Association of the dopamine transporter (SLC6A3/DAT1) gene 9–6 haplotype with adult ADHD
Open accessAbstract
ADHD is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by chronic hyperactivity, inattention and impulsivity, which affects about 5% of school-age children. ADHD persists into adulthood in at least 15% of cases. It is highly heritable and familial influences seem strongest for ADHD persisting into adulthood. However, most of the genetic research in ADHD has been carried out in children with the disorder. The gene that has received most attention in ADHD genetics is SLC6A3/DAT1 encoding the dopamine transporter. In the current study we attempted to replicate in adults with ADHD the reported association of a 10-6 SLC6A3-haplotype, formed by the 10-repeat allele of the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region of the gene and the 6-repeat allele of the VNTR in intron 8 of the gene, with childhood ADHD. In addition, we wished to explore the role of a recently described VNTR in intron 3 of the gene. Two hundred sixteen patients and 528 controls were included in the study. We found a 9-6 SLC6A3-haplotype, rather than the 10-6 haplotype, to be associated with ADHD in adults. The intron 3 VNTR showed no association with adult ADHD. Our findings converge with earlier reports and suggest that age is an important factor to be taken into account when assessing the association of SLC6A3 with ADHD. If confirmed in other studies, the differential association of the gene with ADHD in children and in adults might imply that SLC6A3 plays a role in modulating the ADHD phenotype, rather than causing it.
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The DAT1 10/6 haplotype has been associated with ADHD in children, while the 9-repeat and 9/6 haplotype of DAT1 has been associated with persistent or adult ADHD.
“For example, the DAT1 10/6 haplotype has been associated with ADHD in children, while the 9-repeat and 9/6 haplotype of DAT1 was associated with persistent or adult ADHD (Franke et al., 2008; Brown et al., 2011).”
From A Review of Heterogeneity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) (2019) · cites this paper as Franke et al., 2008
In adults (and thus in persisting forms of the disorder), ADHD has been associated with the 9-repeat allele.
“For example, the DAT1 10-repeat allele is considered to increase risk for ADHD in children and adolescents, yet in adults (and thus, by definition, in persisting forms of the disorder) ADHD has been associated with the 9-repeat allele (Franke et al, 2008; Franke et al, 2010).”
From DAT1 and COMT effects on delay discounting and trait impulsivity in male adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls (2010) · cites this paper as Franke et al, 2008
The DAT1 10-repeat allele is considered to increase risk for ADHD in children and adolescents.
“For example, the DAT1 10-repeat allele is considered to increase risk for ADHD in children and adolescents, yet in adults (and thus, by definition, in persisting forms of the disorder) ADHD has been associated with the 9-repeat allele (Franke et al, 2008; Franke et al, 2010).”
From DAT1 and COMT effects on delay discounting and trait impulsivity in male adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and healthy controls (2010) · cites this paper as Franke et al, 2008
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“In this study, the 9-repeat allele of DAT led to signifi cantly reduced NGA values; interestingly, this allele has recently been associated with an increased risk for adult ADHD (Franke et al. 2008, 2010).”
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“have been conducted to investigate common and distinct genetic risk factors which were responsible for persistent ADHD versus childhood ADHD (Barkley et al., 2006; Franke et al., 2012; Franke et al., 2008; Franke et al., 2010).”
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“Contradictory results have been found for the six-repeat allele of the VNTR in intron 8 of the gene (9-6 SLC6A3haplotype), with one study reporting an association with adult ADHD (Franke et al., 2008) and another finding no association with adult ADHD (Bruggemann et al.”
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“…meta-analysis by Yang et al., 2007), others have suggested that it may be the 9R allele that is preferentially transmitted in individuals with ADHD (Franke et al., 2008), and some have reported no association between DAT1 and ADHD (Johansson et al., 2008; Langley et al., 2005) (as reviewed by…”
InfluentialSánchez‐Mora, C., Ribasés, M., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Casas, M., Bosch, R., Boreatti‐Hümmer, A., Heine, M., Jacob, C., Lesch, K., Fasmer, O. B., et al. (2009) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.31008 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Most of the clinical sample has been described before [Bekker et al., 2005; Kooij et al., 2005; Jacob et al., 2007; Franke et al., 2008; Johansson et al., 2008; Ramos-Quiroga et al., 2008; Ribas es et al., 2008].”
