Alzheimer's Disease: Genes, Proteins, and Therapy
Abstract
Rapid progress in deciphering the biological mechanism of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has arisen from the application of molecular and cell biology to this complex disorder of the limbic and association cortices. In turn, new insights into fundamental aspects of protein biology have resulted from research on the disease. This beneficial interplay between basic and applied cell biology is well illustrated by advances in understanding the genotype-to-phenotype relationships of familial Alzheimer's disease. All four genes definitively linked to inherited forms of the disease to date have been shown to increase the production and/or deposition of amyloid β-protein in the brain. In particular, evidence that the presenilin proteins, mutations in which cause the most aggressive form of inherited AD, lead to altered intramembranous cleavage of the β-amyloid precursor protein by the protease called γ-secretase has spurred progress toward novel therapeutics. The finding that presenilin itself may be the long-sought γ-secretase, coupled with the recent identification of β-secretase, has provided discrete biochemical targets for drug screening and development. Alternate and novel strategies for inhibiting the early mechanism of the disease are also emerging. The progress reviewed here, coupled with better ability to diagnose the disease early, bode well for the successful development of therapeutic and preventative drugs for this major public health problem.
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Aβ is cleaved from APP by the sequential action of β- and γ-secretases.
“A 𝛃 is cleaved from APP by the sequential action of two proteases, the 𝛃 - and 𝛄 -secretases (for review, see Sisodia et al., 1999; Selkoe, 2001).”
From Intraneuronal β-Amyloid Aggregates, Neurodegeneration, and Neuron Loss in Transgenic Mice with Five Familial Alzheimer's Disease Mutations: Potential Factors in Amyloid Plaque Formation (2006) · cites this paper as Selkoe, 2001
Alzheimer's disease is characterized by gradual appearance of cognitive deficits, neurodegeneration, and disease-defining pathological features consisting of extracellular senile plaques containing amyloid-β and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles mainly composed of hyperphosphorylated tau.
“It is characterized by the gradual appearance of cognitive deficits, neurodegeneration, and the disease-defining pathological features consisting in extracellular senile plaques, containing the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, mainly composed of hyperphosphorylated tau [105].”
From Senescence-related impairment of autophagy induces toxic intraneuronal amyloid-β accumulation in a mouse model of amyloid pathology (2023) · cites this paper as [105]
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- Authors
- Selkoe, D. J.
- Affiliations
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Selkoe, Dennis J.
- ORCID
- Selkoe, Dennis J.
- Venue
- Physiological Reviews
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2001-04-01
- Volume
- 81
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 741-766
- ISSN
- 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1210
- OpenAlex
- W2169152986
- Cited by
- 6,063
- References
- 214
- Citations by year
- 2026: 71 · 2025: 128 · 2024: 164 · 2023: 170 · 2022: 161 · 2021: 223 · 2020: 243 · 2019: 214 · 2018: 257 · 2017: 237 · 2016: 270 · 2015: 288 · 2014: 277 · 2013: 289 · 2012: 334
- FWCI
- 32.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, familial Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-beta, presenilin, gamma-secretase, beta-secretase, amyloid precursor protein, Alzheimer's disease therapeutics, therapeutic target, early diagnosis
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Apolipoproteins E, Humans, Membrane Proteins, Molecular Sequence Data, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor, Mutation, Missense, Apolipoprotein E4, Presenilin-1, Presenilin-2
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