Association study and a systematic meta-analysis of the VNTR polymorphism in the 3′-UTR of dopamine transporter gene and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Open accessAbstract
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been postulated to associate with dopaminergic dysfunction, including the dopamine transporter (DAT1). Several meta-analyses showed small but significant association between the 10-repeat allele in the DAT1 gene in 3'-untranslated region variant number tandem repeat polymorphism and child and adolescent ADHD, whereas in adult ADHD the 9-repeat allele was suggested to confer as risk allele. Interestingly, recent evidence indicated that the long-allele variants (10 repeats and longer) might confer to lower expression of the transporter in comparison to the short-allele. Therefore, we assessed here the association in samples consisting of families with child and adolescent ADHD as well as a case-control sample, using either the 10- versus 9-repeat or the long- versus short-allele approach. Following, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis, including family and case-control studies, using the two aforementioned approaches as well as stratifying to age and ethnicity. The first approach (10-repeat) resulted in nominal significant association in child and adolescent ADHD (OR 1.1050 p = 0.0128), that became significant stratifying to European population (OR 1.1301 p = 0.0085). The second approach (long-allele) resulted in significant association with the whole ADHD population (OR 1.1046 p = 0.0048), followed by significant association for child and adolescent ADHD (OR 1.1602 p = 0.0006) and in Caucasian and in European child and adolescent ADHD (OR 1.1310 p = 0.0114; OR 1.1661 p = 0.0061; respectively). We were not able to confirm the association reported in adults using both approaches. In conclusion, we found further indication for a possible DAT1 gene involvement; however, further studies should be conducted with stringent phenotyping to reduce heterogeneity, a limitation observed in most included studies.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Variants within the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1/SLC6A3) and the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4, especially the 7-repeat allele) are repeatedly associated with increased ADHD risk.
“Variants within the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1/SLC6A3) and the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4, especially the 7-repeat allele) were repeatedly associated with increased ADHD risk”
From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [60]
The Introduction and Results report associations between DAT1/SLC6A3 variants and ADHD, particularly the 10-repeat allele in children and adolescents, while noting small effects and heterogeneity. The paper does not report a repeated association between the DRD4 7-repeat allele and increased ADHD risk; DRD4 appears in reference titles, not in the paper’s findings. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629 · Cited by 56,722 · see citing works
PLINK: a tool set for whole-genome association and population-based linkage analyses.
Purcell, S., Neale, B., Todd-Brown, K., Thomas, L., Ferreira, M. A. R., Bender, D., Maller, J., Sklar, P., de Bakker, P. I. W., Daly, M. J., et al. (2007) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/519795 · Cited by 34,089 · see citing works
Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000100 · Cited by 28,164 · see citing works
Operating characteristics of a rank correlation test for publication bias
Begg, C. B., & Mazumdar, M. (1994) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2533446 · Cited by 16,955 · see citing works
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000) · Biometrics · doi:10.1111/j.0006-341x.2000.00455.x · Cited by 14,099 · see citing works
A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2010) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.12 · Cited by 6,793 · see citing works
ADHD Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC), Demontis, D., Early Lifecourse & Genetic Epidemiology (EAGLE) Consortium, 23andMe Research Team, Walters, R. K., Martin, J., Mattheisen, M., Als, T. D., Agerbo, E., Baldursson, G., et al. (2019) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-018-0269-7 · Cited by 2,203 · see citing works
Prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Thomas, R., Sanders, S., Doust, J., Beller, E., & Glasziou, P. (2015) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2014-3482 · Cited by 1,976 · see citing works
Polanczyk, G. V., Willcutt, E. G., Salum, G. A., Kieling, C., & Rohde, L. A. (2014) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyt261 · Cited by 1,822 · see citing works
Genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Faraone, S. V., & Larsson, H. (2019) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-018-0070-0 · Cited by 1,338 · see citing works
Candidate gene studies of ADHD: a meta-analytic review
Gizer, I. R., Ficks, C., & Waldman, I. D. (2009) · Human Genetics · doi:10.1007/s00439-009-0694-x · Cited by 1,020 · see citing works
Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene.
