentrations during prolonged resistance training programs (10, 18, 24).”
BackgroundStrength training does not influence serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor
Goekint, M., Pauw, K. D., Roelands, B., Njemini, R., Bautmans, I., Mets, T. F., & MEEUSEN, R. R. (2010) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1461-3 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“Most studies did not show any change in IGF-1 during or immediately following an acute exercise bout (Kraemer et al. 1999; McCall et al. 1999 ), whereas other studies have shown acute elevations during and following the strength exercise (Borst et al. 2001).”
Gharahdaghi, N., Phillips, B. E., Szewczyk, N. J., Smith, K., Wilkinson, D. J., & Atherton, P. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2020.621226 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“It was reported that there is a correlation between acute RE-induced GH increases and long termmuscle and fiber type I and II hypertrophy (McCall et al., 1999).”
BackgroundResistance Training Alters Plasma Myostatin but not IGF-1 in Healthy Men
WALKER, K. S., Kambadur, R., Sharma, M., & Smith, H. K. (2004) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000126384.04778.29 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“However, chronic increases in circulating IGF-1 with resistance exercise training and the resultant muscle hypertrophy have been reported in some (2,14), but not all (11,16), studies.”
BackgroundResultWilkinson, S. B., Tarnopolsky, M. A., Grant, E. J. M., Correia, C. E., & Phillips, S. M. (2006) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0300-z · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“may be playing a role in the hypertrophic process (Ahtiainen et al. 2003, 2005; Hakkinen et al. 1998; Hansen et al. 2001; Kraemer et al. 1998, 2001; McCall et al. 1999; Nindl et al. 2001; Raastad et al. 2001, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialDETRAINING AND TAPERING EFFECTS ON HORMONAL RESPONSES AND STRENGTH PERFORMANCE
Izquierdo, M., Courel‐Ibáñez, J., González‐Badillo, J. J., Ratamess, N. A., Kraemer, W. J., HÄKKINEN, K., Bonnabau, H., Granados, C., French, D. N., & Gorostiaga, E. M. (2007) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/r-21136.1 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
The role of hormones in muscle hypertrophy
Fink, J. E., Schoenfeld, B. J., & Nakazato, K. (2017) · The Physician and Sportsmedicine · doi:10.1080/00913847.2018.1406778 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
“Contrary to the findings of West et al., muscle CSAs of the elbow flexors were greater in the high hormone condition in the middle aspect of the muscle, suggesting a beneficial hypertrophic effect of acute systemic elevations.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBuresh, R. J., Berg, K. E., & French, J. A. (2009) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318185f14a · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“(20) found that acute exercise-induced growth hormone response correlated significantly with biceps brachii muscle fiber hypertrophy (r = 0.”
BackgroundEffects of Acute Hypoxia on Metabolic and Hormonal Responses to Resistance Exercise
Kon, M., Ikeda, T., Homma, T., Akimoto, T., SUZUKI, Y., & Kawahara, T. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181ce61a5 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Morton, R. W., Sato, K., Gallaugher, M. P. B., Oikawa, S. Y., McNicholas, P. D., Fujita, S., & Phillips, S. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.01373 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Karabulut, M., Bemben, D. A., Sherk, V. D., Anderson, M. A., Abe, T., & Bemben, M. G. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1796-9 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“…et al. 2000b, 2002) to a similar or even greater extent than traditional resistance training protocols (Goto et al. 2004; Häkkinen et al. 2001; McCall et al. 1999) and since improvements in muscular strength can exert more force on bony attachments and muscular contractions are the primary…”
BackgroundResultPhysiological elevation of endogenous hormones results in superior strength training adaptation
Rønnestad, B. R., Nygaard, H., & Raastad, T. (2011) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-011-1860-0 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the acute increase of GH to strength training has been found to correlate with the magnitude of muscle fiber hypertrophy ( McCall et al. 1999 ).”
