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Coping with Stress: The Effectiveness of Different Types of Music
Abstract
Listening to classical and self-selected relaxing music after exposure to a stressor should result in significant reductions in anxiety, anger, and sympathetic nervous system arousal, and increased relaxation compared to those who sit in silence or listen to heavy metal music. Fifty-six college students, 15 males and 41 females, were exposed to different types of music genres after experiencing a stressful test. Several 4 x 2 mixed design analyses of variance were conducted to determine the effects of music and silence conditions (heavy metal, classical, or self-selected music and silence) and time (pre-post music) on emotional state and physiological arousal. Results indicate listening to self-select or classical music, after exposure to a stressor, significantly reduces negative emotional states and physiological arousal compared to listening to heavy metal music or sitting in silence.
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“Indeed, a decrease in anxiety after listening to music is the most consistent findings reported in field studies with patients [22,37,38] and laboratory-based studies [26,39].”
From The Effect of Music on the Human Stress Response (2013) · cites this paper as [39]
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Extreme Metal Music and Anger Processing
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Exploring the effect of sound and music on health in hospital settings: A narrative review
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“Music has been shown to improve sleep quality [19, 25], cope with stress [24], improve performance [35, 14], influence brain activity [21], and increase motor coordination [8].”
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“Moreover, adolescents may listen to their preferred music when they are angry or when they need to vent confusing emotions (Labbé, Schmidt, Babin, & Pharr, 2007; Sharman & Dingle, 2015).”
Restorative Qualities of and Preference for Natural and Urban Soundscapes
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“This raises the issue of different musical styles and their effect on emotions, and it is especially important with young people who use music to build their identity (Labbé et al. 2007).”
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“It has also been suggested that music directs attention away from negative experiences, thus helping an individual cope with emotional stress [3,8,9].”
BackgroundModeling the impact of traffic conditions and bicycle facilities on cyclists’ on-road stress levels
Caviedes, Á., & Figliozzi, M. (2018) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2018.06.032 · Cited by 83
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The impact of music on metabolism
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“heavy metal, whereas heart rate was significantly decreased in those listening to self-selectedmusic [43].”
BackgroundWhen you’re down and troubled: Views on the regulatory power of music
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MethodDziembowska, I., Izdebski, P., Rasmus, A., Brudny, J., Grzelczak, M., & Cysewski, P. (2016) · Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback · doi:10.1007/s10484-015-9319-4 · Cited by 181
“…anxiety include techniques such as progressive muscle relaxation (Lehrer et al. 2007), listening to relaxing and classical music (Burns et al. 2002; Labbé et al. 2007), cognitive– behavioral interventions (Richardson and Rothstein 2008), and meditation (Krisanaprakornkit et al. 2006; Williams et…”
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“1 3 Listening to music can relax our minds and bodies; especially slow, quiet classical music [2].”
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“As stress sensations can also be influenced by some types of music [40,41], sounds of nature [42], nutrition [43], and sport [44], these aspects were also included (see Table 1 for an overview and definitions).”
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“Labbé et al. (2007) and Iwanaga et al. (1996) indicate that sedative music can reduce psychological anxiety and physiological stress.”
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“The latter is associated with increased levels of arousal [21].”
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“The galvanic skin response (GSR), a measure of continuous variations in the electrical conductance of skin, has been used in previous studies as an objective measure of stress (Helander 1978; Labbé et al. 2007; Hernandez et al. 2011).”
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“Nonetheless, Labbe et al. (2007) were able to find reduction in both self-reports and physiological anxiety measurements for mathematical anxiety after 20 minutes of exposure to sedative music, suggesting that the differences in musical exposure times accounted for the varying physiological effects…”
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“Relaxing music’s effect has been attributed to its ability to decrease sympathetic nervous system activity, state anxiety, and stress [44, 45].”
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“Consistent with previous research exploring the potential benefits of listening to classical music (e.g. Burns et al. 2002; Labbé et al. 2007), these pieces were selected based on their slow tempo markings.”
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“Although for metal enthusiasts, the sonic extremity of the genre may reflect personal attitudes about radical individualism and serve as a stress reliever (Henry and Caldwell 2007; Rafalovich 2006), in general, metal music does not reduce stress as much as other types of music (Labbe et al. 2007).”
