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Coping with Stress: The Effectiveness of Different Types of Music
Abstract
Listening to classical and self-selected relaxing music after exposure to a stressor should result in significant reductions in anxiety, anger, and sympathetic nervous system arousal, and increased relaxation compared to those who sit in silence or listen to heavy metal music. Fifty-six college students, 15 males and 41 females, were exposed to different types of music genres after experiencing a stressful test. Several 4 x 2 mixed design analyses of variance were conducted to determine the effects of music and silence conditions (heavy metal, classical, or self-selected music and silence) and time (pre-post music) on emotional state and physiological arousal. Results indicate listening to self-select or classical music, after exposure to a stressor, significantly reduces negative emotional states and physiological arousal compared to listening to heavy metal music or sitting in silence.
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“Indeed, a decrease in anxiety after listening to music is the most consistent findings reported in field studies with patients [22,37,38] and laboratory-based studies [26,39].”
From The Effect of Music on the Human Stress Response (2013) · cites this paper as [39]
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“For instance, it has been shown that listening to relaxing music can counteract the negative effects of stress and increase relaxation after exposure to a stressor (Labbe, Schmidt, Babin, & Pharr, 2007).”
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The effect of music on stress recovery
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ResultA Pilot Study of Integrated Listening Systems for Children With Sensory Processing Problems
Schoen, S. A., Miller, L. J., & Sullivan, J. C. (2015) · Journal of Occupational Therapy Schools & Early Intervention · doi:10.1080/19411243.2015.1055418 · Cited by 18
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“Unlike other methods for decreasing stress by visual or auditory stimulation (Katcher et al., 1984; Pelletier, 2004; Labbé et al., 2007), tactile stimulation reduces stress without disturbing the audiovisual information provided by speakers in typical lectures.”
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The sound of stress recovery: an exploratory study of self-selected music listening after stress
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“Though we were unable to directly relate participants’ self-selected music to stress recovery in our current study, our findings provide circumstantial support to the popular notion that music listening may be a valuable and accessible means to facilitate stress recovery [18, 21, 68].”
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“However, self-selected music is thought to have a more profound effect on health-related outcomes, possibly due to a higher liking of and memories associated with the music together with increased feelings of control (Labbé et al., 2007; Lunde et al., 2019).”
BackgroundDoes music counteract mental fatigue? A systematic review
Ding, C., Soh, K. G., Sun, H., Roslan, S. B., Cao, S., & Zhao, Y. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0316252 · Cited by 15
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“[1], where classic music, self-selected relaxing music and heavy metal were used.”
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Semenza, D. C. (2017) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/soin.12194 · Cited by 13
The effect of background music on episodic memory.
Lemaire, E. C. (2019) · Psychomusicology Music Mind and Brain · doi:10.1037/pmu0000234 · Cited by 17
Young people’s uses of music for emotional immersion
Dingle, G. A., Sharman, L. S., & Larwood, J. L. (2019) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198808992.003.0003 · Cited by 13
The effect of music in anxiety reduction: A psychological and physiological assessment
Parada‐Cabaleiro, E., Batliner, A. M., & Schuller, B. W. (2020) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735620968902 · Cited by 15
“…stressful tasks, for example, a challenging arithmetic exercise or a public speaking situation (Jiang et al., 2013; Knight & Rickard, 2001; Labbé, Schmidt, Babin, & Pharr, 2007; Thoma et al., 2013); and (3) “everyday” anxiety (Hubbard, 2003), caused by the daily “risks” typical of…”
Kong, S.-H., & Wong, W. W. K. (2021) · International Journal of Music Education · doi:10.1177/02557614211050986 · Cited by 14
“Music has gained support in studies as an intervention that decreases anxiety levels in various clinical situations and has been shown to alleviate the influences of stressors on colleague students (Ferrer et al., 2014; Labbé et al., 2007).”
BackgroundHegde, S., Tumuluri, I., & Nagendra, H. (2017) · International Journal of Yoga · doi:10.4103/0973-6131.213471 · Cited by 13
“However, the reduction in the cortisol level shows that AMT is feasible to relieve stress as listening to music reduced cortisol production[9] and relieved stress.[6,7] The interviews also provided the following subjective positive responses to the AMT.”
BackgroundSuh, Y. A., & Yim, M. (2020) · Nuclear Technology · doi:10.1080/00295450.2020.1731405 · Cited by 13
Effects of different music on HEK293T cell growth and mitochondrial functions.
