Discovery of the first genome-wide significant risk loci for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
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Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable childhood behavioral disorder affecting 5% of children and 2.5% of adults. Common genetic variants contribute substantially to ADHD susceptibility, but no variants have been robustly associated with ADHD. We report a genome-wide association meta-analysis of 20,183 individuals diagnosed with ADHD and 35,191 controls that identifies variants surpassing genome-wide significance in 12 independent loci, finding important new information about the underlying biology of ADHD. Associations are enriched in evolutionarily constrained genomic regions and loss-of-function intolerant genes and around brain-expressed regulatory marks. Analyses of three replication studies: a cohort of individuals diagnosed with ADHD, a self-reported ADHD sample and a meta-analysis of quantitative measures of ADHD symptoms in the population, support these findings while highlighting study-specific differences on genetic overlap with educational attainment. Strong concordance with GWAS of quantitative population measures of ADHD symptoms supports that clinical diagnosis of ADHD is an extreme expression of continuous heritable traits.
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Variants within the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1/SLC6A3) and the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4, especially the 7-repeat allele) are repeatedly associated with increased ADHD risk.
“Variants within the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1/SLC6A3) and the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4, especially the 7-repeat allele) were repeatedly associated with increased ADHD risk”
From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [59]
The Results (Analysis of gene sets; page unavailable) report little evidence for effects in previously proposed ADHD candidate genes, with only SLC9A9 showing a weak association among the nine genes examined. The Discussion likewise says substantial effects were not observed in most previously reported candidate genes. The copy does not name DAT1/SLC6A3, DRD4, or the 7-repeat allele in these findings, so the contradiction is to the claim's broad assertion of repeated risk associations rather than a gene-specific result. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMost ADHD cases are polygenic: numerous variants of very small effect together raise risk.
“This study confirmed a polygenic cause for most cases of ADHD, meaning that many genetic variants, each having a very small effect, combine to increase risk for the disorder.”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Demontis et al., 2019
The Discussion reports modest effects for individual risk variants (odds ratios 1.077–1.198) and describes an important role for common variants in ADHD’s polygenic architecture. The Results section “Polygenic Architecture of ADHD” estimates SNP heritability, but neither passage establishes that polygenic risk causes most individual ADHD cases. The claim’s “most cases” qualifier therefore goes beyond the paper’s findings. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredADHD shares some genetic and environmental influences with many psychiatric and somatic disorders.
“Family, twin, and DNA studies show that genetic and environmental influences are partially shared between ADHD and many other psychiatric disorders (e.g. schizophrenia, depression, bipolar disorder, autism spectrum disorder, conduct disorder, eating disorders, and substance use disorders) and with somatic disorders (e.g. migraine and obesity)”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Demontis et al., 2019
The Introduction reports genetic overlap between ADHD and several psychiatric conditions, and the Results (Genetic correlation with other traits) report significant genetic overlap with depression, anorexia nervosa, and obesity-related phenotypes. The paper says environmental risks contribute to ADHD, but the cited passages do not establish that environmental influences are shared with those other disorders. They also do not substantiate every example in the citing sentence, including migraine. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCross-disorder genetic correlation estimates clearly show that there are substantial shared common genetic risks (e.g., across ADHD and ASD) and therefore future studies of specific SNPs that are implicated in multiple disorders will need to be identified through multi-disorder analyses.
“Indeed, cross-disorder genetic correlation estimates clearly show that there are substantial shared common genetic risks (e.g., across ADHD and ASD) and therefore future studies of specific SNPs that are implicated in multiple disorders will need to be identified through multi-disorder analyses 52 .”
From Candidate diagnostic biomarkers for neurodevelopmental disorders in children and adolescents: a systematic review (2023) · cites this paper as [52]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIdentified ADHD risk loci are enriched in genes expressed in the developing brain and involved in neurodevelopmental processes.
“Identified loci are enriched in genes expressed in the developing brain and involved in neurodevelopmental processes”
From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [59]
The Discussion says several ADHD loci lie in or near genes implicated in neurodevelopmental processes, including FOXP2, SORCS3 and DUSP6. But the Results (Polygenic Architecture of ADHD; Analysis of gene sets) report enrichment in central-nervous-system regulatory elements, not in genes expressed in the developing brain, and no Gene Ontology gene set remained significant after correction for multiple testing. The claimed enrichment in developing-brain-expressed genes is therefore not established by this copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
ADHD exhibits a highly polygenic architecture, in which hundreds to thousands of common genetic variants collectively contribute modest but additive effects.