Cook, E. H., Stein, M. A., Krasowski, M. D., Cox, N. J., Olkon, D. M., Kieffer, J. E., & LEVENTHAL, B. L. (1995) · PubMed Central · Cited by 990 · see citing works
Li, D.-W., Sham, P., Owen, M., & He, L. (2006) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddl152 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Brookes, K., Xu, X., Chen, W., Zhou, K., Neale, B., Lowe, N., Aneey, R., Franke, B., Gill, M., Ebstein, R., et al. (2006) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001869 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Bax, L., Yu, L.-M., Ikeda, N., Tsuruta, H., & Moons, K. G. (2006) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/1471-2288-6-50 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Dopamine: 50 years in perspective
Iversen, S. D., & Iversen, L. L. (2007) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2007.03.002 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
Comparing the efficacy of stimulants for ADHD in children and adolescents using meta-analysis
Faraone, S. V., & Buitelaar, J. (2010) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-009-0054-3 · Cited by 485 · see citing works
Meta-analyses of genetic studies on major depressive disorder
López‐León, S., Janssens, A. C. J. W., Ladd, A. M. G., Del‐Favero, J., Claes, S. J., Oostra, B. A., & van Duijn, C. M. (2007) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4002088 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Waldman, I. D., Rowe, D. C., Abramowitz, A., Kozel, S. T., Mohr, J. H., Sherman, S. L., Cleveland, H. H., Sanders, M. L., Gard, J. M. C., & Stever, C. (1998) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/302132 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Swanson, J. M., Flodman, P. L., Kennedy, J., Spence, M. A., Moyzis, R. K., Schuck, S. E. B., Murias, M., Moriarity, J., Barr, C. L., Smith, M., et al. (2000) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00062-7 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Han, D. D., & Gu, H. H. (2006) · BMC Pharmacology · doi:10.1186/1471-2210-6-6 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
The VNTR polymorphism of the human dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene affects gene expression
Fuke, S., Suo, S., Takahashi, N., Koike, H., Sasagawa, N., & Ishiura, S. (2001) · The Pharmacogenomics Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500026 · Cited by 415 · see citing works
Mill, J., Asherson, P., Browes, C., D'Souza, U., & Craig, I. (2002) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.10948 · Cited by 341 · see citing works
VanNess, S., Owens, M. J., & Kilts, C. D. (2005) · BMC Genetics · doi:10.1186/1471-2156-6-55 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Taylor, S. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2012.76 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Miller, G. M., & Madras, B. K. (2002) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000921 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Dopamine system genes and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis
Maher, B. S., Marazita, M. L., Ferrell, R. E., & Vanyukov, M. M. (2002) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/00041444-200212000-00003 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Support for association between ADHD and two candidate genes: NET1 and DRD1
Bobb, A. J., Addington, A. M., Sidransky, E., Gornick, M. C., Lerch, J. P., GREENSTEIN, D. K., CLASEN, L. S., Sharp, W. S., Inoff‐Germain, G., Vrièze, F. W., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30142 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Greenwood, T. A., & Kelsoe, J. R. (2003) · Genomics · doi:10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00142-3 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Bonvicini, C., Faraone, S., & Scassellati, C. (2016) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.74 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Yang, B., Chan, R., Jing, J., Li, T., Sham, P., & Chen, R. Y. L. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30453 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Franke, B., Vasquez, A. A., Johansson, S., Hoogman, M., Romanos, J., Boreatti-Hümmer, A., Heine, M., Jacob, C. P., Lesch, K.-P., Casas, M., et al. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2009.170 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Curran, S. R., Mill, J. S., Tahir, E., Kent, L., Richards, S., Gould, A., Huckett, L., Sharp, J., Batten, C., Fernando, S., et al. (2001) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4000914 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