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“Previous research has suggested that certain genres of music (or more specifically compositional aspects of music such as its valence and arousal levels) can lead to different responses, such as variations in relaxation or mood.(48) However, most of these genre-specific effects have been found in tightly controlled la…”
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“1 3 and stress, and increases in self-reported relaxation compared to other types of music or silence following acute laboratory stress (de la Torre-Luque et al. 2017; Labbé et al. 2007; Davis and Thaut 1989).”
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“[15] used heart rate, respiration rate and GSR as stress indicator.”
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“A similar discrepancy was found in Labbe ́ et al.’s (2007) research, which too found that non-selected music had a better impact on college students’ (N = 56) state anxiety in comparison to their state anger.”
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Effectiveness of Music Therapy on Aggressive Behavior of Visually Impaired Adolescents
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“, demonstrated that listening to classical or self-selected relaxing music will reduce anxiety, anger, and arousal of the sympathetic nervous system after exposure to stressors [23].”
BackgroundBouman, E. S. V. D. V., Becker, A. S., Schaap, J., Berghman, M., Groeniger, J. O., Groeningen, M. V., Vandenberg, F., Geensen, R., Jeekel, J., & Klimek, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-72882-2 · Cited by 30
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Music Listening as Coping Behavior: From Reactive Response to Sense-Making
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Improving Stress Management and Sleep Hygiene in Intelligent Homes
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Modeling Stress Recognition in Typical Virtual Environments
Sharma, N., & Gedeon, T. (2013) · Proceedings of the ICTs for improving Patients Rehabilitation Research Techniques · doi:10.4108/icst.pervasivehealth.2013.252011 · Cited by 33
“GSR, ECG, BP, eye gaze and pupil dilation signals have been used in some smaller combinations to detect stress in literature [5, 16, 17] but this proposed combination for stress analysis in virtual environments has not been reported so far.”
Ham, J., Cho, D., Oh, J., & Lee, B. (2017) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc.2017.8037730 · Cited by 29
“Until now, stress level has been investigated by using the changes in SNS and PNS which can affect skin conductivity, heart rate, respiratory rate, and pupil diameter, etc [3-6].”
MethodStress reduction from a musical intervention.
Fallon, V. T., Rubenstein, S. L., Warfield, R., Ennerfelt, H. E., Hearn, B., & Leaver, E. E. (2019) · Psychomusicology Music Mind and Brain · doi:10.1037/pmu0000246 · Cited by 28
Listening to music to cope with everyday stressors
Krause, A. E., Scott, W. G., Flynn, S., Foong, B., Goh, K., Wake, S., Miller, D., & Garvey, D. C. (2021) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/10298649211030318 · Cited by 33
“Students who listened to music having taken a test had lower levels of stress than those who did not (Labbe et al., 2007), as did those who listened to music having being instructed to prepare to give a speech (Sandstrom & Russo, 2010).”
BackgroundMartindale, F., Mikocka-Walus, A., Walus, B. P., Keage, H. A. D., & Andrews, J. (2014) · Gastroenterology Nursing · doi:10.1097/sga.0000000000000066 · Cited by 25
Carolan, M. C., Barry, M., Gamble, M., Turner, K., & Mascareñas, Ó. (2011) · Midwifery · doi:10.1016/j.midw.2011.04.009 · Cited by 35
“For this reason, such music is generally favoured for use during illness, post surgery, during pregnancy and for infants (Amtmann, 1997; Labbe et al., 2007; Farhat et al., 2010).”
BackgroundEffects of preferred relaxing music after acute stress exposure: A randomized controlled trial
de la Torre‐Luque, A., Díaz-Piedra, C., & Buela‐Casal, G. (2017) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735617689953 · Cited by 31
Model Adaptation and Personalization for Physiological Stress Detection
Saeed, A., Özçelebi, T., Lukkien, J. J., van Erp, J. B. F., & Trajanovski, S. (2018) · IEEE International Conference on Data Science and Advanced Analytics (DSAA) · doi:10.1109/dsaa.2018.00031 · Cited by 31
“It is widely used as a sensitive index of emotional processing, sympathetic activity and is a relevant indicator of the stress level of a person [28; 29].”
