The DOI matches its Crossref record; 69 of the 69 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Macrophages in Alzheimer’s disease: the blood-borne identity
Open accessAbstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive and incurable neurodegenerative disorder clinically characterized by cognitive decline involving loss of memory, reasoning and linguistic ability. The amyloid cascade hypothesis holds that mismetabolism and aggregation of neurotoxic amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptides, which are deposited as amyloid plaques, are the central etiological events in AD. Recent evidence from AD mouse models suggests that blood-borne mononuclear phagocytes are capable of infiltrating the brain and restricting beta-amyloid plaques, thereby limiting disease progression. These observations raise at least three key questions: (1) what is the cell of origin for macrophages in the AD brain, (2) do blood-borne macrophages impact the pathophysiology of AD and (3) could these enigmatic cells be therapeutically targeted to curb cerebral amyloidosis and thereby slow disease progression? This review begins with a historical perspective of peripheral mononuclear phagocytes in AD, and moves on to critically consider the controversy surrounding their identity as distinct from brain-resident microglia and their potential impact on AD pathology.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, peripheral macrophages may not just be bystanders in the progression of AD, as it has been shown that they are not only more efficient phagocytes of Aβ than microglia, but they are also capable of traversing the blood-brain barrier during times of injury and disease [17–21].”
From Alzheimer’s disease-associated protective variant Plcg2-P522R modulates peripheral macrophage function in a sex-dimorphic manner (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, peripheral macrophages may not just be bystanders in the progression of AD, as it has been shown that they are not only more efficient phagocytes of Aβ than microglia, but they are also capable of traversing the blood-brain barrier during times of injury and disease [17–21].”
From Alzheimer’s disease-associated protective variant Plcg2-P522R modulates peripheral macrophage function in a sex-dimorphic manner (2024) · cites this paper as [17]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Alzheimer's Disease: Genes, Proteins, and Therapy
Selkoe, D. J. (2001) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.741 · Cited by 6,063
Blood Monocytes Consist of Two Principal Subsets with Distinct Migratory Properties
Geissmann, F., Jung, S., & Littman, D. R. (2003) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/s1074-7613(03)00174-2 · Cited by 3,504
Amyloid deposition as the central event in the aetiology of Alzheimer’s disease
Hardy, J., & Allsop, D. (1991) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0165-6147(91)90609-v · Cited by 2,538
Twenty years of the Alzheimer's disease amyloid hypothesis: a genetic perspective
Tanzi, R. E., & Bertram, L. (2005) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.008 · Cited by 1,849
Turning Blood into Brain: Cells Bearing Neuronal Antigens Generated in Vivo from Bone Marrow
Mezey, É., Chandross, K. J., Harta, G., Maki, R. A., & McKercher, S. R. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5497.1779 · Cited by 1,814
From Marrow to Brain: Expression of Neuronal Phenotypes in Adult Mice
Brazelton, T. R., Rossi, F. M. V., Keshet, G. I., & Blau, H. M. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.290.5497.1775 · Cited by 1,666
Local self-renewal can sustain CNS microglia maintenance and function throughout adult life
Ajami, B., Bennett, J. L., Krieger, C., Tetzlaff, W., & Rossi, F. M. V. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2014 · Cited by 1,643
Holmes, C., Boche, D., Wilkinson, D., Yadegarfar, G., Hopkins, V., Bayer, A., Jones, R. W., Bullock, R., Love, S., Neal, J. W., et al. (2008) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61075-2 · Cited by 1,416 · cited 3×
“Importantly, CAA severity correlates with degree of dementia in humans (Attems et al. 2005), although there has been much debate about whether CAA is a driving force in the pathobiology of AD. Yet, CAA may represent an important therapeutic target in AD. Recently, Hawkes and McLaurin showed that a perivascular subset…”
Neuropathology of human Alzheimer disease after immunization with amyloid-β peptide: a case report
Nicoll, J. A. R., Wilkinson, D., Holmes, C., Steart, P., Markham, H., & Weller, R. O. (2003) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm840 · Cited by 1,397
Wyss-Coray (2006) · doi:10.1038/nm1484 · Cited by 1,284
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–106 of 106
Patel, S. K. (2015) · Cited by 1
Pathophysiology of the Blood–Brain Barrier in Neuroinflammatory Diseases
Majerová, P., & Kováč, A. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45514-3_4
Gate, D., & Town, T. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802851-3.00012-7
Self-citationAyerra, L., Abellanas, M. A., Basurco, L., Tamayo, I., Conde, E., Tavira, A., Trigo, A., Vidaurre, C., Vilas, A., Martín‐Úriz, P. S., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26705781
Metadata
- Authors
- Gate, D., Rezai-Zadeh, K., Jodry, D., Rentsendorj, A., & Town, T.
- Affiliations
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Town, Terrence
- Venue
- Journal of Neural Transmission
- Published
- 2010-06-02
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 961-970
- ISSN
- 0300-9564 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-1463
- PMC
- PMC2917548
- OpenAlex
- W2058092975
- Cited by
- 107
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 0.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Journal of Neural Transmission (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Case Western Reserve University
- University of South Florida
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R00AG029726)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, macrophages, microglia, amyloid-beta, amyloid plaques, cerebral amyloidosis, cell of origin, therapeutic targeting, neuroinflammation
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Blood-Brain Barrier, Brain, Humans, Macrophages, Models, Biological
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
