The human fear-circuitry and fear-induced fainting in healthy individuals: The paleolithic-threat hypothesis
Abstract
The Paleolithic-Threat hypothesis reviewed here posits that habitual efferent fainting can be traced back to fear-induced allelic polymorphisms that were selected into some genomes of anatomically, mitochondrially, and neurally modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) in the Mid-Paleolithic because of the survival advantage they conferred during periods of inescapable threat. We posit that during Mid-Paleolithic warfare an encounter with "a stranger holding a sharp object" was consistently associated with threat to life. A heritable hardwired or firm-wired (prepotentiated) predisposition to abruptly increase vagal tone and collapse flaccidly rather than freeze or attempt to flee or fight in response to an approaching sharp object, a minor injury, or the sight of blood, may have evolved as an alternative stress-induced fear-circuitry response. Such a stable (balanced) polymorphism for the hemodynamically "paradoxical" flaccid-immobility in response to these stimuli may have increased some non-combatants' chances of survival. This is consistent with the unusual age and sex pattern of fear-induced fainting. The Paleolithic-Threat hypothesis also predicts a link to various hypo-androgenic states (e. g. low dehydroxy-epiandrosterone-sulfate. We offer five predictions testable via epidemiological, clinical, and ethological/ primatological methods. The Paleolithic-Threat hypothesis has implications for research in the aftermath of man-made disasters, such as terrorism against civilians, a traumatic event in which this hypothesis predicts epidemics of fear-induced fainting.
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- Authors
- Bracha, H. S., Bracha, A. S., Williams, A. E., Ralston, T. C., & Matsukawa, J. M.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bracha, H. Stefan
- Venue
- Clinical Autonomic Research
- Published
- 2005-06
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 238-241
- ISSN
- 0959-9851 (ISSN-L)
- 1619-1560
- OpenAlex
- W2017594473
- Cited by
- 43
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 3.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Clinical Autonomic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Keywords
- fear circuitry, vagal tone, allelic polymorphism, survival benefit, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, terrorism, traumatic events, autonomic nervous system
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aging, Androgens, Blood Pressure, Biological Evolution, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Syncope, Warfare, Age of Onset, Receptors, Mineralocorticoid
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