A genome-wide scan for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 155 German sib-pairs
Hebebrand, J., Dempfle, A., Saar, K., Thiele, H., Herpertz-Dahlmann, B., Linder, M., Kiefl, H., Remschmidt, H., Hemminger, U., Warnke, A., et al. (2006) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001761 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Family-Based Tests of Association and Linkage That Use Unaffected Sibs, Covariates, and Interactions
Lunetta, K. L., Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., & Laird, N. M. (2000) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/302782 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Pinsonneault, J. K., Han, D. D., Burdick, K. E., Kataki, M., Bertolino, A., Malhotra, A. K., Gu, H. H., & Sadee, W. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.45 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Faraone, S., Spencer, T., Madras, B., Zhang-James, Y., & Biederman, J. (2013) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2013.126 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Ujike, H., Harano, M., Inada, T., Yamada, M., Komiyama, T., Sekine, Y., Sora, I., Iyo, M., Katsu, T., Nomura, A., et al. (2003) · The Pharmacogenomics Journal · doi:10.1038/sj.tpj.6500189 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Asherson, P., Brookes, K., Franke, B., Chen, W., Gill, M., Ebstein, R. P., Buitelaar, J., Banaschewski, T., Sonuga-Barke, E., Eisenberg, J., et al. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.164.4.674 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Smith, K., Daly, M., Fischer, M., Yiannoutsos, C., Bauer, L., Barkley, R., & Navia, B. (2003) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.20005 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Kustanovich, V., Ishii, J., Crawford, L., Yang, M. H., McGough, J., McCracken, J. T., Smalley, S., & Nelson, S. F. (2004) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001466 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Brookes, K. J., Neale, B. M., Sugden, K., Khan, N., Asherson, P. J., & D’Souza, U. M. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30572 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Transient expression analysis of allelic variants of a VNTR in the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1)
Mill, J. S., Asherson, P. J., Craig, I., & D’Souza, U. M. (2005) · BMC Genetics · doi:10.1186/1471-2156-6-3 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Johansson, S., Halleland, H., Halmøy, A., Jacobsen, K. K., Landaas, E. T., Dramsdahl, M., Fasmer, O. B., Bergsholm, P., Lundervold, A. J., Gillberg, C., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30662 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Population genetic study of the human dopamine transporter gene (DAT1)
Doucette‐Stamm, L., Blakely, D. J., Tian, J., Mockus, S., & Mao, J. (1995) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.1370120307 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Kereszturi, É., Tárnok, Z., Bognár, E., Lakatos, K., Farkas, L., Gádoros, J., Sasvári‐Székely, M., & Nemoda, Z. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30704 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Hawi, Z., Segurado, R., Conroy, J., Sheehan, K., Lowe, N., Kirley, A., Shields, D. C., Fitzgerald, M., Gallagher, L., & Gill, M. (2005) · The American Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1086/498174 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Association and linkage of allelic variants of the dopamine transporter gene in ADHD
Friedel, S., Saar, K., Sauer, S., Dempfle, A., Walitza, S., Renner, T., Romanos, M., Freitag, C. M., Seitz, C., Pálmason, H., et al. (2002) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001986 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationNo support for association between the dopamine transporter (DAT1) gene and ADHD
Langley, K., Turic, D., Peirce, T., Mills, S., van den Bree, M. B. M., Owen, M. J., O’Donovan, M. C., & Thapar, A. (2005) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30206 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Association of the dopamine transporter (<i>SLC6A3/DAT1</i>) gene 9–6 haplotype with adult ADHD
Franke, B., Hoogman, M., Arias Vasquez, A., Heister, J. G. A. M., Savelkoul, P. J., Naber, M., Scheffer, H., Kiemeney, L. A., Kan, C. C., Kooij, J. J. S., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30861 · Cited by 77 · cited 1× · see citing works
“5 yes 33 (Franke et al. 2008) Dutch CC Adults DSM-IV 213/507 17 yes 34 (Niederhofer et al.”
