The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 44 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effect of virtual reality on time perception in patients receiving chemotherapy
Open accessAbstract
Purpose Virtual reality (VR) during chemotherapy has resulted in an elapsed time compression effect, validating the attention diversion capabilities of VR. Using the framework of the pacemaker-accumulator cognitive model of time perception, this study explored the influence of age, gender, state anxiety, fatigue, and cancer diagnosis in predicting the difference between actual time elapsed during receipt of intravenous chemotherapy while immersed in a VR environment versus patient's retrospective estimates of time elapsed during this treatment. Materials and methods This secondary analysis from three studies yielded a pooled sample of N = 137 participants with breast, lung, or colon cancer. Each study employed a crossover design requiring two matched intravenous chemotherapy treatments, with participants randomly assigned to receive VR during one treatment. Regressions modeled the effect of demographic variables, diagnosis, and Piper Fatigue Scale and State Anxiety Inventory scores on the difference between actual and estimated time elapsed during chemotherapy with VR. Results In a forward regression model, three predictors (diagnosis, gender, and anxiety) explained a significant portion of the variability for altered time perception (F=5.06, p = 0.0008). Diagnosis was the strongest predictor; individuals with breast and colon cancer perceived time passed more quickly. Conclusions VR is a noninvasive intervention that can make chemotherapy treatments more tolerable. Women with breast cancer are more likely and lung cancer patients less likely to experience altered time perception during VR (a possible indicator of effectiveness for this distraction intervention). Understanding factors that predict responses to interventions can help clinicians tailor coping strategies to meet each patient's needs.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Other research in people having chemotherapy20 argues that VR may not be effective for all as those with greater symptom distress had more accurate perception of time, suggesting they were not able to block out negative external cues.”
From SafeSpace: what is the feasibility and acceptability of a codesigned virtual reality intervention, incorporating compassionate mind training, to support people undergoing cancer treatment in a clinical setting? (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The majority of studies used tools to capture symptom change15 20 67 with only one74 using open-ended questions in their methodology.”
From SafeSpace: what is the feasibility and acceptability of a codesigned virtual reality intervention, incorporating compassionate mind training, to support people undergoing cancer treatment in a clinical setting? (2022) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(1970) · Cited by 24,983
What makes us tick? Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing
Buhusi, C. V., & Meck, W. H. (2005) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1764 · Cited by 2,152 · cited 2×
“The comparator (the locus of the decision stage) compares the duration representation from working memory with significant durations previously stored in reference memory; the outcome of the comparison determines a behavioral response, such as the estimate given by an individual when asked to report the duration of an…”
MethodA History of Cancer Chemotherapy
DeVita, V. T., & Chu, E. (2008) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-6611 · Cited by 1,973 · cited 2×
“Chemotherapy has significantly extended life in patients with many forms of cancer, in some cases effecting cures, but these outcomes have been achieved at the cost of heavy collateral damage to patients from adverse side effects and impaired quality of life [7, 11, 38].”
The revised Piper Fatigue Scale: psychometric evaluation in women with breast cancer.
Piper, B. F., Dibble, S. L., Dodd, M. J., Weiss, M. C., Slaughter, R. E., & Paul, S. M. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 838
Decision making, impulsivity and time perception
Wittmann, M., & Paulus, M. P. (2007) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.10.004 · Cited by 650 · cited 8×
“Aversive stimuli distort time perception by promoting negative physiological arousal, which accelerates the rate of pulse generation in the pacemaker; they also focus patients’ attention on the passage of time during chemotherapy, which keeps the switch between pacemaker and accumulator in the “on” position [5, 12, 43…”
MethodInfluentialDroit‐Volet, S., & Gil, S. (2009) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2009.0013 · Cited by 382 · cited 8×
“Aversive stimuli distort time perception by promoting negative physiological arousal, which accelerates the rate of pulse generation in the pacemaker; they also focus patients’ attention on the passage of time during chemotherapy, which keeps the switch between pacemaker and accumulator in the “on” position [5, 12, 43…”
MethodInfluentialA Pilot and Feasibility Study of Virtual Reality as a Distraction for Children With Cancer
Gershon, J., Zimand, E., Pickering, M., ROTHBAUM, B. O., & Hodges, L. F. (2004) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000135621.23145.05 · Cited by 344 · cited 1×
“Not all patients welcome distraction during unpleasant medical treatments; some may prefer the sense of control of observing clinic routines, and others may appreciate “low-tech” distractions [14, 21].”