Feng, Q., Wang, L., Chen, Y., Teng, J., Li, M.-M., Cai, Z.-Z., Niu, X.-G., Rein, G., Yang, Q., Shao, X., et al. (2022) · Explore · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2022.01.002 · Cited by 11
Effects of Classical Music Virtual Reality on Pediatric Healthcare Worker Compassion Fatigue
Hayakawa, J., Barrows, J., See, S., & Schomberg, J. (2022) · JONA The Journal of Nursing Administration · doi:10.1097/nna.0000000000001148 · Cited by 13
“Listening to classical music significantly reduces negative emotional states and physiological arousal, compared with listening to heavy metal music or sitting in silence.(18) The auditory and visual systems are strongly responsive to virtual reality (VR), or the interactions between an individual and a computer-gener…”
Background“The most relaxing song in the world”? A comparative study
Shepherd, D., Hautus, M. J., Giang, E., & Landon, J. (2022) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356221081169 · Cited by 16
Russo, F., Mallik, A., Thomson, Z., James, A. D. R. S., Dupuis, K., & Cohen, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Digital Health · doi:10.3389/fdgth.2023.1064115 · Cited by 11
“The most parsimonious interpretation regarding the mechanism of action is a downregulation of autonomic arousal, owing to a shift in balance from sympathetic to parasympathetic activity over the course of music listening (70).”
BackgroundThe role of moral reasoning & personality in explaining lyrical preferences
Messick, K. J., & Aranda, B. E. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0228057 · Cited by 12
“This may also extend to other forms of consumptive media, as it has been found that violent media can often be used as a coping mechanism to deal with pre-existing stressors [21].”
BackgroundChallenging the presumptive link between musical preference and aggression
Merz, Z. C., Lace, J. W., Coleman, T. R., & Roth, R. M. (2020) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/0305735620963756 · Cited by 12
Stamou, V., Clerveaux, R., Stamou, L., Rocheleuil, S. L., Berejnoi, L., Romo, L., & Graziani, P. (2017) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2017.07.002 · Cited by 13
“…property of music has been suggested to counteract negative psychophysiological (Bernatzky, Presch, Anderson, & Panksepp, 2011; Bradt & Dileo, 2009; Labbe, Schmidt, Babin, & Pharr, 2007; Nilsson, 2009; Nilsson, Unosson, & Rawal, 2005; Sakamoto, Ando, & Tsutou, 2013; Sarkamo et al., 2008) and…”
Individualized stress detection using an unmodified car steering wheel
Balters, S., Gowda, N., Ordonez, F., & Paredes, P. E. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-00062-7 · Cited by 12
Silence and its effects on the autonomic nervous system: A systematic review
Donelli, D., Lazzeroni, D., Rizzato, M., & Antonelli, M. (2023) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2023.08.001 · Cited by 13
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“Listening to self-selected music is also associated with greater reductions in anxiety following a stress induction task compared with silence or listening to experimenter-selected heavy metal (Labbé et al., 2007).”
The effect of relaxing music on driving anger and performance in a simulated car‐following task
Zhang, Q., Ge, Y., & Qu, W. (2024) · Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries · doi:10.1002/hfm.21031 · Cited by 11
“For example, Labbé et al. (2007) reported that state anxiety and state anger can be reduced when subjects are exposed to a stressor while listening to relaxing music.”
Lu, M.-J., Chen, W., & Li, D. (2022) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2022.04.001 · Cited by 11
Background Music’s Impact on Patients Waiting in Surgery and Radiology Clinics
Yeoh, J. P. S., & Spence, C. J. (2023) · HERD Health Environments Research & Design Journal · doi:10.1177/19375867231161094 · Cited by 11
Perioperative musikinduzierte Analgesie
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The Effect of Background Music on Bullying: A Pilot Study
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Artificial Neural Network Classification Models for Stress in Reading
Sharma, N., & Gedeon, T. (2012) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-34478-7_48 · Cited by 10
“GSR, ECG, BP, eye gaze tracking and pupil dilation have been used to detect stress in literature [5, 8, 9] but this combination is novel to stress research.”
