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A Review of Self-Compassion as an Active Ingredient in the Prevention and Treatment of Anxiety and Depression in Young People
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Previous meta-analyses have found higher self-compassion is associated with lower anxiety and depression. The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of self-compassion as an active ingredient in the treatment and prevention of anxiety and depression in youth. This was conducted through (i) a systematic review of the literature and (ii) qualitative consultation with young people and researchers in self-compassion. Fifty studies met our inclusion criteria. Eight studies evaluated self-compassion interventions among youth aged 14-24, and the remaining studies measured the association between self-compassion and anxiety, and/or depression among this age group. Qualitative interviews were conducted with four self-compassion researchers. Interviews were also conducted in two rounds of consultation with 20 young people (M age = 18.85 years, age range 14-24 years). Higher self-compassion was related to lower symptoms of anxiety, r = - 0.49, 95% CI (- 0.57, - 0.42), and depression, r = - 0.50, 95% CI (- 0.53, - 0.47). There was evidence for self-compassion interventions in decreasing anxiety and depression in young people. Consultation with young people indicated they were interested in self-compassion interventions; however, treatment should be available in a range of formats and tailored to address diversity. Self-compassion experts emphasised the importance of decreasing self-criticism as a reason why self-compassion interventions work. The importance of targeting self-criticism is supported by the preferences of young people who said they would be more likely to engage in a treatment reducing self-criticism than increasing self-kindness. Future research is required to add to the emerging evidence for self-compassion interventions decreasing symptoms of anxiety and depression in young people.
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“Review evidence has shown a significant and negative association between self-compassion and a range of mental health symptoms, including depression [44], anxiety [44], and stress [45].”
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“Review evidence has shown a significant and negative association between self-compassion and a range of mental health symptoms, including depression [44], anxiety [44], and stress [45].”
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InfluentialSchaab, B. L., Cunha, L. F., Silveira, D. C., da Silva, P. C., Ballejos, K. G., Diaz, G. B., Kaiser, V., Calvetti, P. Ü., Cazella, S. C., Barros, H. M. T., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1414948 · Cited by 16
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Single online self-compassion writing intervention reduces anxiety: With the feedback of ChatGPT
Kishimoto, T., Hao, X., Chang, T., & Luo, Z. (2025) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2025.100810 · Cited by 10
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Self-compassion as an antidote to self-stigma and shame in autistic adults
Riebel, M., Bureau, R., Rohmer, O., Clément, C., & Weiner, L. (2025) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613251316965 · Cited by 15
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Vestin, M., Wallin, L., Naesström, M., Blomqvist, I., Svedin, C. G., Beaumont, E., Jokinen, J., & Dennhag, I. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1547046 · Cited by 8
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Kramer, Z. D., Pellegrini, V., Kramer, G., & Barcaccia, B. (2022) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-022-02045-9 · Cited by 8
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Self-Compassion As A Mediator of The Relationship Between Psychological Inflexibility and Resilience
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“SC may be a powerful alternative to rigid standards, which is a common characteristic of anxiety and depression (Egan et al., 2022).”
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“Review evidence has shown a significant and negative association between self-compassion and a range of mental health symptoms, including depression [44], anxiety [44], and stress [45].”
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“Growing research shows that MSC and other compassion-related interventions improve PTSD (Au et al., 2017; Serpa et al., 2021) and depressive symptoms (Egan et al., 2022; Ferrari et al., 2019), as well as shame (Valdez & Lilly, 2016; Winders et al., 2020).”
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“This type of mind training expands behavioral domains, develops altruistic skills, and changes neural responses to suffering, which provides diverse evidence of neuroplasticity in the circuit underlying compassion and altruism(24-27).”
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“…and depression (Zheng et al., 2020) and anxiety (Schimmenti & Bifulco, 2015), between emotional dependence and anxious-depressive symptomatology (Urbiola et al., 2017), and between self-compassion and anxious-depressive symptomatology (Egan et al., 2022) and attachment (Brophy et al., 2020).”
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“…being a desired focus, the evidence indicates that this activity was well received by American adolescents and addressing self-hate and self-criticism may help to alleviate psychological distress as these are known risk factors for the onset and persistence of various emotional problems [27,28].”
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A House with Many Doors – Toward a More Nuanced Self-Compassion Intervention Science
Finlay‐jones, A. L. (2023) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_24 · Cited by 5
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“These findings indicate that DMN-targeted real-time neurofeedback is a feasible approach to boost mindfulness acquisition and may help youth seeking to reap the benefits associated with mindfulness-based interventions overcome challenges that impede learning, such as training length (73) and existing or emerging menta…”
Ma, Y., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Luk, B. H.-K., Song, G., & Ma, H. (2025) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2025.2509268 · Cited by 3
“Consistent with previous reviews, such interventions have been shown to positively impact the management of depression (Egan et al., 2022; Ferrari et al., 2019).”
