Beyond the biomarker role: prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the prostate cancer microenvironment
Abstract
The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test is the accepted biomarker of tumor recurrence. PSA levels in serum correlate with disease progression, though its diagnostic accuracy is questionable. As a result, significant progress has been made in developing modified PSA tests such as PSA velocity, PSA density, 4Kscore, PSA glycoprofiling, Prostate Health Index, and the STHLM3 test. PSA, a serine protease, is secreted from the epithelial cells of the prostate. PSA has been suggested as a molecular target for prostate cancer therapy due to the fact that it is not only active in prostate tissue but also has a pivotal role on prostate cancer signaling pathways including proliferation, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis, apoptosis, immune response, and tumor microenvironment regulation. Here, we summarize the current standing of PSA in prostate cancer progression as well as its utility in prostate cancer therapeutic approaches with an emphasis on the role of PSA in the tumor microenvironment.
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Hyaluronidase, γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase, prostate-specific antigen, Trysin, β-galactosidase, Azoreductase, etc. are also used in enzyme-stimulated response smart nano-delivery systems.
“In addition, hyaluronidase, γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase, prostate-specific antigen, Trysin, β-galactosidase, Azoreductase, etc. are also used in enzyme-stimulated response smart nano-delivery systems.157–162”
From Smart nanoparticles for cancer therapy (2023) · cites this paper as [159]
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Smart nanoparticles for cancer therapy
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- Authors
- Moradi, A., Srinivasan, S., Clements, J., & Batra, J.
- Affiliations
- Translational Research Institute (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Batra, Jyotsna
- Venue
- Cancer and Metastasis Reviews
- Published
- 2019-09
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 333-346
- ISSN
- 0167-7659 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7233
- OpenAlex
- W2982210347
- Cited by
- 114
- References
- 151
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 6
- FWCI
- 1.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Cancer and Metastasis Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Protease and Inhibitor Mechanisms
- Keywords
- prostate-specific antigen, prostate cancer, tumor microenvironment, PSA velocity, PSA density, 4Kscore, Prostate Health Index, serine protease, tumor progression, metastasis, angiogenesis, immune response, biomarkers
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Kallikreins, Male, Prostatic Neoplasms, Biomarkers, Tumor, Prostate-Specific Antigen, Tumor Microenvironment
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