MethodArazi, H., Ghanbari, E., Zarabi, L., & Rafati, F. (2017) · Central European Journal of Sport Sciences and Medicine · doi:10.18276/cej.2017.1-04 · Cited by 10
Kim, J., Kil, N., Holland, S., & Middleton, W. K. (2017) · Ecopsychology · doi:10.1089/eco.2016.0046 · Cited by 10
“…the right choice, since for most people, selected forms of classical music reduce stress, depression, and anxiety and even can induce sleep (Chalan, 1998; Field et al., 1998; Labbe´, Schmidt, Babin, & Pharr, 2007; McKinney, Tims, Kumar, & Kumar, 1997; Suda, Morimoto, Obata, Koizumi, & Maki, 2008).”
Effects of Coloring Mandalas on Test Anxiety
Gençdoğan, B., Çetinkaya, S. K., & Gümüş, E. (2018) · İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17679/inuefd.415982 · Cited by 11
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Initial investigation on alpha asymmetry during listening to therapy music
Aris, S. A. M., Sulaiman, N., Hamid, N. H. A., & Taib, M. N. (2010) · IEEE International Colloquium on Signal Processing & Its Applications (CSPA) · doi:10.1109/cspa.2010.5545285 · Cited by 10
“Labbé et.al., found that individuals that listened to some types of music genres elicit positive emotional and cognitive states and reduces sympathetic nervous system arousal than sitting in silence or listening to heavy metal music [6].”
BackgroundTowards a Psycho-Cognitive Recommender System
Shi, F., Marini, J.-L., & Audry, E. (2015) · doi:10.1145/2829966.2829968 · Cited by 10
“We used our alternative version of the Trier Social Stress Test [24], which is a protocol used to induce a moderate psychological stress.”
MethodA Study on User Acceptance of Different Auditory Content for Relaxation
Yu, B., Hu, J., Funk, M., & Feijs, L. M. G. (2016) · Audio Mostly Conference (AM) · doi:10.1145/2986416.2986418 · Cited by 10
“Keywords Nature sounds; Music; Auditory interface; Relaxation; User experience ACM Classification Keywords H.5.1 [Information interfaces and presentation]: Multimedia Information; H.5.2 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: User Interfaces”
BackgroundInfluentialThe role of coping in emotional eating and the use of music for discharge when feeling stressed
van den Tol, A. J. M., Ward, M. R., & Fong, H. (2019) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2019.02.004 · Cited by 9
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“The idea is inspired by the research done in affective computing where researchers demonstrated the potential of sensor-based techniques to infer cognitive load; ranging from respiration rate [7] to skin conductance [16] to heart-rate [7].”
BackgroundAn Exploratory Study on the Acoustic Musical Properties to Decrease Self-Perceived Anxiety
Parada‐Cabaleiro, E., Batliner, A. M., & Schedl, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19020994 · Cited by 11
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BackgroundStress Classification for Gender Bias in Reading
Sharma, N., & Gedeon, T. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-24965-5_39 · Cited by 9
Soliński, M., Reed, C. N., & Chew, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1403599 · Cited by 8
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Investigating simulator validity by using physiological and cognitive stress indicators
Czaban, M., & Himmels, C. (2025) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2025.07.006 · Cited by 8
Effects of Music Intervention on Stress in Concussed and Non-Concussed Athletes
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“Indeed, an important factor in the induction of a state of relaxation is the subjects’ perception of the music as being relaxing [53].”
BackgroundNagarajan, K., Srinivasan, T., & Ramarao, N. H. (2015) · Journal of Health Research and Reviews · doi:10.4103/2394-2010.168367 · Cited by 9
Impact of Music in Males and Females for Relief from Neurodegenerative Disorder Stress
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“In most of the findings, music listening reduces the stress and anxiety level [40, 41], but not all findings show the reductions in the stress or anxiety level after listening to music [42, 43].”
BackgroundAkpınar, N. B., Ceran, M. A., & Özkalp, B. (2020) · Journal of Health Sciences and Medicine · doi:10.32322/jhsm.681640 · Cited by 9
“Music reduces anxiety and stress in individuals, helps individuals to relax and there is no side effect in the application (16-19,21,22) Immediately after being exposed to a short cognitive stress, it was stated that relaxing self-selected relaxing or listening to classical music reduces negative emotional states and…”
Single music therapy session reduces anxiety in patients with stroke
Doğan, Ş. K., Tur, B. S., Dilek, L., & Küçükdeveci, A. A. (2011) · Fiziksel Tıp ve Rehabilitasyon Bilimleri Dergisi · Cited by 8
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“It was found that patient-preferred music is particularly effective, offering a cost-effective and accessible tool to mitigate the stress response associated with surgery [15,16].”