Cohen, L. G., de Moor, C. A., Eisenberg, P. D., Ming, E. E., & Hu, H. X. (2006) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-006-0173-z · Cited by 324 · cited 2×
“Anxiety and negative expectations are both significantly associated with worse treatment-related adverse effects, which in turn may trigger the development of conditioned responses to chemotherapy administration (such as anticipatory nausea/vomiting and needle phobia) or initiate vicious cycles of symptom exacerbation…”
The Effectiveness of Virtual Reality on Reducing Pain and Anxiety in Burn Injury Patients
Morris, L. D., Louw, Q. A., & Grimmer, K. A. (2009) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0b013e3181aaa909 · Cited by 222 · cited 2×
“It is an effective analgesic for patients with burn injuries, providing better pain relief for them than distraction with movies or video games because the HMD enhances the subjective experience of immersion and physical location in the virtual world (presence) while minimizing input from the medical environment [27,…”
Burle, B., & Casini, L. A. (2001) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.27.1.195 · Cited by 218 · cited 4×
“These conditions permit uninterrupted pulse transfer to the accumulator, so that the total number of pulses collected increases linearly with elapsed time, and the system generates duration estimates that accurately represent reality [5, 43].”
Influential
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Schneider SM, Hood LE (2007) Virtual reality: a distraction intervention for chemotherapy. Oncol Nurs Forum 34(1):39–46. doi: 10.1188/07.ONF.39-46 · DOI · Paper page
- Verdura GS, Alaimo S, Borzì R, Fazio M, Scavo V (2005) Trying to listen: needs of patients treated with chemotherapy. Support Palliat Cancer Care 2(1):15–20
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Birnie, K. A., Noel, M., Chambers, C. T., Uman, L. S., & Parker, J. A. (2018) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005179.pub4 · Cited by 755
Virtual Reality and Pain Management: Current Trends and Future Directions
Li, A., Montaño, Z., Chen, V. J., & Gold, J. I. (2011) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt.10.15 · Cited by 572
Uman, L. S., Chambers, C. T., McGrath, P. J., & Kisely, S. R. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd005179.pub2 · Cited by 472
Indovina, P., Barone, D., Gallo, L., Chirico, A., De Pietro, G., & Giordano, A. (2018) · The Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000599 · Cited by 388
Is clinical virtual reality ready for primetime?
Rizzo, A. “., & Koenig, S. T. (2017) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000405 · Cited by 372
Metadata
- Authors
- Schneider, S. M., Kisby, C. K., & Flint, E. P.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Schneider, Susan M.
- Venue
- Supportive Care in Cancer
- Published
- 2010-03-26
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 555-564
- ISSN
- 0941-4355 (ISSN-L)
- 1433-7339
- PMC
- PMC3673561
- OpenAlex
- W2006568735
- Cited by
- 187
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 2.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Supportive Care in Cancer (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Nursing Research (1 P20 NR07795-01, P20NR007795)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Keywords
- virtual reality, time perception, chemotherapy, pacemaker-accumulator model, distraction therapy, cancer pain management, breast cancer, lung cancer, colon cancer, state anxiety, fatigue, gender differences, cancer diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Antineoplastic Agents, Anxiety, Breast Neoplasms, Colonic Neoplasms, Female, Humans, Infusions, Intravenous, Lung Neoplasms, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Regression Analysis, Sex Factors, Time Perception, User-Computer Interface, Cross-Over Studies
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