Todd, R. D., Jong, Y.-J. I., Lobos, E. A., Reich, W., Heath, A. C., & Neuman, R. J. (2001) · American Journal of Medical Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.1611 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Differential Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Methylphenidate Enantiomers
Markowitz, J. S., & Patrick, K. S. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0b013e3181733560 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The Structure and Function of the Dopamine Transporter and its Role in CNS Diseases
McHugh, P., & Buckley, D. A. (2015) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2014.12.009 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Tárnok, Z., Rónai, Z., Gervai, J., Kereszturi, É., Gádoros, J., Sasvári‐Székely, M., & Nemoda, Z. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30517 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Genro, J., Polanczyk, G. V., Zeni, C., Oliveira, A. S., Román, T., Rohde, L., & Hutz, M. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30863 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
DAT1, DRD4, and DRD5 polymorphisms are not associated with ADHD in Dutch families
Bakker, S., van der Meulen, E. M., Oteman, N., Schelleman, H., Pearson, P. L., Buitelaar, J., & Sinke, R. (2005) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30089 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Inoue‐Murayama, M., Adachi, S., Mishima, N., Mitani, H., Takenaka, O., Terao, K., Hayasaka, I., Ito, S., & Murayama, Y. (2002) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/s0304-3940(02)01125-4 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The dopamine transporter haplotype and reward-related striatal responses in adult ADHD
Hoogman, M., Onnink, A. M. H., Cools, R., Aarts, E., Kan, C. C., Vásquez, A. A., Buitelaar, J. K., & Franke, B. (2012) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2012.05.011 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Bidwell, L. C., Willcutt, E. G., McQueen, M. B., DeFries, J. C., Olson, R. K., Smith, S. D., & Pennington, B. F. (2011) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-010-9437-y · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Li, L., Bao, Y., He, S., Wang, G., Guan, Y., Ma, D., Wang, P., Huang, X., Tao, S., Zhang, D., et al. (2016) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000003074 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Genetics and Treatment Response in Parkinson’s Disease: An Update on Pharmacogenetic Studies
Politi, C., Ciccacci, C., Novelli, G., & Borgiani, P. (2018) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-017-8473-7 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Feng, Y., Wigg, K. G., Makkar, R., Ickowicz, A., Pathare, T., Tannock, R., Roberts, W., MALONE, M. A., Kennedy, J. L., Schachar, R. J., et al. (2005) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30190 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Kopečková, M., Paclt, I., Petrásek, J., Pacltová, D., Malíková, M., & Zagatová, V. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Wiers, C. E., Lohoff, F. W., Lee, J., Muench, C., Freeman, C. R., Zehra, A., Marenco, S., Lipska, B. K., Auluck, P. K., Feng, N., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14067 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Role of gene-gene/gene-environment interaction in the etiology of eastern Indian ADHD probands.
Das, M., Bhowmik, A. D., Bhaduri, N., Sarkar, K., Ghosh, P., Sinha, S., Ray, A., Chatterjee, A., & Mukhopadhyay, K. (2011) · Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2010.12.027 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
miR-137 and miR-491 Negatively Regulate Dopamine Transporter Expression and Function in Neural Cells
Jia, X., Wang, F., Han, Y., Geng, X., Li, M., Shi, Y. H., Lü, L., & Chen, Y. (2016) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-016-0061-6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Kim, J.-W., Kim, B., & Cho, S.-C. (2005) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2005.11.002 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Mick, E., Kim, J.-W., Biederman, J., Wozniak, J., Wilens, T., Spencer, T., Smoller, J. W., & Faraone, S. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30745 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Family-based association study of DAT1 and DRD4 polymorphism in Korean children with ADHD.
Kim, Y. S., Leventhal, B., Kim, S.-J., Kim, B.-N., Cheon, K., Yoo, H., Kim, S.-J., Badner, J., & Cook, E. (2005) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2005.08.025 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Dresler, T., Ehlis, A., Heinzel, S., Renner, T., Reif, A., Baehne, C. G., Heine, M., Boreatti‐Hümmer, A., Jacob, C., Lesch, K., et al. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.91 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Šerý, O., Paclt, I., Drtílková, I., Theiner, P., Kopečková, M., Zvolský, P., & Balcar, V. J. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-015-0066-8 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
The Association Between the SLC6A3 VNTR 9-Repeat Allele and Alcoholism-A Meta-Analysis
Du, Y., Nie, Y., Li, Y., & Wan, Y. Y. (2011) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2011.01509.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Gamma, F., Faraone, S. V., Glatt, S. J., Yeh, Y.-C., & Tsuang, M. T. (2004) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2004.09.020 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
ADHD and DAT1: Further evidence of paternal over‐transmission of risk alleles and haplotype
Hawi, Z., Kent, L., Hill, M., Anney, R., Brookes, K., Barry, E., Franke, B., Banaschewski, T., Buitelaar, J., Ebstein, R., et al. (2009) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30960 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Genetic interaction analysis for DRD4 and DAT1 genes in a group of Mexican ADHD patients
Martínez-Levy, G. A., John, D.-G., Briones-Velasco, M., Gómez‐Sánchez, A., Francisco, D. L. P.-O., Mora, L. S., Palacios‐Cruz, L., Ricardo-Garcell, J., Reyes-Zamorano, E., & Carlos, C.-F. (2009) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.01.004 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
ADHD and the Dopamine Transporter: Are There Reasons to Pay Attention?
