The Impact of Abbreviated Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Salivary Cortisol and Salivary Immunoglobulin A (sIgA)
Abstract
This study examined the acute effects of relaxation training on salivary cortisol and salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA). Members of age- and gender-matched undergraduate student pairs were randomly assigned to an experimental or control group. Forty-one experimental subjects were led through Abbreviated Progressive Relaxation Training (APRT) during a 1-h laboratory session; 14 control subjects merely sat quietly in the laboratory for an equal amount of time. All subjects provided pre- and post-intervention saliva samples and self-report data on state anxiety, perceived stress, and relaxation levels. Heart rate was also monitored immediately before and after APRT or quiet sitting. Results indicated that a brief relaxation exercise led to experimental subjects having significantly lower levels of post-intervention salivary cortisol (p = .036) and significantly higher levels of post-intervention sIgA concentration (p < .001) and secretion rate (p < .001) than control subjects. The data suggest that relaxation training may play a role in immunoenhancement.
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Mental arithmetic was used as an acute and reliable laboratory stressor.
“Mental arithmetic was used as an acute and reliable laboratory stressor shown in research”
From Salivary testosterone and cortisol response in acute stress modulated by seven sessions of mindfulness meditation in young males (2024) · cites this paper as Pawlow & Jones, 2005
iBMt produces a change in the basal endocrine system and larger acute effects as the dose of training increases.
“these results indicate that iBMt produces a change in the basal endocrine system and larger acute effects as the dose of training increases (Pawlow & Jones, 2005;scholey et al., 2009;tang et al., 2007).”
From Salivary testosterone and cortisol response in acute stress modulated by seven sessions of mindfulness meditation in young males (2024) · cites this paper as Pawlow & Jones, 2005
iBMt could provide a convenient approach to modulating endocrine response to stress in time.
“therefore, iBMt could provide a convenient approach to modulating endocrine response to stress in time (Pawlow & Jones, 2005;scholey et al., 2009;tang et al., 2007).”
From Salivary testosterone and cortisol response in acute stress modulated by seven sessions of mindfulness meditation in young males (2024) · cites this paper as Pawlow & Jones, 2005
Short-term iBMt improves self-regulation ability and reduces stress compared to an active control group given the same amount of relaxation training (RT).
“our previous randomized controlled trials (Rcts) have shown that short-term integrative Body-Mind training (iBMt)-a form of open-monitoring mindfulness meditation (see details in 2.2), improves self-regulation ability and reduces stress compared to an active control group given the same amount of relaxation training (Rt) (Fan, tang, & Posner, 2014;Pawlow & Jones, 2005;scholey et al., 2009;tang, 20”
From Salivary testosterone and cortisol response in acute stress modulated by seven sessions of mindfulness meditation in young males (2024) · cites this paper as Pawlow & Jones, 2005
A power analysis with a medium to large effect size (f = 0.32) for repeated measures ANOVA yielded a total sample size of 18 for two groups to achieve at least 80% power.
“we conducted a power analysis with a medium to large effect size (f = 0.32) for repeated measures of aNOVa, yielding a total sample size of 18 for two groups to achieve at least 80% power.”
From Salivary testosterone and cortisol response in acute stress modulated by seven sessions of mindfulness meditation in young males (2024) · cites this paper as Pawlow & Jones, 2005
5-10 sessions of training produced functional and structural changes in brain self-regulation networks including anterior cingulate and adjacent prefrontal cortices and striatum, reduced cortisol and negative moods, enhanced testosterone, immune function, and positive moods, and improved quality of life.
“For example, 5-10 sessions of training produced functional and structural changes in brain self-regulation networks including anterior cingulate and adjacent prefrontal cortices and striatum, reduced cortisol and negative moods, enhanced testosterone, immune function, and positive moods, and improved quality of life (Fan et al., 2014;Mehta, Mor, Yap, & Prasad, 2015;Pawlow & Jones, 2005;scholey et”
From Salivary testosterone and cortisol response in acute stress modulated by seven sessions of mindfulness meditation in young males (2024) · cites this paper as Pawlow & Jones, 2005
Our previous RCTs have shown that basal cortisol levels decreased after just 2-4 weeks of IBMT.
