Effect of virtual reality on time perception in patients receiving chemotherapy

“The comparator (the locus of the decision stage) compares the duration representation from working memory with significant durations previously stored in reference memory; the outcome of the comparison determines a behavioral response, such as the estimate given by an individual when asked to report the duration of an…”

“Chemotherapy has significantly extended life in patients with many forms of cancer, in some cases effecting cures, but these outcomes have been achieved at the cost of heavy collateral damage to patients from adverse side effects and impaired quality of life [7, 11, 38].”

“Aversive stimuli distort time perception by promoting negative physiological arousal, which accelerates the rate of pulse generation in the pacemaker; they also focus patients’ attention on the passage of time during chemotherapy, which keeps the switch between pacemaker and accumulator in the “on” position [5, 12, 43…”

“Aversive stimuli distort time perception by promoting negative physiological arousal, which accelerates the rate of pulse generation in the pacemaker; they also focus patients’ attention on the passage of time during chemotherapy, which keeps the switch between pacemaker and accumulator in the “on” position [5, 12, 43…”

“Not all patients welcome distraction during unpleasant medical treatments; some may prefer the sense of control of observing clinic routines, and others may appreciate “low-tech” distractions [14, 21].”

“Anxiety and negative expectations are both significantly associated with worse treatment-related adverse effects, which in turn may trigger the development of conditioned responses to chemotherapy administration (such as anticipatory nausea/vomiting and needle phobia) or initiate vicious cycles of symptom exacerbation…”

“It is an effective analgesic for patients with burn injuries, providing better pain relief for them than distraction with movies or video games because the HMD enhances the subjective experience of immersion and physical location in the virtual world (presence) while minimizing input from the medical environment [27,…”

“These conditions permit uninterrupted pulse transfer to the accumulator, so that the total number of pulses collected increases linearly with elapsed time, and the system generates duration estimates that accurately represent reality [5, 43].”

“VR distraction intervention can also reduce acute pain, distress, and anxiety in patients undergoing other painful medical and dental procedures [23, 27, 35, 42] and relieve symptom distress in both adult and pediatric chemotherapy patients, with high satisfaction reported in all age groups [31–34].”

“Acknowledgments Data used in these analyses were from studies funded by the American Cancer Society, the Oncology Nursing Foundation (through an unrestricted grant from Ortho Biotech Products, L.P.), NINR 1 P20 NR07795-01 (PI: E. Clipp), and Duke University Medical Center.”

“In addition, there are reports of differences in symptom patterns among cancer diagnoses [13, 16], raising the possibility of diagnosis-specific differences in patient responses to VR intervention during chemotherapy.”

“It is an effective analgesic for patients with burn injuries, providing better pain relief for them than distraction with movies or video games because the HMD enhances the subjective experience of immersion and physical location in the virtual world (presence) while minimizing input from the medical environment [27,…”

“Furthermore, distractions that increase patients’ sense of control and allow them to take action during treatment can actually decrease the rate of pulse generation because anticipation of intentional action and its consequences slows down the pacemaker [20].”

“as anticipatory nausea/vomiting and needle phobia) or initiate vicious cycles of symptom exacerbation after subsequent treatments that diminish quality of life and increase physical and psychosocial distress [8, 9, 19, 26, 29, 46].”

“Acknowledgments Data used in these analyses were from studies funded by the American Cancer Society, the Oncology Nursing Foundation (through an unrestricted grant from Ortho Biotech Products, L.P.), NINR 1 P20 NR07795-01 (PI: E. Clipp), and Duke University Medical Center.”

“Not all patients welcome distraction during unpleasant medical treatments; some may prefer the sense of control of observing clinic routines, and others may appreciate “low-tech” distractions [14, 21].”

“In addition, there are reports of differences in symptom patterns among cancer diagnoses [13, 16], raising the possibility of diagnosis-specific differences in patient responses to VR intervention during chemotherapy.”

“Progressive relaxation, guided imagery, and cognitive distractions such as reading, humor, music, and movies have been used with some success to distract patients receiving chemotherapy [32, 45].”

“Some researchers have hypothesized that therapeutic effectiveness of VR is based on a sense of presence in the environment [10, 30, 42], an elusive concept that has hitherto been difficult to measure.”

“High levels of treatment-related distress increase the risk of noncompliance, decreased or delayed dosing, and interruption or discontinuance of chemotherapy [1, 16, 29 ], which can reduce the likelihood of remission or cure and jeopardize survival [15, 46].”

“Seven of ten adults receiving VR therapy during dental treatment underestimated time elapsed [42].”

“Patients experiencing pain, distress, and anxiety tend to perceive time as passing very slowly [36, 43, 44], and the PA model provides an explanation (Fig.”

“Comparable underestimates (21–31%) have been reported in retrospective estimation by adolescents playing video games for a standardized 24-min period [39].”

“High levels of treatment-related distress increase the risk of noncompliance, decreased or delayed dosing, and interruption or discontinuance of chemotherapy [1, 16, 29], which can reduce the likelihood of remission or cure and jeopardize survival [15, 46].”

“Chemotherapy has significantly extended life in patients with many forms of cancer, in some cases effecting cures, but these outcomes have been achieved at the cost of heavy collateral damage to patients from adverse side effects and impaired quality of life [7, 11, 38].”

“Magnitude of underestimation is greatest when distractions involve highly complex tasks requiring considerable attentional engagement [6].”

“Accordingly, although the expectations of patients vary, many experience considerable pretreatment anxiety [7, 16] and approach the first IV chemotherapy infusion cycle anticipating unpleasantness both during and after treatment [1, 2, 19, 38].”

“This cognitive model, a dominant paradigm in time perception research, has been applied to studies of both prospective and retrospective duration estimation for intervals ranging from fractions of a second to many minutes [12, 17].”

“However, a patient “watching the drip to see if it’s near empty and watching the clock” [24] (p.”

“as anticipatory nausea/vomiting and needle phobia) or initiate vicious cycles of symptom exacerbation after subsequent treatments that diminish quality of life and increase physical and psychosocial distress [8, 9, 19, 26, 29, 46].”

“Duration estimates lengthened significantly as fatigue increased in one study of sleep-deprived healthy volunteers, but fatigue had little effect on the length of estimates in two similar studies [25].”

“Distraction interventions divert attention toward enjoyable non-temporal cognitive tasks and away from the passage of time [41].”

“Anxiety was assessed with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Adults (STAI) [36] which measures transitory anxiety states including those associated with stressful procedures.”

“Chemotherapy has significantly extended life in patients with many forms of cancer, in some cases effecting cures, but these outcomes have been achieved at the cost of heavy collateral damage to patients from adverse side effects and impaired quality of life [7, 11, 38].”

“4 years, range 27–78) to the literature (which focuses on contrasts between young and old adults and maturation effects in children) [3, 12] may be limited.”

“High levels of treatment-related distress increase the risk of noncompliance, decreased or delayed dosing, and interruption or discontinuance of chemotherapy [1, 16, 29], which can reduce the likelihood of remission or cure and jeopardize survival [15, 46].”