Mazei‐Robison, M. S., & Blakely, R. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-29784-7_17 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Cheuk, D. K., Li, S. Y. H., & Wong, V. C. N. (2006) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30280 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Lim, M., Kim, H. W., Paik, K.-C., Cho, S. C., Yoon, D. Y., & Lee, H. (2006) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30282 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: genetic association study in a cohort of Spanish children
Gomez-Sanchez, C. I., Riveiro-Alvarez, R., Soto-Insuga, V., Rodrigo, M., Tirado-Requero, P., Mahíllo-Fernández, I., Abad-Santos, F., Carballo, J., Dal-Ré, R., & Ayuso, C. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-015-0084-6 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Zhou, Y., Michelhaugh, S., Schmidt, C. J., Liu, J., Bannon, M., & Lin, Z.-C. (2011) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2011.00391.x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
DAT1 and DRD4 genes involved in key dimensions of adult ADHD
Hasler, R., Salzmann, A., Bolzan, T., Zimmermann, J., Baud, P., Giannakopoulos, P., & Perroud, N. A. (2015) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-014-2051-7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
de Azeredo, L. A., Rovaris, D. L., Mota, N. R., Polina, E. R., Marques, F. Z., Contini, V., Vitola, E. S., Belmonte-de-Abreu, P. S., Rohde, L. A., Grevet, E. H., et al. (2014) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-014-0486-8 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Onnink, A. M. H., Franke, B., van Hulzen, K. J. E., Zwiers, M. P., Mostert, J. C., Schene, A. H., Heslenfeld, D. J., Oosterlaan, J., Hoekstra, P. J., Hartman, C. A., et al. (2016) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-016-1521-x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Liu, J., Yang, A., Zhang, Q., Yang, G., Yang, W., Lei, H., Quan, J., Qu, F., Wang, M., Zhang, Z., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32304 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Qian, Q., Wang, Y., Li, J., Yang, L., Wang, B., Zhou, R., Glatt, S. J., & Faraone, S. V. (2006) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30422 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Simsek, M., Al‐Sharbati, M. M., Al‐Adawi, S., Ganguly, S. S., & Lawatia, K. (2005) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2005.04.016 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wang, H., Ye, M., Yu, L., Wang, J., Guo, Y., Lei, W., & Yang, J. (2015) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-015-0054-z · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Dopamine transporter haplotype and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
Galili‐Weisstub, E., Levy, S., Frisch, A., Gross‐Tsur, V., Michaelovsky, E., Kosov, A., Meltzer, A., Goltser‐Dubner, T., Serretti, A., Cusin, C., et al. (2005) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/sj.mp.4001655 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hill, M., Anney, R., Gill, M., & Hawi, Z. (2009) · The Pharmacogenomics Journal · doi:10.1038/tpj.2009.66 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Shang, C., & Gau, S. (2014) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145713000783 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kanno, K., & Ishiura, S. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.22593 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Sambataro, F., Podell, J. E., Murty, V. P., Das, S., Kolachana, B. S., Goldberg, T. E., Weinberger, D. R., & Mattay, V. S. (2015) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.12956 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Geissler, J. M., Romanos, M., Gerlach, M., Berg, D., & Schulte, C. (2017) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-017-0219-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationGenetic associations between ADHD and dopaminergic genes (DAT1 and DRD4) VNTRs in Korean children
Hong, J. H., Hwang, I. W., Lim, M. H., Kwon, H., & Jin, H. J. (2018) · Genes & Genomics · doi:10.1007/s13258-018-0726-9 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lack of association of the dopamine transporter gene in a French ADHD sample
Wohl, M., Boni, C., Asch, M., Cortese, S., Orejarena, S., Mouren, M., Gorwood, P. A. P. M., & Purper‐Ouakil, D. (2008) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30695 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Brüggemann, D., Sobanski, E., Alm, B., Schubert, T., Schmalzried, H., Phillipsen, A., Breen, G. D., Becker, T., Georgi, A., Skowronek, M. H., et al. (2007) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0b013e32801231d4 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Carrasco, X., Paula Rothhammer, A., Moraga, M. L., Hugo Henríquez, B., Aboitiz, F., & Engel, F. R. (2004) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872004000900004 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