“ADHD is not attributable to a single “ADHD gene,” but rather exhibits a highly polygenic architecture, in which hundreds to thousands of common genetic variants collectively contribute modest but additive effects”
From ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [59]
The Results (‘Polygenic Architecture of ADHD’; page unavailable) and Discussion support a polygenic contribution from common variants, and the Discussion reports modest effects at the 12 significant loci. The Online Methods (‘Polygenic Risk Scores for ADHD’; page unavailable) describe summing variant contributions, consistent with additive scoring. Our copy does not establish the claimed count of hundreds to thousands of contributing variants. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMany ADHD risk variants have been found, each with a small effect on risk.
“They identified many genetic risk variants, each having a small effect on the risk for the disorder”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Demontis et al., 2019
ADHD polygenic risk predicts ADHD symptoms in the general population, implying that the same genetic causes also affect subclinical symptom levels.
“The polygenic risk for ADHD predicts ADHD symptoms in the population suggesting that the genetic causes of ADHD as a disorder, also influence lower levels of ADHD symptoms in the population”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Demontis et al., 2019
There is evidence of a strong genetic component of common variants in the polygenic architecture of ADHD, with 22% of SNP-based heritability.
“There is evidence of strong genetic component of common variants in the polygenic architecture of ADHD with 22% of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability47.”
From Association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders and intestinal disorders: A systematic review and Meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
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Identification of common genetic risk variants for autism spectrum disorder
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“The slightly positive linear relationship appears to be driven by MD and its genetic correlation with the other four major psychiatric disorders (SCZ, BIP, ASD, ADHD), however, these estimates are generally consistent with previously reported ones when sample sizes are much smaller (except for ASD) (Brainstorm Consort…”
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Neuronal defects in a human cellular model of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome
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Self-citationAn atlas of gene regulatory elements in adult mouse cerebrum
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A comparative atlas of single-cell chromatin accessibility in the human brain
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Self-citationAlcohol use disorders and ADHD.
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“3 We used results from six GWAS datasets: ASD, schizophrenia (SCZ), major depressive disorder 4 (MDD), and attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD), which are all positively genetically 5 correlated with ASD and with each other; educational attainment (EA), which is positively 6 correlated with ASD and negatively…”
MethodSelf-citationGenomic relationships across psychiatric disorders including substance use disorders
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The 22q11.2 region regulates presynaptic gene-products linked to schizophrenia
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Adult-Onset ADHD: A Critical Analysis and Alternative Explanations
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Domain Generalization for Activity Recognition via Adaptive Feature Fusion
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Self-citationThe association between ADHD and physical health: a co-twin control study
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Self-citationGenetic liability to schizophrenia is associated with exposure to traumatic events in childhood
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Neuropsychological functioning of individuals at clinical evaluation of adult ADHD
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An Atlas of Gene Regulatory Elements in Adult Mouse Cerebrum
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From neurons to brain networks, pharmacodynamics of stimulant medication for ADHD
Parlatini, V., Bellato, A., Murphy, D., & Cortese, S. (2024) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105841 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
H‐MAGMA, inheriting a shaky statistical foundation, yields excess false positives
Yurko, R., Roeder, K., Devlin, B., & G'Sell, M. (2021) · Annals of Human Genetics · doi:10.1111/ahg.12412 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Palm, D., Uzoni, A., Simon, F., Fischer, M., Coogan, A., Tucha, O., Thome, J., & Faltraco, F. (2021) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.007 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Bali, P., Sonuga‐Barke, E., Mohr‐Jensen, C., Demontis, D., & Minnis, H. (2023) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12169 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationRare genetic variants confer a high risk of ADHD and implicate neuronal biology
Demontis, D., Duan, J., Hsu, Y.-H. H., Pintacuda, G., Grove, J., Nielsen, T. T., Thirstrup, J., Martorana, M., Botts, T., Satterstrom, F. K., et al. (2026) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09702-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
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ADHD in Adulthood: Clinical Presentation, Comorbidities, and Treatment Perspectives
Bogdańska-Chomczyk, E., Majewski, M. K., & Kozłowska, A. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262211020 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Variants within the dopamine transporter gene (DAT1/SLC6A3) and the dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4, especially the 7-repeat allele) were repeatedly associated with increased ADHD risk [59,60].”
InfluentialNg, R. W. Y., Chen, Z., Yang, L., Wong, O. W. H., Leung, A. S. Y., Tsui, K. W., Kwok, N. M. W., Tang, L. H. Y., Cheung, P. M. H., Chan, P. K. S., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-04303-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“There is evidence of strong genetic component of common variants in the polygenic architecture of ADHD with 22% of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability 47 .”