BackgroundHormonal Responses from Concentric and Eccentric Muscle Contractions
DURAND, R. J., Castracane, V. D., HOLLANDER, D. B., Tryniecki, J. L., Bamman, M. M., NEAL, S. O., HEBERT, E. P., & Kraemer, R. R. (2003) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000069522.38141.0b · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Moreover, it has been demonstrated that significant increases in muscle hypertrophy of Type I and Type II fibers are correlated with exerciseinduced GH secretion (25).”
BackgroundEffects of Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise Under Acute Systemic Hypoxia on Hormonal Responses
Kon, M., Ikeda, T., Homma, T., & Suzuki, Y. (2012) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182281c69 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“In fact, a previous study has reported that acute changes in GH concentration after a resistance exercise session are highly correlated to the extent of muscular hypertrophy after the period of exercise training (15).”
BackgroundPossible Stimuli for Strength and Power Adaptation: Acute Mechanical Responses
Crewther, B., Cronin, J., & Keogh, J. (2005) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200535110-00004 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Rodríguez‐Rosell, D., Yáñez‐García, J. M., Mora‐Custodio, R., Pareja‐Blanco, F., Ravelo-García, A. G., Ribas‐Serna, J., & González‐Badillo, J. J. (2020) · Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism · doi:10.1139/apnm-2019-0829 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“…that RT had no influence on resting concentrations of GH and IGF-1 hormones (Izquierdo et al. 2006; Kraemer et al. 1999; Marx et al. 2001), despite the importance assigned to these hormones for tissue remodeling in response to resistance exercise (Kraemer and Ratamess 2005; McCall et al. 1999).”
BackgroundSedliak, M., Finni, T. J., Cheng, S., Kraemer, W. J., & Häkkinen, K. (2007) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420520701800686 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“In addition to studies reporting a lack of changes, some authors have found a reduction in CORT concentrations after strength training (Häkkinen et al., 1985; Kraemer et al., 1998; McCall et al., 1999).”
BackgroundAcute hormonal responses to heavy resistance exercise in strength athletes versus nonathletes
Ahtiainen, J. P., Pakarinen, A., Kraemer, W. J., & Hakkinen, K. (2004) · Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1139/h04-034 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“(1998) reported an enhanced acute testosterone response due to short-term strength training, while other previous studies have not shown any significant changes in resistance-exercise-induced acute testosterone responses due to long-term strength training (Craig et al., 1989; Häkkinen et al., 2000; Hickson et al., 199…”
BackgroundGonzalez, A. M., Hoffman, J. R., Stout, J. R., Fukuda, D. H., & Willoughby, D. S. (2015) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0450-4 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“[115, 116]; therefore, there has been considerable speculation about the role of the post-exercise endocrine response in mediating increases in muscle size [117].”
BackgroundBottaro, M., Martins, B., Gentil, P., & Wagner, D. (2009) · Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2007.10.013 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003;35(4):644—54.”
The Endocrine System in Sports and Exercise
(2005) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470757826 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Moro, T., Brightwell, C. R., Phalen, D. E., McKenna, C. F., Lane, S. J., Porter, C., Volpi, E., Rasmussen, B. B., & Fry, C. S. (2019) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.110723 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Aoi, W., Naito, Y., & Yoshikawa, T. (2006) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/1475-2891-5-15 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Neuromuscular Fatigue after Resistance Training
Izquierdo, M., Ibañez, J., Calbet, J. A. L., González‐Izal, M., Navarro-Amézqueta, I., Granados, C., Malanda, A., Idoate, F., González‐Badillo, J. J., Häkkinen, K., et al. (2009) · International Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1214379 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“in maximal strength has not been reported [18, 25, 28 ] . Despite the dynamic nature of most motor tasks in athletic and voluntary physical activities, many studies have frequently used isometric rather than dynamic fatiguing tasks to examine muscle fatigue, thus hindering any assessment of the eff ects of fatigue on…”
BackgroundResultSchmitz, K. H., Ahmed, R. L., & Yee, D. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Effects of resistance training under hypoxic conditions on muscle hypertrophy and strength
Kurobe, K., Huang, Z., Nishiwaki, M., Yamamoto, M., Kanehisa, H., & Ogita, F. (2014) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/cpf.12147 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Effects of Different Intensities of Resistance Exercise on Regulators of Myogenesis
Wilborn, C., Taylor, L. W., Greenwood, M. P., Kreider, R. B., & Willoughby, D. S. (2009) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181bab493 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Relative to the increases in protein synthesis associated with hypertrophy, skeletal muscle is largely attributed to the synthesis of the contractile protein myosin (24), with the MHC isoforms comprising approximately 25% of the total muscle protein, thereby making MHC a significant indicator of functional diversity o…”
BackgroundSchoenfeld, B. J. (2013) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31828ddd53 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“(50) studied the hypertrophic response of 11 college-aged men with recreational resistance training experience to 12 weeks of high-volume resistance training.”
