Diabetes distress may adversely affect the eating styles of women with type 1 diabetes
Open accessAbstract
The aim of this study was to determine the relationships among diabetes distress, fear of hypoglycemia, and eating styles in women with type 1 diabetes (T1DM). Fifteen women (mean age 37 ± 13.5 years) with T1DM completed surveys measuring diabetes distress, fear of hypoglycemia (FOH), and eating style. Height, weight, and A1C were obtained, and open-ended comments regarding hypoglycemic concerns and experiences were recorded. Diabetes distress was positively associated with A1C (r = .655, p = .008). High levels of external (73 %), emotional (47 %), and restrained (53 %) eating styles were reported. Emotional and external eating styles were positively associated with diabetes distress (r = .575 and r = .622; p < .05). Those with poorer glycemic control (A1C > 7 %; 53 mmol/mol) had higher levels of restrained eating behavior (F = 10.69, p = .006) and greater interpersonal distress (F = 5.916, p = .03) than those with better glycemic control (A1C < 7 %; 53 mmol/mol). A nonlinear relationship was identified between interpersonal distress and FOH (behavior subscale, p = .0383) indicating that fewer behavioral approaches were employed to avoid hypoglycemia at higher distress levels. The women in this sample were emotionally burdened by their disease. Distress was associated with eating styles linked with overeating and poor glycemic control. High levels of emotional and external eating styles may have important clinical implications for those with T1DM.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
People with type 1 diabetes and eating disorders have high rates of diabetes distress and fear of hypoglycemia.
“People with type 1 diabetes and eating disorders have high rates of diabetes distress and FoH (79).”
From Psychosocial care for people with diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association (2016) · cites this paper as [79]
People with type 1 diabetes and eating disorders have high rates of diabetes distress and fear of hypoglycemia.
“People with type 1 diabetes and eating disorders have high rates of diabetes distress and fear of hypoglycemia ( 406).”
From 5. Facilitating Positive Health Behaviors and Well-being to Improve Health Outcomes:<i>Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023</i> (2023) · cites this paper as [406]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Stress, eating and the reward system
Adam, T. C., & Epel, E. S. (2007) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.04.011 · Cited by 1,732 · see citing works
Assessing Psychosocial Distress in Diabetes
Polonsky, W. H., Fisher, L., Earles, J., Dudl, R. J., Lees, J., Mullan, J., & Jackson, R. A. (2005) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.28.3.626 · Cited by 1,575 · see citing works
Assessment of Diabetes-Related Distress
Polonsky, W. H., Anderson, B. J., Lohrer, P. A., Welch, G., Jacobson, A. M., Aponte, J. E., & Schwartz, C. E. (1995) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.18.6.754 · Cited by 1,497 · see citing works
Hypoglycaemia: the limiting factor in the glycaemic management of type I and type II diabetes.
Cryer, P. (2002) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-002-0822-9 · Cited by 794 · see citing works
When Is Diabetes Distress Clinically Meaningful?
Fisher, L., Hessler, D. M., Polonsky, W. H., & Mullan, J. (2012) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc11-1572 · Cited by 648 · see citing works
Health-related quality of life in diabetes: The associations of complications with EQ-5D scores
Solli, O., Stavem, K., & Kristiansen, I. (2010) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/1477-7525-8-18 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Psychometric properties of the hypoglycemia fear survey-ii for adults with type 1 diabetes
Gonder-Frederick, L. A., Schmidt, K. M., Vajda, K. A., Greear, M. L., Singh, H., Shepard, J. A., & Cox, D. J. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-1343 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Wardle, J. (1987) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(87)90072-9 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Tendency toward overeating and restraint as predictors of food consumption
Ouwens, M. A., van Strien, T., & van der Staak, C. P. F. (2003) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/s0195-6663(03)00006-0 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Fear of hypoglycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes
Anderbro, T., Amsberg, S., Adamson, U., Bolinder, J., Lins, P. ‐., Wredling, R., Moberg, E., Lisspers, J., & Johansson, U. ‐. (2010) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03078.x · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Lloyd, C. E., Pambianco, G., & Orchard, T. J. (2010) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02896.x · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Eating behaviour and adherence to diet in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus
de Laar, F. A. V., van de Lisdonk, E. H., Lucassen, P. L., Stafleu, A., Mulder, J., van den Hoogen, H. J. M., Rutten, G. E. H. M., & van Weel, C. (2006) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2006.01885.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
van Strien (1986) · doi:10.1002/1098-108x(198602)5:2
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Young-Hyman, D., de Groot, M., Hill-Briggs, F., Gonzalez, J. S., Hood, K., & Peyrot, M. (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc16-2053 · Cited by 1,072 · see citing works
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee (2022) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc22-s005 · Cited by 445 · see citing works
ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Aroda, V. R., Bannuru, R. R., Brown, F. M., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Hilliard, M. E., Isaacs, D., Johnson, E. L., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc23-s005 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