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“Part of the patient sample included in this analysis was also part of earlier publications investigating this association (overlap of ADHD patients between studies: n=17, no overlap in controls) (Franke et al., 2008; Franke et al., 2010).”
InfluentialAn international multicenter association study of the serotonin transporter gene in persistent ADHD
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“, 1999), and several dopaminergic genes, including the DAT1 genotype, have been implicated in ADHD (Faraone et al., 2005; Brookes et al., 2008; Franke et al., 2008; for a review, see Durston et al., 2009; Gizer et al., 2009; Franke et al., 2010).”
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“First, recent studies of ADHD in adults find evidence for association with the 9-repeat rather than the more common 10-repeat allele, suggesting that the effects of DAT1 may differ depending on the developmental age; this indicates a role for DAT1 in the modulation rather than aetiology of ADHD (Franke et al. 2008).”
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Association study between the DAT1, DBH and DRD2 genes and cocaine dependence in a Spanish sample
Noèlia Fernàndez-castillo, A., Ribasés, M., Roncero, C., Casas, M., Gonzalvo, B., & Cormand, B. (2010) · Psychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1097/ypg.0b013e32833b6320 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Unauthorized reproduction of this article is prohibited.”
ResultDresler, T., Ehlis, A., Heinzel, S., Renner, T., Reif, A., Baehne, C. G., Heine, M., Boreatti‐Hümmer, A., Jacob, C., Lesch, K., et al. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.91 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“In summary, our findings are in accordance with studies favoring the nine-repeat allele as a risk allele for ADHD in adults (van Dyck et al, 2005; Franke et al, 2008, 2010), but not with studies favoring the 10-repeat allele that seems to be the risk allele for ADHD in children (Chen et al, 2003;…”
Miguel, P. M., Pereira, L. O., Barth, B., Filho, E. J. D. M., Pokhvisneva, I., Nguyen, T. T. T., Garg, E., Razzolini, B. R., Koh, D. X. P., Gallant, H. D., et al. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.03.983 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
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“5 yes 33 (Franke et al. 2008) Dutch CC Adults DSM-IV 213/507 17 yes 34 (Niederhofer et al.”
Effect of candidate gene polymorphisms on the course of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
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“Most recently, Franke et al. (2008) found that a 9-6DAT1 haplotypewas associatedwith adult ADHD, and Johansson et al. (2007) showed an association between adult ADHD and DRD5 but not DAT1 or DRD4.”
Sokolova, E., Groot, P., Claassen, T., van Hulzen, K. J. E., Glennon, J. C., Franke, B., Heskes, T., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165120 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Genetic Insights Into ADHD Biology
Hayman, V., & Fernandez, T. V. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00251 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“This is in agreement with hypotheses about the role of neurotransmission dysregulation in ADHD etiology (54, 57, 58).”
ResultCorrelation of a set of gene variants, life events and personality features on adult ADHD severity
Müller, D. J., Chiesa, A., Mandelli, L., Luca, V. D., Ronchi, D. D., Jain, U., Serretti, A., & Kennedy, J. L. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.11.011 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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“In other studies, the 9–6 haplotype was associated with ADHD in adults [11, 12].”
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Familiality and molecular genetics of attention networks in ADHD
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“tion with adult ADHD indicating that SLC6A3 might play a role in modulating the ADHD phenotype, rather than causing it [Franke et al., 2008].”
BackgroundSokolova, E., Hoogman, M., Groot, P., Claassen, T., Vásquez, A. A., Buitelaar, J. K., Franke, B., & Heskes, T. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32310 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“A different haplotype of the same two VNTRs, the 9-6 haplotype, was found associated with ADHD in adults [Franke et al., 2008, 2010].”