BackgroundThe Acute Hormonal Response to Free Weight and Machine Weight Resistance Exercise
Shaner, A. A., Vingren, J. L., Hatfield, D. L., Budnar, R. G., Duplanty, A. A., & Hill, D. W. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000317 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Total volume (work) influences the acute GH response to resistance exercise, and high volume protocols that use a large muscle mass are effective for acutely increasing circulating GH concentrations (10,20,22,24,30).”
BackgroundThe Effect of Inter-Set Rest Intervals on Resistance Exercise-Induced Muscle Hypertrophy
Henselmans, M., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2014) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-014-0228-0 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“[32] found a strong association between acute growth hormone response and the degree of muscle fiber 1638 M.”
BackgroundResistance training variables for optimization of muscle hypertrophy: an umbrella review.
Bernárdez-Vázquez, R., Raya-González, J., Castillo, D., & Beato, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.949021 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“This variable has received a great deal of attention with respect to enhancing muscle hypertrophy (Schoenfeld and Grgic, 2017), since it has been traditionally assumed that prescribing high-volume during resistance training programs will produce greater gains in muscle mass (McCall et al., 1999).”
BackgroundThe Use of Specialized Training Techniques to Maximize Muscle Hypertrophy
Schoenfeld, B. J. (2011) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0b013e3182221ec2 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“However, studies indicate that an exercise-induced increase in GH is in fact highly correlated with the magnitude of both type I and type II muscle fiber hypertrophies and strength-related muscular adaptations (26,49).”
BackgroundEndocrine responses to upper- and lower-limb resistance exercises with blood flow restriction
Madarame, H., SASAKI, K., & Ishii, N. (2010) · Acta Physiologica Hungarica · doi:10.1556/aphysiol.97.2010.2.5 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Although a muscle-hypertrophy promoting effect of GH is controversial (28), it has been reported that acute changes in serum concentration of GH after a single exercise session are positively correlated with the extent of muscle hypertrophy after a period of exercise training (21).”
Prior endurance exercise attenuates growth hormone response to subsequent resistance exercise
Goto, K., Higashiyama, M., Ishii, N., & Takamatsu, K. (2005) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1296-x · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Although the role of circulating anabolic hormones in muscle growth remains unclear, it is probable that combinations of GH and mechanical loading activate anabolic processes in skeletal muscle (McCall et al. 1999).”
Shelmadine, B., Cooke, M. B., Buford, T. W., Hudson, G. M., Redd, L., Leutholtz, B., & Willoughby, D. S. (2009) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/1550-2783-6-16 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“However, 12 wk of heavy resistance training has been shown to increase muscle strength and mass without any corresponding increases in circulating IGF-1 [43].”
A Review of Weight Control Strategies and Their Effects on the Regulation of Hormonal Balance
Schwarz, N. A., Rigby, B. R., Bounty, P. L., Shelmadine, B., & Bowden, R. G. (2011) · Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1155/2011/237932 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Other factors that can influence the observed elevations in circulating cortisol concentrations during resistance exercise include plasma volume reductions (when corrected still result in elevated cortisol levels) [116] and anabolic steroid use [117].”