(2019) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc20-s005 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee, ElSayed, N. A., McCoy, R. G., Aleppo, G., Balapattabi, K., Beverly, E. A., Briggs Early, K., Bruemmer, D., Echouffo-Tcheugui, J. B., Eichorst, B., et al. (2025) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc25-s005 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
American Diabetes Association (2021) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc21-s005 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
ElSayed, N. A., Aleppo, G., Bannuru, R. R., Beverly, E. A., Bruemmer, D., Collins, B. S., Darville, A. K., Ekhlaspour, L., Hassanein, M. M., Hilliard, M. E., et al. (2023) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc24-s005 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
Lebel, S., Mutsaers, B., Tomei, C., Leclair, C. S., Jones, G., Petricone‐Westwood, D., Rutkowski, N. A., Ta, V., Trudel, G., Laflamme, S. Z., et al. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0234124 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
American Diabetes Association (2018) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc19-s004 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Martyn-Nemeth, P. A., Farabi, S. S., Mihailescu, D. V., Nemeth, J., & Quinn, L. (2015) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.09.003 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Self-citationAmerican Diabetes Association (2017) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc18-s003 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
The detection and management of diabetes distress in people with type 1 diabetes
Sturt, J., Dennick, K., Due-Christensen, M., & McCarthy, K. (2015) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0660-z · Cited by 157 · see citing works
van der Merwe, C., Münch, M. Y., & Kruger, R. (2022) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.1093/advances/nmac093 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Martyn-Nemeth, P. A., Quinn, L., Penckofer, S. M., Park, C. G., Hofer, V., & Burke, L. (2017) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2016.12.015 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Self-citationFear of hypoglycemia---an underestimated problem
Przezak, A., Bielka, W., & Molęda, P. (2022) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.2633 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
3. Comprehensive Medical Evaluation and Assessment of Comorbidities
American Diabetes Association (2016) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc17-s006 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Biopsychosocial Aspects of Weight Management in Type 1 Diabetes: a Review and Next Steps
on behalf of the Advancing Care for Type 1 Diabetes and Obesity Network (ACT1ON), Driscoll, K. A., Corbin, K. D., Maahs, D. M., Pratley, R. E., Bishop, F. K., Kahkoska, A. R., Hood, K. K., & Mayer‐Davis, E. J. (2017) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-017-0892-1 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Nicolau, J., Simó, R., Sanchís, P., Ayala, L., Fortuny, R., Zubillaga, I., & Masmiquel, L. (2015) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-015-0742-z · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Impact of occupational hearing loss on the lives of workers.
Hétu, R., Getty, L., & Quoc, H. T. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Park, H., Cho, Y., Seo, D. H., Ahn, S. H., Hong, S., Suh, Y. J., Chon, S., Woo, J., Baik, S. H., Lee, K. W., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-55901-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationMolecular mechanisms linking stress and insulin resistance
Yaribeygi, H., Maleki, M., Butler, A. E., Jamialahmadi, T., & Sahebkar, A. (2021) · EXCLI journal · doi:10.17179/excli2021-4382 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Real-time predictors and consequences of binge eating among adults with type 1 diabetes
Moskovich, A. A., Dmitrieva, N., Babyak, M. A., Smith, P. J., Honeycutt, L. K., Mooney, J. T., & Merwin, R. M. (2019) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-019-0237-3 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Fear of hypoglycaemia and self-management in type 1 diabetes
Ahola, A. J., Saraheimo, M., Freese, R., Mäkimattila, S., Forsblom, C. M., & Groop, P. (2016) · Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2016.02.002 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Challenges Imposed By Hypoglycemia in Adults With Type 1 Diabetes
Martyn-Nemeth, P. A., Duffecy, J. L., Fritschi, C., & Quinn, L. (2018) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/1054773818774702 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Self-citationLiu, J., Bispham, J. A., Fan, L., Poon, J. L., Hughes, A. S., McAuliffe‐Fogarty, A. H., Varnado, O. J., & Mitchell, B. D. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038462 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Li, S., Li, F., Lee, A. J., Hayter, M., Zhang, L., Bi, Y., Wu, X., Liu, L., Zhang, H., Yuanyuan, et al. (2021) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.800 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kahkoska, A. R., Mayer‐Davis, E. J., Hood, K. K., Maahs, D. M., & Burger, K. S. (2017) · Diabetic Medicine · doi:10.1111/dme.13407 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Bloomgarden, Z. T. (2016) · Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1111/1753-0407.12491 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Zhu, B., Martyn-Nemeth, P. A., Ruggiero, L., Park, C. G., Zhang, Y., & Fritschi, C. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.14883 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationCognition in Adults and Older Adults With Type 1 Diabetes: Chicken or Egg?
