Cited by 337Diabetes Management and ResearchDiabetes Management and EducationPsychometric Methodologies and Testing

Psychometric properties of the hypoglycemia fear survey-ii for adults with type 1 diabetes

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Gonder-Frederick, Linda A., Schmidt, Karen M., Vajda, Karen A., Greear, Megan L., Singh, Harsimran, Shepard, Jaclyn A., Cox, Daniel J.·2011·Diabetes Care

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To perform the first comprehensive psychometric evaluation of the Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-II (HFS-II), a measure of the behavioral and affective dimensions of fear of hypoglycemia, using modern test-theory methods, including item-response theory (IRT). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Surveys completed in four previous studies by 777 adults with type 1 diabetes were aggregated for analysis, with 289 subjects completing both subscales of the HFS-II and 488 subjects completing only the Worry subscale. The aggregated sample (53.3% female, 44.4% using insulin pumps) had a mean age of 41.9 years, diabetes duration of 23.8 years, HbA1c value of 7.7%, and 1.4 severe hypoglycemic episodes in the past year. Data analysis included exploratory factor analysis using polychoric correlations and IRT. Factors were analyzed for fit, trait-level locations, point-measure correlations, and separation values. RESULTS: Internal and test-retest reliability was good, as well as convergent validity, as demonstrated by significant correlations with other measures of psychological distress. Scores were significantly higher in subjects who had experienced severe hypoglycemia in the past year. Factor analyses validated the two subscales of the HFS-II. Item analyses showed that 12 of 15 items on the Behavior subscale, and all of the items on the Worry subscale had good-fit statistics. CONCLUSIONS: The HFS-II is a reliable and valid measure of the fear of hypoglycemia in adults with type 1 diabetes, and factor analyses and IRT support the two separate subscales of the survey.

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  • For a person with fear of hypoglycemia but no hypoglycemia symptoms, Blood Glucose Awareness Training in routine practice can improve A1C, reduce severe hypoglycemia, and restore hypoglycemia awareness.

    “If FoH is identified and a person does not have symptoms of hypoglycemia, a structured program, Blood Glucose Awareness Training, delivered in routine clinical practice can improve A1C, reduce the rate of severe hypoglycemia, and restore hypoglycemia awareness (70,71).”
  • A structured program of blood glucose awareness training delivered in routine clinical practice can improve A1C, reduce the rate of severe hypoglycemia, and restore hypoglycemia awareness.

    “If fear of hypoglycemia is identified and a person does not have symptoms of hypoglycemia, a structured program of blood glucose awareness training delivered in routine clinical practice can improve A1C, reduce the rate of severe hypoglycemia, and restore hypoglycemia awareness (382,383).”

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Authors
Gonder-Frederick, L. A., Schmidt, K. M., Vajda, K. A., Greear, M. L., Singh, H., Shepard, J. A., & Cox, D. J.
Affiliations
University of Virginia (US)
Corresponding author
Gonder-Frederick, Linda A.
Venue
Diabetes Care
Published
2011-03-21
Volume
34
Issue
4
Pages
801-806
ISSN
  • 0149-5992 (ISSN-L)
  • 1935-5548
OpenAlex
W2162727613
Cited by
337
References
23
Citations by year
2026: 29 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 40 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 8
FWCI
8.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Diabetes Care (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health (5r01dk051562-23, 5r01dk028288-27)
  • National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R21DK080896, R01-DK-051562, R01-DK-028288)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
  • Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Keywords
fear of hypoglycemia, type 1 diabetes, psychometric properties, item response theory, factor analysis, test-retest reliability, convergent validity, severe hypoglycemia, adults with diabetes
MeSH terms
Adult, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Fear, Female, Glycated Hemoglobin, Humans, Hypoglycemia, Male, Psychometrics

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