Multifocal Cognitive Dysfunction in High-Dose Benzodiazepine Users: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are the most widely prescribed drug class in developed countries, but they have high potential for tolerance, dependence and abuse. Cognitive deficits in long-term BZD users have long been known, but previous results might have been biased by patients' old age, coexisting neurological or psychiatric conditions or concurrent alcohol or psychotropic drug dependence. The study was aimed to explore the neuropsychological effect of high-dose BZD dependence, which represents an emerging addiction phenomenon. We recruited a group of high-dose BZD users with neither neurological or psychiatric comorbidity except anxiety or depression nor concurrent alcohol or psychotropic drug dependence. They underwent a battery of cognitive tests to explore verbal, visuospatial memory, working memory, attention, and executive functions. All the neuropsychological measures were significantly worse in patients than controls, and some of them were influenced by the BZD cumulative dose. The severity of depression and anxiety had a minimal influence on cognitive tests. Patients with high-dose BZD intake show profound changes in cognitive function. The impact of cognition should be considered in this population of patients, who may be involved in risky activities or have high work responsibilities.
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Long-term benzodiazepine use may result in altered sleep structure, including reduced slow wave sleep, and cognitive dysfunction.
“Long-term use may result in altered sleep structure (reduced slow wave sleep), as well as cognitive dysfunction (especially with high doses: reduced attentional resources and impaired verbal and visuospatial memory, working memory, and executive functions) [25].”
From Cognitive behavioral therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy for the discontinuation of long-term benzodiazepine use in insomnia and anxiety disorders (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
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- Authors
- Federico, A., Tamburin, S., Maier, A., Faccini, M., Casari, R., Morbioli, L., & Lugoboni, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Verona (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Tamburin, Stefano
- Venue
- Neurological Sciences
- Published
- 2016-10-11
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 137-142
- ISSN
- 1590-1874 (ISSN-L)
- 1590-3478
- OpenAlex
- W2531101424
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 10
- FWCI
- 10.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurological Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Historical and Modern Theater Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Pharmaceutical Practices and Patient Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- benzodiazepines, benzodiazepine dependence, cognitive impairment, cumulative dose, memory, working memory, attention, executive function, neuropsychological outcomes, anxiety, depression
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Attention, Benzodiazepines, Cognition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Substance-Related Disorders, Executive Function, Cognitive Dysfunction
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