Chaytor, N. S. (2016) · Diabetes Spectrum · doi:10.2337/ds16-0050 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Batais, M. A., Alosaimi, F. D., Al-Yahya, A. A., Aloofi, O. A., Almashouq, M. K., Alshehri, K. S., & Alfraiji, A. F. (2021) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/smj.2021.42.5.20200286 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
IGUDESMAN, D. A., Sweeney, M., Carroll, I. M., Mayer‐Davis, E. J., & Bulik, C. M. (2019) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2019.04.003 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kuniß, N., Kramer, G., Muller, N., Kloos, C., Wolf, G., & Müller, U. (2016) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-016-0881-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Fear of hypoglycemia: a key predictor of sleep quality among the diabetic population
Hussain, H. R., Ahmed, N., Akram, M. W., Gulzar, F., Khan, J. A., Asad, M., Tahseen, S., Ahmed, T., Malik, A., Akhtar, S., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2025.1456641 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hussain, S., Polonsky, W. H., Scibilia, R., & Glatzer, T. (2025) · Diabetes Technology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1089/dia.2025.0293 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Franc, S., & Charpentier, G. (2025) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.16540 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Martyn-Nemeth, P. A., Duffecy, J. L., Quinn, L., Reutrakul, S., Steffen, A. D., Burke, L., Withington, M. H. C., Irsheed, G. A., Perez, R., Park, M., et al. (2022) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-022-06565-6 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationDiabetes Health Profile-18 is Reliable, Valid and Sensitive in Singapore
Tan, M. L., Khoo, E., Griva, K., Lee, Y. S., Mohamed, A., Zuniga, Y. L. M., Lee, J., Tai, E. S., & Wee, H. L. (2016) · Annals of the Academy of Medicine Singapore · doi:10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v45n9p383 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Martyn-Nemeth, P. A., Birlingmair, R., Idemudia, E., & Park, C. (2019) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.267 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring and Developing a New Culturally-Appropriate Diabetes Distress Scale in Taiwan
Lin, C., Chang, Y.-T., Liu, W., Huang, L., Tsao, S., Chen, Y., & Chen, R.-Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.838661 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Eating disorders and diabetes mellitus
Nicolau, J., & Masmiquel, L. (2015) · Endocrinología y Nutrición (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.endoen.2015.06.009 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y diabetes mellitus
Nicolau, J., & Masmiquel, L. (2015) · Endocrinología y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endonu.2015.06.005 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Jm, P.-D., Pineda, C. L. F., Rodríguez, R., Plazas Rey, L. K., Guzmán, K. C., Pradilla Suárez, L., Cristancho Vásquez, S., & Coha Díaz, J. (2018) · Medicina Interna de México · doi:10.24245/mim.v34i1.1825 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Kahkoska, A. R., Sprinkles, J., GOPISETTY, N. R., Ercolino, G., Fruik, A., Muthukkumar, R., Qu, X., Mayer‐Davis, E. J., & Sarteau, A. C. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/19322968241296842 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Verma, M., Sidana, S., Kumar, P., Singh, O., Esht, V., Balasubramanian, K., Kapoor, N., Kakkar, R., & Kalra, S. (2025) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-025-01603-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Osei, E. P., Ekpor, E., Akyirem, S., Olanrewaju, F., Osei, G. Y., Kusi, V. B., Adawudu, E. A., Boahen, D. A., & Boakye, M. D. S. (2026) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113452 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Eating behaviors and estimated body fat percentage among adolescents with type 1 diabetes
Tran, T., IGUDESMAN, D. A., Burger, K. S., Crandell, J., Maahs, D. M., Seid, M., & Mayer‐Davis, E. J. (2023) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2023.111070 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Importance of Managing Adolescent Mental Health
Hauge, L. (2015)
Anderbro, T., Moberg, E., Adamson, U., LINS, P.-E. S., & Johansson, U. (2018) · Open Journal of Nursing · doi:10.4236/ojn.2018.811060
Eating and Thriving With Diabetes: A Coached Meal Group
Ha, A., Isaacs, D. M., Blanchette, J. E., & Fisher, C. J. (2020) · ADCES in Practice · doi:10.1177/2633559x20925455
Kaya, N., & Baloğlu, H. T. (2022) · International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries · doi:10.1007/s13410-022-01098-9
Roberts, M. Z., Moskovich, A. A., Scheiber, F. A., & Merwin, R. M. (2026) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-025-00623-5
- Authors
- Martyn-Nemeth, P., Quinn, L., Hacker, E., Park, H., & Kujath, A. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Rush University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Martyn-Nemeth, Pamela
- Venue
- Acta Diabetologica
- Published
- 2014-03-11
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 683-686
- ISSN
- 0940-5429 (ISSN-L)
- 1432-5233
- PMC
- PMC4553938
- OpenAlex
- W2002457126
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 6
- FWCI
- 4.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Acta Diabetologica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Nursing Research (P30 NR 09-014-04, P30NR009014)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (P30DK092949)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Keywords
- diabetes distress, type 1 diabetes, women, eating styles, emotional eating, external eating, dietary restraint, fear of hypoglycemia, glycemic control, HbA1c, interpersonal distress, hypoglycemia management
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Emotions, Feeding Behavior, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Middle Aged
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