Jung, B., Ahn, K., Justice, C., Norman, L., Price, J., Sudre, G., & Shaw, P. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01906-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ni, M., Li, L., Li, W., Zhang, Q., Zhao, J., Shen, Q., Yao, D., Wang, T., Li, B., Ding, X., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1074783 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Martin, J., Shameem Agha, S., Eyre, O., Riglin, L., Langley, K., Hubbard, L., Stergiakouli, E., Psychiatric Genomics Consortium ADHD Working Group, O'Donovan, M., & Thapar, A. (2021) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32842 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationGidziela, A., Ahmadzadeh, Y. I., Michelini, G., Allegrini, A. G., Agnew-Blais, J., Lau, L. Y., Duret, M., Procopio, F., Daly, E., Ronald, A., et al. (2022) · doi:10.1101/2022.02.17.22271089 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- ADHD Working Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (PGC), Demontis, D., Early Lifecourse & Genetic Epidemiology (EAGLE) Consortium, 23andMe Research Team, Walters, R. K., Martin, J., Mattheisen, M., Als, T. D., Agerbo, E., Baldursson, G., Belliveau, R., Bybjerg-Grauholm, J., Bækvad-Hansen, M., Cerrato, F., Chambert, K., Churchhouse, C., Dumont, A., Eriksson, N., Gandal, M., Goldstein, J. I., Grasby, K. L., Grove, J., Gudmundsson, O. O., Hansen, C. S., Hauberg, M. E., Hollegaard, M. V., Howrigan, D. P., Huang, H., Maller, J. B., Martin, A. R., Martin, N. G., Moran, J., Pallesen, J., Palmer, D. S., Pedersen, C. B., Pedersen, M. G., Poterba, T., Poulsen, J. B., Ripke, S., Robinson, E. B., Satterstrom, F. K., Stefansson, H., Stevens, C., Turley, P., Walters, G. B., Won, H., Wright, M. J., Andreassen, O. A., Asherson, P., Burton, C. L., Boomsma, D. I., Cormand, B., Dalsgaard, S., Franke, B., Gelernter, J., Geschwind, D., Hakonarson, H., Haavik, J., Kranzler, H. R., Kuntsi, J., Langley, K., Lesch, K.-P., Middeldorp, C., Reif, A., Rohde, L. A., Roussos, P., Schachar, R., Sklar, P., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Sullivan, P. F., Thapar, A., Tung, J. Y., Waldman, I. D., Medland, S. E., Stefansson, K., Nordentoft, M., Hougaard, D. M., Werge, T., Mors, O., Mortensen, P. B., Daly, M. J., Faraone, S. V., Børglum, A. D., & Neale, B. M.
- Affiliations
- Aarhus University (DK)
- Broad Institute (US)
- National University Hospital of Iceland (IS)
- 23andMe (United States) (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute (AU)
- Statens Serum Institut (DK)
- Harvard University (US)
- deCODE Genetics (Iceland) (IS)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Oslo University Hospital (NO)
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Amsterdam Neuroscience (NL)
- Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ES)
- Radboud University Medical Center (NL)
- Veterans Health Administration (US)
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (US)
- Haukeland University Hospital (NO)
- Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Centers (US)
- Cardiff University (GB)
- Sechenov University (RU)
- University Hospital Frankfurt (DE)
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center (US)
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Aarhus University Hospital (DK)
- SUNY Upstate Medical University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Faraone, Stephen V.
- Børglum, Anders D.
- Neale, Benjamin M.
- ORCID
- Demontis, Ditte
- Walters, Raymond K.
- Martin, Joanna
- Mattheisen, Manuel
- Als, Thomas D.
- Agerbo, Esben
- Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas
- Cerrato, Felecia
- Gandal, Michael
- Goldstein, Jacqueline I.
- Grasby, Katrina L.
- Grove, Jakob
- Hansen, Christine S.
- Hauberg, Mads Engel
- Hollegaard, Mads V.
- Howrigan, Daniel P.
- Huang, Hailiang
- Maller, Julian B.
- Martin, Alicia R.
- Martin, Nicholas G.
- Moran, Jennifer
- Palmer, Duncan S.
- Pedersen, Carsten Bøcker
- Poterba, Timothy
- Ripke, Stephan
- Robinson, Elise B.
- Satterstrom, F. Kyle
- Stefansson, Hreinn
- Stevens, Christine
- Turley, Patrick
- Walters, G. Bragi
- Won, Hyejung
- Wright, Margaret J.
- Andreassen, Ole A.
- Asherson, Philip
- Burton, Christie L.
- Boomsma, Dorret I.
- Cormand, Bru
- Dalsgaard, Søren
- Franke, Barbara
- Gelernter, Joel
- Geschwind, Daniel
- Hakonarson, Hakon
- Haavik, Jan
- Kranzler, Henry R.