BackgroundSánchez‐Mora, C., Richarte, V., Garcia‐Martínez, I., Pagerols, M., Corrales, M., Bosch, R., Vidal, R., Viladevall, L., Casas, M., Cormand, B., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32340 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Two polymorphisms in this gene, a VNTR 40bp in the 3’untranslated region (30 UTR) and a VNTR 30bp in intron 8, have been studied extensively [Franke et al., 2008; Johansson et al., 2008; da Silva et al., 2011; Kotte et al., 2013; de Azeredo et al., 2014; Tong et al., 2015].”
BackgroundContini, V., Victor, M. M., Marques, F. Z. C., Bertuzzi, G. P., Salgado, C. A. I., Silva, K. L., Sousa, N. O., Grevet, E. H., Belmonte-de-Abreu, P., & Bau, C. H. D. (2010) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-009-0362-2 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“previously associated with ADHD susceptibility in the samples of children (Brookes et al. 2006; Asherson et al. 2007), or with the 9R‐6R haplotype, which has been associated with ADHD in adults ( Franke et al. 2008 ).”
Backgroundvan Dijk, F. E., Mostert, J., Glennon, J. C., Onnink, A. M. H., Dammers, J. T., Vásquez, A. A., Kan, C. C., Verkes, R. J., Hoogman, M., Franke, B., et al. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.037 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Thissen, A. J. A. M., Bralten, J., Rommelse, N., Arias-Vásquez, A., Greven, C., Heslenfeld, D., Luman, M., Oosterlaan, J., Hoekstra, P., Hartman, C., et al. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32290 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“on verbal WM, which switched at age 18 years, is in line with previous results for clinical ADHD phenotypes [Franke et al., 2008; Franke et al., 2010].”
BackgroundResultVariability of single trial brain activation predicts fluctuations in reaction time
Bender, S., Banaschewski, T., Roessner, V., Klein, C., Rietschel, M., Feige, B., Brandeis, D., & Laucht, M. (2015) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.01.013 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Genes of the dopaminergic system selectively modulate top-down but not bottom-up attention
Schneider, K. K., Schote, A. B., Meyer, J., & Frings, C. (2014) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0320-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The DAT1 9-repeat allele was associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a sample of adults (Franke et al., 2008; Brown et al., 2011).”
BackgroundXiao, X., Zhang, C., Zhang, Z., Hu, Z., Li, M., & Li, T. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01329-1 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Stolf, A. R., Szobot, C. M., Halpern, R., Akutagava‐Martins, G. C., Müller, D., Guimaraes, L. S. P., Kessler, F. H. P., Pechansky, F., & Roman, T. (2014) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000365992 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The effects of nicotine and cigarette smoke on the monoamine transporters
Danielson, K., Truman, P., & Kivell, B. M. (2011) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20914 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Methylphenidate (Ritalin) and d-amphetamine are commonly prescribed pharmacotherapies for ADHD that act on the monoamine transporters to increase monoaminergic neurotransmission (Heal et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialGenetic influence alters the brain synchronism in perception and timing
Marinho, V., de Oliveira, A. T., Bandeira, J., Pinto, G. R., Gomes, A., Lima, V., Magalhães, F. E. X., Rocha, K. D. M., Ayres, C., Carvalho, V., et al. (2018) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-018-0463-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Pineau, G., Villemonteix, T., Slama, H., Kavec, M., Baleriaux, D., Metens, T., Baijot, S., Mary, A., Ramoz, N., Gorwood, P., et al. (2019) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2019.103430 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“…Faraone et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2007), others have suggested that it may be the 9R allele that is preferentially transmitted in individuals with ADHD (Franke et al., 2008) and a meta-analysis found no evidence of association with ADHD and the DAT1 VNTR polymorphism (Li, Sham, Owen, & He, 2006).”
