Efficacy of Tai Chi, brisk walking, meditation, and reading in reducing mental and emotional stress
Abstract
Tai Chi, a moving meditation, is examined for its efficacy in post-stressor recovery. Forty-eight male and 48 female Tai Chi practitioners were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: Tai Chi, brisk walking, mediation and neutral reading. Mental arithmetic and other difficult tests were chosen as mental challenges, and a stressful film was used to produce emotional disturbance. Tai Chi and the other treatments were applied after these stressors. After all treatments, the salivary cortisol level dropped significantly, and the mood states were also improved. In general the stress-reduction effect of Tai Chi characterized moderate physical exercise. Heart rate, blood pressure, and urinary catecholamine changes for Tai Chi were found to be similar to those for walking at a speed of 6 km/hr. Although Tai Chi appeared to be superior to neutral reading in the reduction of state anxiety and the enhancement of vigour, this effect could be partially accounted for by the subjects' high expectations about gains from Tai Chi. Approaches controlling for expectancy level are recommended for further assessment.
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Of the ten studies with quality ratings of 7 or higher, seven (70%) reported significant inverse associations with infection/viral load.
“Ten of the 12 studies had quality ratings of 7 or higher; of those, seven (70%) reported significant inverse associations with infection/viral load [440, 441, 449–454].”
From Religion, Spirituality, and Health: The Research and Clinical Implications (2012) · cites this paper as [453]
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- Authors
- Jin, P.
- Affiliations
- La Trobe University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Jin, Putai
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1992-05
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 361-370
- ISSN
- 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2080970832
- Cited by
- 425
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 2.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Safety Research › Martial Arts: Techniques, Psychology, and Education
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- Tai Chi, brisk walking, meditation, reading, stress reduction, salivary cortisol, mood states, state anxiety, vigor, heart rate, blood pressure, urinary catecholamines, mental arithmetic, expectancy effects, physical activity
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Anxiety, Arousal, Blood Pressure, Catecholamines, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reading, Relaxation Therapy, Stress, Psychological, Walking, Martial Arts
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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