No association between the DAT1 10‐repeat allele and ADHD in the Iranian population
Banoei, M. M., Majidizadeh, T., Shirazi, E., Moghimi, N., Ghadiri, M., Najmabadi, H., & Ohadi, M. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30578 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Soleimani, R., Salehi, Z., Soltanipour, S., Hasandokht, T., & Jalali, M. M. (2017) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32613 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Wang, Z., Yao, K., Tanaka, K., Yang, Y., Shirakawa, O., & Maeda, K. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Lack of association of polymorphisms in six candidate genes in colombian adhd patients
Fonseca, D., Mateus, H., Gálvez, J., Forero, D., Talero-Gutiérrez, C., & Vélez-van-Meerbeke, A. (2015) · Annals of Neurosciences · doi:10.5214/ans.0972.7531.220405 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Agudelo, J. A., Gálvez, J. M., Fonseca, D. J., Mateus, H., Talero‐Gutiérrez, C., & Vélez-van-Meerbeke, A. (2014) · Neurología · doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2013.12.005 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
El-Tarras, A. E., Alsulaimani, A. A., Awad, N. S., Mitwaly, N., Said, M. M., & Sabry, A. M. (2012) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-012-2012-2 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Grob, A., Meyer, C., & Arx, P. H.-V. (2009) · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ortega-Rojas, J., Bustos, C., Morales, L. C., Benítez, B. A., Beltrán, D., Izquierdo, Á., Arboleda, H., & Vásquez, R. (2016) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría · doi:10.1016/j.rcp.2016.08.006 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Fehér, Á., Juhász, A., Pákáski, M., Kalman, J. L., & Janka, Z. (2014) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2014.07.060 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Agudelo, J. A., Gálvez, J. M., Fonseca, D. J., Mateus, H., Talero‐Gutiérrez, C., & Vélez-van-Meerbeke, A. (2015) · Neurología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2013.12.010 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
ICD-10 Field Trial of the Diagnostic Criteria for Research in German-Speaking Countries
(1996) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-05522-1 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Dopamine transporter gene polymorphism in children with ADHD: A pilot study in Indonesian samples
Wiguna, T., Ismail, R. I., Winarsih, N. S., Kaligis, F., Hapsari, A., Budiyanti, L., Sekartini, R., Rahayu, S., & Guerrero, A. P. S. (2017) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2017.03.041 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Niederhofer, H. (2008) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s2698 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
da Silva, M. R. A., Cordeiro, Q., Louzã, M., & Vallada, H. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710365989 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Müssigbrodt, H., Dilling, H., Stieglitz, R.-D., Freyberger, H. J., Malchow, C. P., Dilling, H., Gutzmann, H., Krüger, H., Richert, A., Mombour, W., et al. (2010) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000285004 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
DRD4 and DAT1 VNTR Genotyping in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Stanley, A., Chavda, K., Subramanian, A., Prabhu, S. V., & Ashavaid, T. (2016) · Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s12291-016-0587-4 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Morgan, J. E., Caplan, B., Tung, I., Noroña, A. N., Baker, B. L., & Lee, S. S. (2017) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2017.1346067 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ortega-Rojas, J., Arboleda-Bustos, C. E., Morales, L. C., Benítez, B. A., Beltrán, D., Izquierdo, Á., Arboleda, H., & Vásquez, R. (2017) · Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.rcpeng.2017.09.005 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Martínez-Levy, G. A., Benjet, C. L., Briones-Velasco, M., Pérez‐Molina, A., Nani, A., & Cruz-Fuentes, C. S. (2013) · Salud Mental · doi:10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2013.024 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Russell, V. A. (2016) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-016-0094-z · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Faraone, S. V., Banaschewski, T., Coghill, D., Zheng, Y., Biederman, J., Bellgrove, M. A., Newcorn, J. H., Gignac, M., Al Saud, N. M., Manor, I., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.022 · Cited by 1,545 · see citing works
“These genes are ANKK1 (Pan et al., 2015) DAT1 (Grunblatt et al., 2019b), LRP5 and LRP6 (Grunblatt et al., 2019a), SNAP25 (Liu et al., 2017b), ADGRL3 (Bruxel et al., 2020) DRD4 and BAIAP2 (Bonvicini et al., 2020, 2016).”