BackgroundTong, J., Cummins, T. D. R., Johnson, B., McKinley, L.-A., Pickering, H. E., Fanning, P., Stefanac, N. R., Newman, D. P., Hawi, Z., & Bellgrove, M. (2015) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32283 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“2% which is highly comparable to the frequency reported in previous control cohorts [Asherson et al., 2007; Brüggemann et al., 2007; Franke et al., 2008; Franke et al., 2010].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialYildirim, B. O., & Derksen, J. J. L. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.07.005 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Jonas, K. G., & Markon, K. E. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0037094 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bender, S., Rellum, T., Freitag, C. M., Resch, F., Rietschel, M., Treutlein, J., Jennen-Steinmetz, C., Brandeis, D., Banaschewski, T., & Laucht, M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037814 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In this respect, motor system maturation must also be kept in mind, as, in children, the 6R–10R-allele has been described to be a risk factor for ADHD, while in adults the 6R– 9R allele was associated with ADHD [62,63], pointing towards a differential decay of dopamine transporter expression with increasing age [20].”
BackgroundBender, S., Rellum, T., Freitag, C. M., Resch, F., Rietschel, M., Treutlein, J., Jennen-Steinmetz, C., Brandeis, D., Banaschewski, T., & Laucht, M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041552 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Developmental aspects may also change gene expression, as, in children, the 6R–10R-allele has been described to be a risk factor for ADHD, while in adults the 6R–9R allele was associated with ADHD [31,32], pointing towards a differential decay of dopamine transporter expression with development [28], i.e. a steeper ag…”
BackgroundInfluentialIncreased NigralSLC6A3Activity in Schizophrenia Patients: Findings From the Toronto–McLean Cohorts
Kennedy, J. L., Xiong, N., Yu, J., Zai, C. C. H., Pouget, J. G., Li, J., Liu, K., Qing, H., Wang, T., Martin, E. R., et al. (2015) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbv191 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Epigenetical mechanisms of susceptibility to complex human diseases
Patkin, E. L., & Quinn, J. P. (2010) · Ecological genetics · doi:10.17816/ecogen8444-56 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
da Silva, M. R. A., Cordeiro, Q., Louzã, M., & Vallada, H. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710365989 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“The 52.6 kb human SLC6A3 is located on chromosome 5p.15.3 (Franke et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialBehavioural Genetics of Childhood Disorders
Freitag, C. M., Asherson, P. J., & Hebebrand, J. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_178 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“may differ depending on the developmental age, indicating a role for DAT1 in the modulation of symptoms at different ages, rather than the aetiology of ADHD (Franke et al. 2008).”
BackgroundThe SLC6A3 3′-UTR VNTR and intron 8 VNTR polymorphisms association in the time estimation
Marinho, F. V. C., Pinto, G. R., Oliveira, T., Gomes, A., Lima, V., Ferreira-Fernandes, H., Rocha, K., Magalhães, F., Velasques, B., Ribeiro, P., et al. (2018) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-018-1773-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Characterization of VNTRs Within the Entire Region of SLC6A3 and Its Association with Hypertension
Kim, W., Lee, S.-R., Roh, Y.-G., Kim, S. I., Choi, Y. H., Mun, M.-H., Jeong, M.-S., Koh, S. S., & Leem, S. (2017) · DNA and Cell Biology · doi:10.1089/dna.2016.3448 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“SLC6A3 -MS8 (rs3836790) in intron 8 was previously reported (Franke et al. , 2008) and was shown to have a FIG.”
Influentialda Silva, M. A., Cordeiro, Q., Louzã, M. R., & Vallada, H. (2009) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462009000400020 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Presence of recombination hotspots throughout SLC6A3
Zhao, J., Zhou, Y., Xiong, N., Qing, H., Wang, T., & Lin, Z. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0218129 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hadi, F., Dato, S., Carpi, F. M., Prontera, P., Crucianelli, F., Renda, F., Passarino, G., & Napolioni, V. (2015) · Biogerontology · doi:10.1007/s10522-015-9552-5 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…the SLC6A3 40-bp VNTR has been implicated in several neurological/psychiatric conditions including Alzheimer’s disease (Lin et al. 2012), Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (Franke et al. 2008), Parkinson’s disease (Le Couteur et al. 1997), and Alcohol Dependence (Ueno et al. 1999).”
