Role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor progression and the clinical applications (Review)
Open accessAbstract
Oncogene activation and tumor-suppressor gene inactivation are considered as the main causes driving the transformation of normal somatic cells into malignant tumor cells. Cancer cells are the driving force of tumor development and progression. Yet, cancer cells are unable to accomplish this alone. The tumor microenvironment is also considered to play an active role rather than simply acting as a by-stander in tumor progression. Through different pathways, tumor cells efficiently recruit stromal cells, which in turn, provide tumor cell growth signals, intermediate metabolites, and provide a suitable environment for tumor progression as well as metastasis. Through reciprocal communication, cancer cells and the microenvironment act in collusion leading to high proliferation and metastatic capability. Understanding the role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor progression provides us with novel approaches through which to target the tumor microenvironment for efficient anticancer treatment. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms involved in the recruitment of stromal cells by tumor cells to the primary tumor site and highlight the role of the tumor microenvironment in the regulation of tumor progression. We further discuss the potential approaches for cancer therapy.
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Tumor cells actively reprogram surrounding fibroblasts into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs).
“With the advancement of tumor biology, it became clear that tumor cells actively reprogram surrounding fibroblasts into a modified state termed cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) [5,19,35,36].”
From Modeling Tumor Microenvironment Complexity In Vitro: Spheroids as Physiologically Relevant Tumor Models and Strategies for Their Analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
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MRPL13 is a Prognostic Cancer Biomarker and Correlates with Immune Infiltrates in Breast Cancer
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- Authors
- YUAN, Y., JIANG, Y.-C., SUN, C.-K., & CHEN, Q.-M.
- Affiliations
- Sichuan University (CN)
- ORCID
- YUAN, YAO
- Venue
- Oncology Reports
- Publisher
- Spandidos Publications
- Published
- 2016-03-07
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 2499-2515
- ISSN
- 1021-335X (ISSN-L)
- 1791-2431
- OpenAlex
- W2294221646
- Cited by
- 320
- References
- 246
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 41 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 1.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Oncology Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Angiogenesis and VEGF in Cancer
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Keywords
- tumor microenvironment, tumor progression, tumor-stroma interactions, metastasis, oncogene activation, tumor suppressor inactivation, tumor cell proliferation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Movement, Fibroblasts, Humans, Neoplasm Invasiveness, Neoplasms, Neovascularization, Pathologic, Stress, Physiological, Disease Progression, Tumor Microenvironment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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