“Our previous Rcts have shown that basal cortisol levels decreased after just 2-4 weeks of iBMt, suggesting iBMt may be highly effective in regulating acute stress response (Pawlow & Jones, 2005;scholey et al., 2009;tang et al., 2007).”
From Salivary testosterone and cortisol response in acute stress modulated by seven sessions of mindfulness meditation in young males (2024) · cites this paper as Pawlow & Jones, 2005
Patterns of variations in salivary cortisol concentrations across the three stages of the stress intervention test were consistent with previous studies.
“in the present study, patterns of variations in salivary cortisol concentrations across the three stages of the stress intervention test were consistent with our previous studies (Pawlow & Jones, 2005;scholey et al., 2009;tang et al., 2007)”
From Salivary testosterone and cortisol response in acute stress modulated by seven sessions of mindfulness meditation in young males (2024) · cites this paper as Pawlow & Jones, 2005
An additional 20-minute iBMt practice immediately after acute stress rendered participants lower salivary cortisol and higher S-IgA in a group that received 5 sessions of iBMt training, compared to the same amount of RT.
“we demonstrated that an additional 20-minute iBMt practice immediately after acute stress rendered the participants lower salivary cortisol and higher siga in a group that received 5 sessions of iBMt training, in comparison to the same amount of Rt (Pawlow & Jones, 2005;tang et al., 2007).”
From Salivary testosterone and cortisol response in acute stress modulated by seven sessions of mindfulness meditation in young males (2024) · cites this paper as Pawlow & Jones, 2005
By observing emotions in a non-judgmental and accepting way, subjects can cultivate a more balanced and non-reactive response to stressors, promoting better emotion regulation and stress reduction.
“By observing emotions in a non-judgmental and accepting way, subjects can cultivate a more balanced and non-reactive response to stressors, promoting better emotion regulation and stress reduction (Fan et al., 2014;González-Palau & Medrano, 2022;Pawlow & Jones, 2005;tang et al., 2016).”
From Salivary testosterone and cortisol response in acute stress modulated by seven sessions of mindfulness meditation in young males (2024) · cites this paper as Pawlow & Jones, 2005
RT has shown positive effects compared to waitlist control and has been used as an active and adequate control in our and other RCTs.
“Rt has shown positive effects compared to waitlist control and has been used as an active and adequate control in our and other Rcts (Benson & Klipper, 2000;lazar et al., 2000;Pawlow & Jones, 2005;scholey et al., 2009;tang et al., 2007;taren et al., 2015)”
From Salivary testosterone and cortisol response in acute stress modulated by seven sessions of mindfulness meditation in young males (2024) · cites this paper as Pawlow & Jones, 2005
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“…participants lower salivary cortisol and higher siga in a group that received 5 sessions of iBMt training, in comparison to the same amount of Rt (Pawlow & Jones, 2005; tang et al., 2007). these studies indicate that iBMt can serve as an effective intervention to modulate endocrine and immune…”
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- Authors
- Pawlow, L. A., & Jones, G. E.
- Affiliations
- Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (US)
- Louisiana State University in Shreveport (US)
- Corresponding author
- Pawlow, Laura A.
- Venue
- Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
- Published
- 2005-12
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 375-387
- ISSN
- 0363-3586 (ISSN-L)
- 1090-0586
- 1573-3270
- OpenAlex
- W2037866257
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Music Therapy and Health
- Keywords
- progressive muscle relaxation, salivary cortisol, salivary IgA, stress response, immune enhancement, state anxiety, perceived stress, heart rate, relaxation training
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anxiety, Calibration, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Immunoglobulin A, Male, Middle Aged, Muscle Relaxation, Psychological Tests, Relaxation Therapy, Saliva, Stress, Psychological
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