BackgroundDigital music interventions for stress with bio-sensing: a survey
Ferguson, A., Castellanos, C., & Pasquier, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Computer Science · doi:10.3389/fcomp.2023.1165355 · Cited by 8
“Results from studies that have used either questionnaires such as STAI or biosensing such as heart rate and respiratory rate show self-administered MIs can reduce stress (Knight and Rickard, 2001; Burns et al., 2002; Labbé et al., 2007).”
BackgroundEffect of Slow and Fast Music on the Autonomic Nervous System and Cardiac Health
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Differences in Internet usage patterns with Stress and Anxiety among college students
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“This has found to be an effective stress reducer when the music is self-selected [18].”
Snell, B., Fullmer, S., & Eggett, D. L. (2014) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2014.03.013 · Cited by 7
“Labbe and colleagues(13) found that healthy volunteers who listened to self-selected or classical music after exposure to a stressor showed significant decreases in self-rated anxiety, and those exposed to heavy metal or silence did not.(13) However, markers of physiological stress were not measured in the current stu…”
BackgroundCho, Y. C., & Kim, M. S. (2015) · Journal of the Korea Industrial Information Systems Research · doi:10.9723/jksiis.2015.20.3.011 · Cited by 7
“이들 연구에서는 스트레스 평가 를 위해 여러 자극들을 유도하는 암산과제[4-8] 와 컴퓨터 작업[4, 9] 등을 수행토록 하였으며, 정신적 스트레스(mental stress)에 의한 교감신경 과 부교감신경의 변화를 비교하기 위해 심박 변 이도를 분석한 결과, 작업이 수행되는 동안에는 LF(low frequency)/HF(high frequency)율이 높 게 나타났고, HF는 낮게 나타난 결과를 얻었다 [14-15].”
Beneath the surface: The influence of music and the dark triad traits on stress and performance
Arrulo-Clarke, T. G., Doumas, M., & Papageorgiou, K. Α. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01664-0 · Cited by 8
Kunikullaya, K. U., Kunnavil, R., Goturu, J., Vijayadas, M., Prakash, V. S., & Murthy, N. S. (2021) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356211055509 · Cited by 7
“A reduction in anxiety after listening to music is the most consistent finding reported in the field and laboratory-based studies (Ghasemi et al., 2017; Labbé et al., 2007; Ventura et al., 2012).”
BackgroundMethodMusic Listening for Self-Management of Anxiety: A Qualitative Survey
Taipale, M., Peltola, H.-R., Saarikallio, S., Minkkinen, G., Randall, W. M., & Carlson, E. (2024) · Music & Science · doi:10.1177/20592043241264424 · Cited by 7
“Soothing and relaxing music can decrease the activation of the parasympathetic nervous system, and thus support positive emotional and cognitive states (Labbé et al., 2007).”
Grimani, A., Moog, A., & Vlaev, I. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04406-6 · Cited by 5
“These findings compliment the widely researched effects of music on the ability to regulate positive mood and emotion, which have also been shown to predict prosociality (Drouvelis & Grosskopf, 2016; Kou et al., 2019; Labbé et al., 2007).”
Pick Your Poison: Choice of Activity Determines Mood Management Following a Stressful Task
Ferguson, C. J., Maguire, R., & Lemar, S. (2017) · Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma · doi:10.1080/10926771.2017.1322656 · Cited by 6
Designing Thermal Feedback for Notifying Users About Stress
Poguntke, R., Ilk, J., Schmidt, A., & Abdelrahman, Y. (2019) · doi:10.4108/eai.20-5-2019.2283340 · Cited by 6
“heart rate activity [2, 5, 9], prior work has researched biofeedback largely.”
BackgroundWaters, A. M., McCann, A., Kapnias, R. L., & Dingle, G. A. (2022) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2022.104037 · Cited by 6
Computational Models of Stress in Reading Using Physiological and Physical Sensor Data
Sharma, N., & Gedeon, T. (2013) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37453-1_10 · Cited by 6
“GSR, ECG, BP, eye gaze and pupil dilation signals have been used to detect stress in literature [5, 8, 9] but this combination has not been reported in literature so far.”