BackgroundSo, W.-Y., Song, M., Park, Y., Cho, B.-L., Lim, J., Kim, S.-H., & Song, W. J. (2013) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-013-0032-y · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Walker, S., Hulmi, J. J., Wernbom, M., Nyman, K., Kraemer, W. J., Ahtiainen, J. P., & Häkkinen, K. (2013) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-013-2653-4 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“…insight into the effectiveness of the resistance loading protocol to induce adaptation, as positive relationships have been observed between training-induced muscle hypertrophy and acute hormone (McCall et al. 1999) and intramuscular signalling (Baar and Esser 1999; Terzis et al. 2008) response.”
BackgroundEffects of rest intervals and training loads on metabolic stress and muscle hypertrophy
Fink, J. E., Kikuchi, N., & Nakazato, K. (2016) · Clinical Physiology and Functional Imaging · doi:10.1111/cpf.12409 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Furthermore, another study showed significant strong correlations between mean absolute acute GH increases and fibre type I (r = 0 74) and II (r = 0 71), while T and IGF-1 increases did not correlate with muscle fibre changes (McCall et al., 1999).”
BackgroundResistance training increases SHBG in overweight/obese, young men
Roberts, C. K., Croymans, D. M., Aziz, N., Butch, A. W., & Lee, C. C. (2013) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.12.004 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Our findings are in contrast to studies that have demonstrated SHBG does not change in young men with RT [17,20,22], and these findings were also noted in middleaged [18] or older men and women [19].”
Exercise-Induced Hormone Elevations Are Related to Muscle Growth
Mangine, G. T., Hoffman, J. R., Gonzalez, A. M., Townsend, J. R., Wells, A. J., Jajtner, A. R., Beyer, K. S., Boone, C. H., Wang, R., Miramonti, A. A., et al. (2016) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001491 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“In each of these studies (1,23,35,40), data were collected or analyzed using procedures (e.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialEffects of Five-Week Resistance Training in Hypoxia on Hormones and Muscle Strength
Yan, B., Lai, X., Yi, L., Wang, Y., & Hu, Y. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001056 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“(26) showed that resistance exercise–induced GH secretion was correlated with the magnitude of muscle hypertrophy.”
BackgroundAcute testosterone and cortisol responses to high power resistance exercise
Fry, A. C., & Lohnes, C. A. (2010) · Human Physiology · doi:10.1134/s0362119710040110 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Knowles, O. E., Aisbett, B., Main, L. C., Drinkwater, E. J., Orellana, L., & Lamon, S. (2019) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01132-7 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Three and six grams supplementation of d-aspartic acid in resistance trained men
Melville, G. W., Siegler, J. C., & Marshall, P. W. (2015) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1186/s12970-015-0078-7 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Resistance trained men have higher levels of strength and hypertrophy compared to novice trainers and also exhibit higher basal testosterone levels [4,13-17], which suggest a link between basal total testosterone levels and training related gains.”
BackgroundKraemer, W. J., Nindl, B. C., Marx, J. O., Gotshalk, L. A., Bush, J. A., Welsch, J. R., Volek, J. S., Spiering, B. A., Maresh, C. M., Mastro, A. M., et al. (2006) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00042.2006 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Previous investigations have shown no difference in resting GH concentrations in responses to chronic (8–24 wk) resistance exercise in healthy young men and women (3, 19, 20, 22, 30).”
BackgroundResultEndocrine Responses and Adaptations to Strength and Power Training
Kraemer, W. J., & Ratamess, N. A. (2003) · doi:10.1002/9780470757215.ch19 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Different responses of selected hormones to three types of exercise in young men
Stokes, K., Gilbert, K. L., Hall, G., Andrews, R. C., & Thompson, D. (2012) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-012-2487-5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Endocrine Response Patterns to Acute Unilateral and Bilateral Resistance Exercise in Men
Migiano, M. J., Vingren, J. L., Volek, J. S., Maresh, C. M., Fragala, M. S., Ho, J., Thomas, G. A., Hatfield, D. L., Häkkinen, K., Ahtiainen, J. P., et al. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181a92dc5 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Circulating iGH concentrations are related to volume of work and the amount of muscle mass used during exercise (7,12,14,18,20,27).”
BackgroundAsadi, A., Arazi, H., & Suzuki, K. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9121316 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“On the other hand, elevated resting GH, IGF-1 and TEST concentrations have been reported in some studies [4,7,31], whereas several studies have shown no differences [32,33] or reductions [34].”
