The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Whole Slide Imaging (WSI) in Pathology: Current Perspectives and Future Directions
Open accessAbstract
Whole slide imaging (WSI), ever since its first introduction about two decades ago, has been validated for a number of applications in the field of pathology. The recent approval of US FDA to a WSI system for use in primary surgical pathology diagnosis has opened avenues for wider acceptance and application of this technology in routine practice. The ongoing technological advances in digital scanners, image visualization methods, and the integration of artificial intelligence-derived algorithms with these systems provide opportunities of its newer applications. Its benefits are innumerable such as ease of access through internet, avoidance of physical storage space, and no risk of deterioration of staining quality or breakage of slides to name a few. Various barriers such as the high cost, technical glitches, and professional hesitation to adopt a new technology have hindered its use in pathology. This review article summarizes the technical aspects of WSI, its applications in diagnostic pathology, training, and research along with future perspectives. It highlights the benefits, limitations, and challenges delaying the use of this technology in routine practice. The review is targeted at students, residents, and budding pathologists to better acquaint them with the key aspects of state-of-the-art technology and enable them to implement WSI judiciously.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Bandi, P., Geessink, O., Manson, Q., Van Dijk, M., Balkenhol, M., Hermsen, M., Ehteshami Bejnordi, B., Lee, B., Paeng, K., Zhong, A., et al. (2019) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2018.2867350 · Cited by 569
Digital Imaging in Pathology: Whole-Slide Imaging and Beyond
Ghaznavi, F., Evans, A., Madabhushi, A., & Feldman, M. (2013) · Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease · doi:10.1146/annurev-pathol-011811-120902 · Cited by 459
Review of the current state of whole slide imaging in pathology
Pantanowitz, L., Valenstein, P. N., Evans, A. J., Kaplan, K. J., Pfeifer, J. D., Wilbur, D. C., Collins, L. C., & Colgan, T. J. (2011) · Journal of Pathology Informatics · doi:10.4103/2153-3539.83746 · Cited by 435
A Practical Guide to Whole Slide Imaging: A White Paper From the Digital Pathology Association
Zarella, M. D., Bowman;, D., Aeffner, F., Farahani, N., Xthona;, A., Absar, S. F., Parwani, A., Bui, M., & Hartman, D. J. (2019) · Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine · doi:10.5858/arpa.2018-0343-ra · Cited by 404
Aeffner, F., Zarella, M. D., Buchbinder, N., Bui, M. M., Goodman, M. R., Hartman, D. J., Lujan, G. M., Molani, M. A., Parwani, A. V., Lillard, K., et al. (2019) · Journal of Pathology Informatics · doi:10.4103/jpi.jpi_82_18 · Cited by 403
Mukhopadhyay, S., Feldman, M. D., Abels, E., Ashfaq, R., Beltaifa, S., Cacciabeve, N. G., Cathro, H. P., Cheng, L., Cooper, K., Dickey, G. E., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/pas.0000000000000948 · Cited by 399
Whole slide imaging in pathology: advantages, limitations, and emerging perspectives
Pantanowitz, L., Farahani, N., & Parwani, A. (2015) · Pathology and Laboratory Medicine International · doi:10.2147/plmi.s59826 · Cited by 373
Pantanowitz, L., Sharma, A., Carter, A. B., Kurc, T., Sussman, A., & Saltz, J. (2018) · Journal of Pathology Informatics · doi:10.4103/jpi.jpi_69_18 · Cited by 282
Virtual microscopy in pathology education
Dee, F. R. (2009) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2009.04.010 · Cited by 211
Ho, J., Parwani, A. V., Jukic, D. M., Yagi, Y., Anthony, L., & Gilbertson, J. R. (2006) · Human Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.humpath.2005.11.005 · Cited by 208
Cited by
Digital pathology and computational image analysis in nephropathology
Barisoni, L., Lafata, K. J., Hewitt, S. M., Madabhushi, A., & Balis, U. G. J. (2020) · Nature Reviews Nephrology · doi:10.1038/s41581-020-0321-6 · Cited by 264
Image annotation and curation in radiology: an overview for machine learning practitioners
Galbusera, F., & Cina, A. (2024) · European Radiology Experimental · doi:10.1186/s41747-023-00408-y · Cited by 62
Zehra, T., Parwani, A., Abdul-Ghafar, J., & Ahmad, Z. (2023) · Diagnostic Pathology · doi:10.1186/s13000-023-01352-6 · Cited by 43
Advancing biological understanding of cellular senescence with computational multiomics
Li, S., Agudelo Garcia, P. A., Aliferis, C., Becich, M. J., Calyeca, J., Cosgrove, B. D., Elisseeff, J., Farzad, N., Fertig, E. J., Glass, C., et al. (2025) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/s41588-025-02314-y · Cited by 40
Duschner, N., Baguer, D. O., Schmidt, M., Griewank, K. G., Hadaschik, E., Hetzer, S., Wiepjes, B., Le'Clerc Arrastia, J., Jansen, P., Maass, P., et al. (2023) · JDDG: Journal der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft · doi:10.1111/ddg.15180 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Kumar, N., Gupta, R., & Gupta, S.
- Venue
- Journal of Digital Imaging
- Published
- 2020-05-28
- Volume
- 33
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1034-1040
- ISSN
- 0897-1889 (ISSN-L)
- 1618-727X
- OpenAlex
- W3030555654
- Cited by
- 299
- References
- 32
- FWCI
- 8.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Whole Slide Imaging (WSI) in Pathology: Current Perspectives and Future Directions. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1007/s10278-020-00351-z
- The paper
- Kumar, N., Gupta, R., & Gupta, S. (2020). Whole Slide Imaging (WSI) in Pathology: Current Perspectives and Future Directions. Journal of Digital Imaging. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10278-020-00351-z
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.