BackgroundListening to music prior to bronchoscopy reduces anxiety – a randomised controlled trial
Jeppesen, E., Pedersen, C. M., Larsen, K. R., Walsted, E. S., Rehl, A., Ehrenreich, J., Schnoor, S., & Backer, V. (2019) · European Clinical Respiratory Journal · doi:10.1080/20018525.2019.1583517 · Cited by 28
“It has been hypothesized that self-selected music reduces anxiety because it provides patients with a sense of control over their situation [13,14].”
BackgroundEffects of Sound Interventions on the Mental Stress Response in Adults: Scoping Review
Saskovets, M., Saponkova, I., & Liang, Z. (2025) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/69120 · Cited by 27
“Emotional state (anxiety and anger) and physiological arousal (before and after intervention) 1 Labbé et al [33], 2007 All music types significantly reduced anxiety (STAI-S), SBP, and cortisol levels compared to before the interven-STAI-S f ) for anxiety, SBP, DBP g , HR, and cortisol levels…”
Music listening as a potential aid in reducing emotional eating: An exploratory study
van den Tol, A. J. M., Coulthard, H., & Hanser, W. E. (2018) · Musicae Scientiae · doi:10.1177/1029864918780186 · Cited by 29
“However, in two experimental studies (Getz et al., 2014; Labbé et al., 2007) in which participants listened to (experimenter selected) metal music (many of the items on discharge are about the use of angry music) it has been found that people who experience stress (exam stress, or an experimental stress induction) did…”
BackgroundDo Re Mi: Psikologi, Musik, dan Budaya
Shaleha, R. R. A. (2019) · Buletin Psikologi · doi:10.22146/buletinpsikologi.37152 · Cited by 27
Shi, L., Li, Y., Tao, L., Zhang, Y., Jiang, X., Yang, Z., Qi, X., & Qiu, J. (2022) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109678 · Cited by 27
Shen, D., Tao, X., Končar, V., & Wang, J. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3322925 · Cited by 25
“GSR effectively captures continuous changes in skin conductance, and a plethora of previous studies have successfully employed this index as an objective measure of stress in their research endeavors [45], [46], [47].”
Yadav, R., Khanna, A., & Singh, D. (2016) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-015-0174-7 · Cited by 24
“Stress has become an almost inseparable part of all professionals, and certain ways to cope with stress are suggested, which include meditation, enjoying music which significantly reduces negative emotional states and physiological arousal or any activity that succeeds in bringing tranquillity to an individual (Labbe…”
BackgroundPadam, A., Sharma, N., Sastri, O. S. K. S., Mahajan, S., Sharma, R., & Sharma, D. (2017) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_314_16 · Cited by 34
The effect of music during bronchoscopy: A meta-analysis
Tam, W., Lo, K. K.-H., & Hui, D. S. C. (2016) · Heart & Lung · doi:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2015.12.004 · Cited by 24
Hybrid Genetic Algorithms for Stress Recognition in Reading
Sharma, N., & Gedeon, T. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37189-9_11 · Cited by 23
“GSR, ECG, BP, eye gaze and pupil dilation signals have been used to detect stress in literature [13, 17, 18] but this combination has not been reported in literature so far.”
MethodSari, A. D. K., & Subandi, S. (2016) · Gadjah Mada Journal of Professional Psychology (GamaJPP) · doi:10.22146/gamajpp.9393 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Labbé, E., Schmidt, N., Babin, J., & Pharr, M.
- Affiliations
- University of South Alabama (US)
- Corresponding author
- Labbé, Elise
- Venue
- Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
- Published
- 2007-10-27
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 163-168
- ISSN
- 0363-3586 (ISSN-L)
- 1090-0586
- 1573-3270
- OpenAlex
- W2151355117
- Cited by
- 382
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 8.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Music Therapy and Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Acoustics and Ultrasonics › Noise Effects and Management
- Keywords
- music listening, stress coping, anxiety, anger, sympathetic nervous system arousal, relaxation, classical music, heavy metal music, self-selected music, silence, emotional state, physiological arousal, university students
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Music, Music Therapy, Relaxation, Stress, Psychological
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