Self-citationThe dopamine transporter gene SLC6A3: multidisease risks
Reith, M. E. A., Kortagere, S., Wiers, C. E., Sun, H., Kurian, M. A., Galli, A., Volkow, N. D., & Lin, Z. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01341-5 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
ADHD: Reviewing the Causes and Evaluating Solutions
Núñez-Jaramillo, L., Herrera-Solís, A., & Herrera-Morales, W. V. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11030166 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
MacDonald, H. J., Kleppe, R., Szigetvari, P. D., & Haavik, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1492126 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
A systematic meta-review of systematic reviews on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Chaulagain, A., Lyhmann, I., Halmøy, A., Widding‐Havneraas, T., Nyttingnes, O., Bjelland, I., & Mykletun, A. (2023) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.2451 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
A Potential Role for Neuroinflammation in ADHD
Vázquez-González, D., Carreón-Trujillo, S., Álvarez‐Arellano, L., Abarca-Merlin, D. M., Domínguez-López, P., Salazar–García, M., & Corona, J. C. (2023) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-7376-5_15 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Rasekh, M. E., Hernandez, Y. A., Drinan, S. D., Bass, J. I. F., & Benson, G. (2021) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkab224 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Véronneau-Veilleux, F., Robaey, P., Ursino, M., & Nekka, F. (2022) · Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncom.2022.849323 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Dysregulated proteostasis network in neuronal diseases
Tseng, C.-S., Chao, Y.-W., Liu, Y.-H., Huang, Y., & Chao, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2023.1075215 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Variable number tandem repeats – Their emerging role in sickness and health
Marshall, J. N. G., Lopez, A. I., Pfaff, A. L., Kõks, S., Quinn, J. P., & Bubb, V. J. (2021) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1177/15353702211003511 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Approach to Evaluating and Managing Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Primary Care
Huang, H. Y., Huang, H., Spottswood, M., & Ghaemi, S. N. (2020) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000248 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The SLC6A3 gene polymorphism is related to the development of attentional functions but not to ADHD
Kuć, K., Bielecki, M., Racicka, E., Czerwinski, M. B., & Cybulska-Kłosowicz, A. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-63296-x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
A Neurodevelopmental Model of Combined Pyrethroid and Chronic Stress Exposure
Vester, A. I., Chen, M., Marsit, C. J., & Caudle, W. M. (2019) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics7020024 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Using fNIRS to evaluate ADHD medication effects on neuronal activity: A systematic literature review
Poliakova, E., Conrad, A. L., Schieltz, K. M., & O’Brien, M. J. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroimaging · doi:10.3389/fnimg.2023.1083036 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Adult ADHD: it is old and new at the same time – what is it?
Custodio, R. J. P., Hengstler, J. G., Cheong, J. H., Kim, H. J., Wascher, E., & Getzmann, S. (2023) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2023-0071 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives
Bogdańska-Chomczyk, E., Majewski, M. K., & Kozłowska, A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262211020 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Variants within the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1/SLC6A3) and the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4, especially the 7-repeat allele) were repeatedly associated with increased ADHD risk [59,60].”