BackgroundResultProtein Ingestion Prior to Strength Exercise Affects Blood Hormones and Metabolism
Hulmi, J. J., Volek, J. S., Selänne, H., & Mero, A. A. (2005) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/01.mss.0000175912.64126.f9 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Neuromuscular and Hormonal Responses to Constant and Variable Resistance Loadings
Walker, S., Taipale, R. S., Nyman, K., Kraemer, W. J., & Häkkinen, K. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181e71bcb · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Hiscock, D. J., DAWSON, B. T., Clarke, M. W., & Peeling, P. (2017) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1290270 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“…acute increases in testosterone were observed following HYP in previous literature (Kraemer et al., 1990; Kraemer & Ratamess, 2005; Linnamo et al., 2005; McCall et al., 1999), which may reflect the greater volume load/time and lower rest duration typically allowed between sets in HYP exercise.”
BackgroundWalker, S., Häkkinen, K., Haff, G. G., Blazevich, A. J., & Newton, R. U. (2017) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.13241 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“2015), and (3) unchanged or occasionally enhanced in the case of 22 kDa growth hormone (GH) (McCall et al. 1999; Izquierdo et al. 2009; Walker et al. 2015).”
BackgroundAlteração da relação testosterona: cortisol induzida pelo treinamento de força em mulheres
Uchida, M. C., Bacurau, R. F. P., Navarro, F., Pontes, F. L., Tessutti, V. D., Moreau, R. L. D. M., Rosa, L. F. B. P. C., & Aoki, M. S. (2004) · Revista Brasileira de Medicina do Esporte · doi:10.1590/s1517-86922004000300005 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“The testosterone concentration in many other studies also remained unchanged(20,21).”
BackgroundDote‐Montero, M., Carneiro‐Barrera, A., Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V., Ruiz, J. R., & Amaro‐Gahete, F. J. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13999 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Lecce, E., Amoruso, P., Felici, F., & Bazzucchi, I. (2025) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp289716 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Ho, J., Kuo, T.-Y., Liu, K., Dong, X.-Y., & Tung, K. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000289 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“, above 65% of 1RM) may be required to increase muscular strength and induce greater anabolic hormonal responses that are highly correlated to the degree of muscle hypertrophy (16).”
BackgroundEvery, D. W. V., D’Souza, A. C., & Phillips, S. M. (2024) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1249/jes.0000000000000346 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Acute Plasma Volume Change With High-Intensity Sprint Exercise
Bloomer, R. J., & Farney, T. M. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318282d416 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Hence, the need may exist for values to be correctly adjusted for the change in plasma volume to accurately interpret certain findings, whether involving routine exercise assessments (3,6,12,13,16,21) or more clinically relevant conditions (1,2,9,20).”
BackgroundTemporal pattern analysis and its applicability in soccer
Bloomfield, J., Jonsson, G. K., Polman, R. C. J., Houlahan, K., & O’Donoghue, P. (2005) · Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Eklund, D., Schumann, M., Kraemer, W. J., Izquierdo, M., Taipale, R. S., & Häkkinen, K. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001022 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Although it has been suggested that tissue exposure to acute elevations in anabolic hormones would not be associated with hypertrophy or strength performance (47), such correlations have been demonstrated in male populations after pure strength training (22,31).”
BackgroundTaylor, L. W., Wilborn, C., Kreider, R. B., & Willoughby, D. S. (2011) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e318242f92d · Cited by 34 · see citing works
- Authors
- Mccall, G. E., Byrnes, W. C., Fleck, S. J., Dickinson, A., & Kraemer, W. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Venue
- Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- Canadian Science Publishing
- Published
- 1999-02-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 96-107
- ISSN
- 1066-7814 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2094212126
- Cited by
- 249
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 4.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Keywords
- resistance training, muscle hypertrophy, growth hormone, cortisol, insulin-like growth factor I, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin, muscle fiber type
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Hormones, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Male, Physical Education and Training, Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin, Testosterone, Weight Lifting, Human Growth Hormone
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