- Kuntsi, Jonna
- Langley, Kate
- Lesch, Klaus-Peter
- Middeldorp, Christel
- Reif, Andreas
- Roussos, Panos
- Schachar, Russell
- Sklar, Pamela
- Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J. S.
- Sullivan, Patrick F.
- Thapar, Anita
- Tung, Joyce Y.
- Waldman, Irwin D.
- Medland, Sarah E.
- Stefansson, Kari
- Nordentoft, Merete
- Hougaard, David M.
- Werge, Thomas
- Mors, Ole
- Mortensen, Preben Bo
- Daly, Mark J.
- Faraone, Stephen V.
- Børglum, Anders D.
- Neale, Benjamin M.
- Venue
- Nature Genetics
- Published
- 2018-11-26
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 63-75
- ISSN
- 1061-4036 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1718
- PMC
- PMC6481311
- OpenAlex
- W2802815532
- Semantic Scholar
- bc574d1db0a1eeb8f0680b30b0c9f2d0b0924b7e
- Cited by
- 2,203
- References
- 148
- Citations by year
- 2026: 121 · 2025: 209 · 2024: 275 · 2023: 307 · 2022: 347 · 2021: 315 · 2020: 290 · 2019: 230 · 2018: 91 · 2017: 15 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 35.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Genetics (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Amsterdam UMC (VU Amsterdam) - Institutional Repository (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- ORCA Online Research @Cardiff (Cardiff University) (submittedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- St Andrews Research Repository (St Andrews Research Repository) (submittedVersion)
- VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UWA Profiles and Research Repository (UWA) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- edoc (University of Basel) (submittedVersion)
- NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- Site cant be reached (submittedVersion)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Hirsla (Landspítali University Hospital) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (BX002395)
- Alzheimer's Association (NIRG-340998)
- Amgen
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer (15/878)
- Massachusetts General Hospital
- Aarhus Universitet
- Universität Basel
- Philipps-Universität Marburg
- University of Bern
- Sunovion
- Wellcome Trust (602450, 68341, 213694, 016-130-669, 106047/Z/14/Z, 106047, 223273)
- Indivior
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute
- Broad Institute
- American Society of Clinical Psychopharmacology
- Action Medical Research
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0616-10040)
- University of Southampton
- King's College London (278948)
- University of Oxford
- European Commission
- Cardiff University
- University College Dublin
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG CRC 1193, subproject Z03, 602805, CRC--1193, 667302, DFG CRC 1193)
- Universität Heidelberg (602805)
- Aalborg Universitet
- Generalitat de Catalunya (2017-SGR, 2017/SGR738)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (602805, 602450, 016‐130‐669, 278948, 667302)
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (SAF2015-68341-R)
- Lundbeckfonden (R208-2015-3951, R155-2014-1724, R102‐A9118, R248‐2017‐2003)
- KU Leuven
- Novo Nordisk
- Universiteit Gent
- Universitetet i Bergen (223273)
- Háskóli Íslands
- Norges Forskningsråd (223273, #249711, #213694, 248778)
- Radboud Universitair Medisch Centrum
- Universität Zürich
- Universitätsklinikum Jena
- European College of Neuropsychopharmacology
- Peking University
- Universität Duisburg-Essen
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF 16OC0022018)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- Servier
- Fundació Institut de Recerca Hospital Universitari Vall d’Hebron
- H. Lundbeck A/S (R102-A9118, R155-2014-1724)
- National Institutes of Health (389875, 1s10od018522-01, 223273, 5u01mh094432-04, H2020)
- University of California, Los Angeles
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (643051, 667302, R155-2014-1724)
- Universitätsklinikum Tübingen
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (106573_1)
- Medical Research Council (1R01MH107649-01, MR/L010305/1, MC_UU_00011/1)
- Australian Research Council (DP0212016, DP0343921)
- National Health and Medical Research Council (496739, 1103623, 443036, 389927, 389891, 552485, 552498, 442981, 389938, 1049894, 241944, 339462, 442915, 389875, 389892)
- Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (2017-SGR-738)
- Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007, 667302, FP7/2007‐2013, H2020, 278948, 643051, 602805, 602450)
- Center for Sepsis Control and Care
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG050986)
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01MH109539, R01MH107649, U01 MH094432, R01MH109677, U01MH109536, R01MH094469, 016-130-669, R01MH101519, 5U01MH094432-04, R00MH113823)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (K01DK114379)
- David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles
- Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (294838)
- Cilag
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, genetic susceptibility, genetic susceptibility loci, common genetic variants, educational attainment, heritability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Male, Risk, Cohort Studies, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genetic Loci
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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