Selective Visual Attention in ADHD: A Narrative Review
Klein, J. L., Allen, H. A., Clibbens, J., Cook, A., Amanatidou, V., & Mavritsaki, E. (2025) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-025-01435-5 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Stanford, S. C. (2022) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2022_342 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zhong, L., He, H., Zhang, J., Gao, X., Yin, F., Pengxiang, Z., & Song, R. (2023) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-023-03523-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
El-Seedy, A. S., Botros, M. H., Page, G., & Ladevèze, V. (2023) · Archives of Molecular Biology and Genetics · doi:10.33696/genetics.2.012 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Cabrera-Lagunes, A., Díaz‐Anzaldúa, A., Andrade, G. R., Peschard, V.-G., Caballero, A. A., Gaspar-Barba, C. E., Jimenez, A. Y., de la Peña, F. R., Cruz-Fuentes, C. S., Feria, M., et al. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114835 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Михайлова, С. В., Иванощук, Д. Е., Orlov, P. S., Bairqdar, A., Anisimenko, M. S., & Вахтанговна, Д. Д. (2023) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes14112064 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Marzilli, E., Cerniglia, L., Tambelli, R., & Cimino, S. (2022) · Child & Youth Care Forum · doi:10.1007/s10566-022-09687-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Vogiatzoglou, A. V., Kontou, P. I., Bagos, P. G., & Braliou, G. G. (2024) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0000000000000375 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Haliday, H., Larose, M., Roebroeck, É., Clouse, F., & Ponnou, S. (2020) · Annales Médico-psychologiques revue psychiatrique · doi:10.1016/j.amp.2020.04.013 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Classification, diagnosis and therapy of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Петрович, З. В., Борисовна, К. И., Новикова, Е. Б., & Ayvazyan, S. O. (2025) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro202512511162 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Seymari, A., Naseh, A., Rezaei, S., Salehi, Z., & Kousha, M. (2023) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.18502/ijps.v19i1.14345 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Hyperkinetic disorder and attention deficiency and hyperactivity syndrome in adults
Gorodnicheva, A. V., Ponomarev, I. A., & Sidenkova, A. P. (2023) · Ural Medical Journal · doi:10.52420/2071-5943-2023-22-3-108-117 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pharmacogenetics in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Cabetas, A. G., del Bosque, A., Sáinz-Gil, M., & Verde, Z. (2026) · Future Pharmacology · doi:10.3390/futurepharmacol6010005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Li, Y., Li, F., Wei, Q., Li, Q., Gu, B., Liu, X., & Qianlong, Z. (2026) · Gene Reports · doi:10.1016/j.genrep.2026.102516 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Modestino, E. J., Bowirrat, A., Baron, D. A., Thanos, P. K., Hanna, C., Bagchi, D., Braverman, E. R., Dennen, C. A., Badgaiyan, R. D., Pollack, A. R., et al. (2024) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Serum Interleukin-2 Level in Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Elhady, A., Nawar, E., Soliman, D., Bakry, S. E., & Hasab, M. M. E. (2022) · Benha Medical Journal · doi:10.21608/bmfj.2022.172141.1700
Superior Vena Cava Flow in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Karabulut, M., & Yıldırım, K. (2023) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2023.0162
Walitza, S., Smigielski, L., & Gerlach, M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-65267-1_8
Self-citationJiang, S., Foo, J. C., Hu, X., Roper, L., Yang, E., Green, B., Arnau, R. C., Lodhi, R. J., Isenberg, R., Wishart, D. S., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.09.21.24313023
Rose, M. A., Robinson, A., & Payton, A. (2026) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0353790
Pekkoc-Uyanik, K. C., Bayındır, M., Akdemir, M. F., Okuyan, A. A., Tarakçıoğlu, M., Ozyazgan, S., & Seven, Z. G. T. (2026) · Pharmacogenomics (London) · doi:10.1080/14622416.2026.2706504
Rubiu, R., Trost, B., Kébir, O., Leblond, C. S., Bourgeron, T., & Chaumette, B. (2026) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2026.100836
- Authors
- Grünblatt, E., Werling, A. M., Roth, A., Romanos, M., & Walitza, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Universitätsklinikum Würzburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Grünblatt, Edna
- Venue
- Journal of Neural Transmission
- Published
- 2019-03-28
- Volume
- 126
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 517-529
- ISSN
- 0300-9564 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-1463
- PMC
- PMC6456487
- OpenAlex
- W2932105875
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 0.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neural Transmission (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Universität Zürich (Filling the Gap)
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (320030-130237)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, dopamine transporter gene, DAT1, 3' untranslated region, VNTR polymorphism, long allele, adult ADHD, dopaminergic dysfunction, genetic association, European populations
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Minisatellite Repeats, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, 3' Untranslated Regions, Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins, Genome-Wide Association Study
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
