Cited by 43Cardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic DisordersHeart Rate Variability and Autonomic ControlPsychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments

The human fear-circuitry and fear-induced fainting in healthy individuals: The paleolithic-threat hypothesis

Bracha, H. Stefan, Bracha, Adam S., Williams, Andrew E., Ralston, Tyler C., Matsukawa, Jennifer M.·2005·Clinical Autonomic Research

Abstract

The Paleolithic-Threat hypothesis reviewed here posits that habitual efferent fainting can be traced back to fear-induced allelic polymorphisms that were selected into some genomes of anatomically, mitochondrially, and neurally modern humans (Homo sapiens sapiens) in the Mid-Paleolithic because of the survival advantage they conferred during periods of inescapable threat. We posit that during Mid-Paleolithic warfare an encounter with "a stranger holding a sharp object" was consistently associated with threat to life. A heritable hardwired or firm-wired (prepotentiated) predisposition to abruptly increase vagal tone and collapse flaccidly rather than freeze or attempt to flee or fight in response to an approaching sharp object, a minor injury, or the sight of blood, may have evolved as an alternative stress-induced fear-circuitry response. Such a stable (balanced) polymorphism for the hemodynamically "paradoxical" flaccid-immobility in response to these stimuli may have increased some non-combatants' chances of survival. This is consistent with the unusual age and sex pattern of fear-induced fainting. The Paleolithic-Threat hypothesis also predicts a link to various hypo-androgenic states (e. g. low dehydroxy-epiandrosterone-sulfate. We offer five predictions testable via epidemiological, clinical, and ethological/ primatological methods. The Paleolithic-Threat hypothesis has implications for research in the aftermath of man-made disasters, such as terrorism against civilians, a traumatic event in which this hypothesis predicts epidemics of fear-induced fainting.

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Crossref · 10.1007/s10286-005-0245-z

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17 of 17 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Authors
Bracha, H. S., Bracha, A. S., Williams, A. E., Ralston, T. C., & Matsukawa, J. M.
Affiliations
  • United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
  • Cornell University (US)
  • University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
Corresponding author
Bracha, H. Stefan
Venue
Clinical Autonomic Research
Published
2005-06
Volume
15
Issue
3
Pages
238-241
ISSN
  • 0959-9851 (ISSN-L)
  • 1619-1560
OpenAlex
W2017594473
Cited by
43
References
18
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
FWCI
3.17
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • Clinical Autonomic Research (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cardiovascular Syncope and Autonomic Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
Keywords
fear circuitry, vagal tone, allelic polymorphism, survival benefit, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, terrorism, traumatic events, autonomic nervous system
MeSH terms
Adult, Aging, Androgens, Blood Pressure, Biological Evolution, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Receptors, Glucocorticoid, Syncope, Warfare, Age of Onset, Receptors, Mineralocorticoid

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