Borgdorf, K. S. A., Aguilar‐Raab, C., & Holt, D. V. (2025) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2025.100870 · Cited by 4
“Because perfectionistic concerns and self-criticism are arguably conceptual op-posites of self-compassion, effects should be comparatively strong and specific (cf. Egan et al., 2022; Shafran et al., 2023; Shu et al., 2019).”
Schöne‐Hoffmann, R., Schäfer, S. K., David, C., Reis, D., Benick, M., & Perels, F. (2025) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/cl2.70054 · Cited by 3
“Similarly, a recent systematic review found that self ‐ compassion interventions are effective in alleviating anxiety and depression in adolescents (Egan et al. 2022).”
Self-Compassion in Adolescence
Bluth, K., & Clepper-Faith, M. (2023) · Mindfulness in behavioral health · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22348-8_6 · Cited by 4
Psychometric analysis of the GAD-7 questionnaire in Slovak helping professionals
Krizova, K., Halamová, J., Strnádelová, B., & Baránková, M. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100803 · Cited by 3
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“Western scholars like Neff (2011) teach the practices of self-compassion and promote the transformative power of such practices while several meta-analyses have examined the relationship between self-compassion, depression, anxiety, and psychotherapy (Egan et al., 2022; Marsh et al., 2018).”
Vestin, M., Jokinen, J., Blomqvist, I., & Dennhag, I. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1548320 · Cited by 2
Vincenzo, F. D., Bernini, D., Contardi, A., Bungaro, N., Currado, D., Navarini, L., Marino, A., Alessio, C., & Iani, L. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251400827 · Cited by 2
“Self-compassion is strictly associated with emotion regulation (Finlay-jones, 2017; Inwood and Ferrari, 2018; McBride et al., 2022), and contributes to lower levels of anxious and depressive symptoms in both clinical and non-clinical samples (Athanasakou et al., 2020; Egan et al., 2022).”
Wallin, L., Svedin, C. G., Wiberg, M., & Dennhag, I. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1653979 · Cited by 2
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“We noted the observed need for improvement in the multidimensionality, multiple populations, and cultural relevance of existing self-compassion measures [57], yet the Self-Compassion Scale remains the most widely accepted measure of self-compassion among researchers [58].”
Faruk Caner, Y. A. M., Köksal, B., & YILDIRIM, O. (2024) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-024-00564-z · Cited by 2
“Interventions aimed at increasing self-compassion in university students experiencing anxiety have been shown to play a significant role in reducing their anxiety symptoms (Arimitsu, 2016; Egan et al., 2022) and decreasing experiential avoidance behaviors (Yela et al., 2022).”
Silhan, M., & Garnefski, N. (2022) · Advances in Health and Behavior · doi:10.25082/ahb.2022.01.004 · Cited by 2
“Egan et al. (2021) comment that while there often is a general interest in self-compassion interventions, the application of these interventions needs to be available in many forms to address the considerable diversity between individuals.”
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Can Self-Compassion Improve Adolescents Psychological Well-being?
Fauziah, L. H., & Rofiqoh, M. I. (2023) · Jurnal Psikologi Teori dan Terapan · doi:10.26740/jptt.v14n2.p226-236 · Cited by 2
Breen, L. J., Greene, D., Rees, C. S., Black, A., Cawthorne, M., & Egan, S. J. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gy9wv · Cited by 2
The Compassionate Brain Theory of AutismPreprint
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PSYCHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SELF-COMPASSION SCALE FOR ADOLESCENTS
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“Egan et al. highlighted that self-compassion significantly contributes to reducing anxiety and depression symptoms, thus supporting its utilization in psychological interventions aimed at adolescents (Egan et al., 2022).”
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“After controlling for gender, self-compassion and both academic burnout (Pereira et al., 2022; Ponkosonsirilert et al., 2022) and depression (Egan et al., 2022; Muris et al., 2024 ).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Egan, S. J., Rees, C. S., Delalande, J., Greene, D., Fitzallen, G., Brown, S., Webb, M., & Finlay-Jones, A.
- Affiliations
- Curtin University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Egan, Sarah J.
- Venue
- Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research
- Published
- 2021-09-24
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 385-403
- ISSN
- 0894-587X (ISSN-L)
- 1573-3289
- PMC
- PMC9005396
- OpenAlex
- W3201325896
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 26
- FWCI
- 2.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- self-compassion, anxiety, depression, youth, self-compassion interventions, prevention, self-criticism, self-kindness, treatment engagement
- MeSH terms
- Self-Compassion, Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Humans, Self-Assessment, Young Adult
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