MethodCan a Video a Day Keep Stress Away? A Test of Media Prescriptions
Nabi, R. L., Demetriades, S. Z., Walter, N., & Qi, L. (2022) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2022.2134700 · Cited by 7
“Thus far, this research overwhel-mingly focuses on the media that people naturally select, whether it be video games (Reinecke, 2009), television and movies (Nabi et al., 2022), or music (e.g., Labbé et al., 2007).”
Music and regaining calm when faced with academic stress
Rodríguez, S. F., Matas, A., & Elósegui, E. (2019) · Cogent Arts and Humanities · doi:10.1080/23311983.2019.1634334 · Cited by 8
Modeling Stress Recognition in Typical Virtual Environments
Sharma, N., & Gedeon, T. (2013) · Proceedings of the ICTs for improving Patients Rehabilitation Research Techniques · doi:10.4108/pervasivehealth.2013.252011 · Cited by 6
Psychological and systemic stress reactions of patients during hyperthermia treatments
Puchinger, M., Meinitzer, A., Stettin, M., & Rehak, P. (2009) · International Journal of Hyperthermia · doi:10.1080/02656730903039613 · Cited by 6
The Influence of Musical Genres on Putting Accuracy in Golf: An Exploratory Study
Tapps, T. (2014) · Journal of Athletic Enhancement · doi:10.4172/2324-9080.1000165 · Cited by 6
What you listen to makes a difference: The impact of music on attention and well‐being
Francesco, L. D., Schintu, S., Mazza, A., Ricci, R., & Monte, O. D. (2025) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.70049 · Cited by 5
“24,25 Although understanding the impact of music on psycho-physiological states and attention has generated interest, the results of the impact of sound on attention remain inconclusive.”
Zhou, C., Feng, M., Zhang, X., & Kaner, J. (2026) · Building and Environment · doi:10.1016/j.buildenv.2026.114234 · Cited by 5
NOGUCHI, R., WASHIO, S., Asakura, T., & HASEGAWA, R. P. (2025) · International Journal of Affective Engineering · doi:10.5057/ijae.ijae-d-25-00008 · Cited by 8
Stull, J. D. (2022) · Music Therapy Perspectives · doi:10.1093/mtp/miac019 · Cited by 5
Impact of Music on College Students: Analysis of Galvanic Skin Responses
Goshvarpour, A., Abbasi, A., & Goshvarpour, A. (2014) · Applied Medical Informatics (University of Medicine and Pharmacy Cluj-Napoca) · Cited by 5
Effectiveness of Music Therapy on Social Skill Growth in Educable Intellectual Disability Boys
Hashemian, P., & Mohammadi, M. (2015) · Open Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.4236/ojped.2015.54054 · Cited by 5
“As music induces safe environment for good social relationship, it may cause positive self-esteem and increases social approach and interests [16]-[19].”
BackgroundPublic Opinion, Media Use, and the Senses of Humor
Neuendorf, K. A., SKALSKI, P. D., Atkin, D. J., & Jeffres, L. W. (2011) · Cited by 5
TERAPI MUSIK KOGNITIF PERILAKU UNTUK MENURUNKAN KECEMASAN PADA PENDERITA TEKANAN DARAH TINGGI
Wilianto, V. M., & Adiyanti, M. (2012) · JIP (Jurnal Intervensi Psikologi) · doi:10.20885/intervensipsikologi.vol4.iss1.art6 · Cited by 5
Schlacht, I. L., Ono, A., Bates, S. C., Peldszus, R., Masali, M., Roetting, M., Ligabue, F., Foing, B. H., Westenberg, A., & Stoker, C. R. (2010) · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Labbé, E., Schmidt, N., Babin, J., & Pharr, M.
- Affiliations
- University of South Alabama (US)
- Corresponding author
- Labbé, Elise
- Venue
- Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
- Published
- 2007-10-27
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 3-4
- Pages
- 163-168
- ISSN
- 0363-3586 (ISSN-L)
- 1090-0586
- 1573-3270
- OpenAlex
- W2151355117
- Cited by
- 382
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 8.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Music Therapy and Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Acoustics and Ultrasonics › Noise Effects and Management
- Keywords
- music listening, stress coping, anxiety, anger, sympathetic nervous system arousal, relaxation, classical music, heavy metal music, self-selected music, silence, emotional state, physiological arousal, university students
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Music, Music Therapy, Relaxation, Stress, Psychological
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