BackgroundA novel hypervariable variable number tandem repeat in the dopamine transporter gene ( SLC6A3 )
Apsley, A. T., Domico, E. R., Verbiest, M. A., Brogan, C. A., Buck, E. R., Burich, A. J., Cardone, K. M., Stone, W. J., Anisimova, M. O., & Vandenbergh, D. J. (2023) · Life Science Alliance · doi:10.26508/lsa.202201677 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Given that four of the VNTRs (TR09, TR17, TR22, and TR30) have been characterized through PCR ampli fi cation (Vandenbergh et al, 1992; Guindalini et al, 2006; Kim et al, 2017), we focused on a novel hyVNTR located in intron 8 (TR21), upstream of the published VNTR in this intron (Guindalini et al, 2006).”
InfluentialGenetic contributions to attentional response time slopes across repeated trials
Lundwall, R. A., & Dannemiller, J. L. (2015) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-015-0201-3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Eight subjects in the final data set reported a diagnosis of ADHD, four of whom were medicated (one additional subject reporting ADHD was excluded for having fewer than 200 trials).”
BackgroundInfluentialMaitra, S., Chatterjee, M., Roychowdhury, A., Panda, C. K., Sinha, S., & Mukhopadhyay, K. (2022) · Molecular Biology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11033-022-07521-y · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In the German Caucasoid population, rs6350 is reported to be polymorphic [40].”
BackgroundEpigenetical mechanisms of susceptibility to complex human diseases
Patkin, E. L., & Quinn, J. P. (2011) · Russian Journal of Genetics Applied Research · doi:10.1134/s2079059711050121 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Genetic factors and the brain in ADHD
Bralten, J. (2015) · Radboud Repository (Radboud University) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Shakiba, M., Hashemi, M. M., Mahdar, S., Rahbari, Z., & Bahari, G. (2017) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22099/mbrc.2017.25056.1261 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Genotyping of the 30 bp (rs3836790), 40 bp (rs28363170) and 63 bp VNTR polymorphisms of DAT1 was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method [8-10].”
MethodDAT1 Gene Polymorphism in Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Tabatabaei, S. M., Amiri, S., Forghani, N., Noorazar, S. G., Fakhim, S. A., Barzegar, H., & Mirnasab, M. M. (2018) · Iranian Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.5812/ijp.13544 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“a significant association was found between DAT1 gene and ADHD and in this respect, the present study is consistent with the results of other researchers (28).”
ResultQuantitative and molecular genetic studies of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults
Asherson, P. J., Lévy, F., & Faraone, S. V. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511780752.005 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kittel‐Schneider, S. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-45995-9_18-1
Genètica i drogues psicoestimulants: dependència de cocaïna i consum d’èxtasi
Castillo, N. L. F. N. (2011) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
- Authors
- Franke, B., Hoogman, M., Arias Vasquez, A., Heister, J. G. A. M., Savelkoul, P. J., Naber, M., Scheffer, H., Kiemeney, L. A., Kan, C. C., Kooij, J. J. S., & Buitelaar, J. K.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- PsyQ (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Franke, B.
- Venue
- American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2008-09-18
- Volume
- 147B
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1576-1579
- ISSN
- 1552-4841 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-485X
- OpenAlex
- W1965077829
- Cited by
- 77
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 6.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pure.amsterdamumc.nl
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Pure Amsterdam UMC (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Radboud Universiteit
- Hersenstichting
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, dopamine transporter, variable number tandem repeats, VNTR polymorphism, 3' untranslated region, intron 8, intron 3, genetic association
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Female, Genotype, Haplotypes, Humans, Introns, Male, Polymorphism, Genetic, Chi-Square Distribution, Case-Control Studies, Microsatellite Repeats, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, 3' Untranslated Regions, Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins
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