CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 1,073Nanoparticle-Based Drug DeliveryNanoplatforms for cancer theranosticsDendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers

Smart nanoparticles for cancer therapy

Open access
Sun, Leming, Liu, Hongmei, Ye, Yanqi, Lei, Yang, Islam, Rehmat, Tan, Sumin, Tong, Rongsheng, Miao, Yang-Bao +1 more·2023·Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy
DOI 10.1038/s41392-023-01642-xPMC PMC10622502
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Smart nanoparticles, which can respond to biological cues or be guided by them, are emerging as a promising drug delivery platform for precise cancer treatment. The field of oncology, nanotechnology, and biomedicine has witnessed rapid progress, leading to innovative developments in smart nanoparticles for safer and more effective cancer therapy. In this review, we will highlight recent advancements in smart nanoparticles, including polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, liposomes, protein nanoparticles, cell membrane nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, black phosphorus, MOF nanoparticles, and others. We will focus on their classification, structures, synthesis, and intelligent features. These smart nanoparticles possess the ability to respond to various external and internal stimuli, such as enzymes, pH, temperature, optics, and magnetism, making them intelligent systems. Additionally, this review will explore the latest studies on tumor targeting by functionalizing the surfaces of smart nanoparticles with tumor-specific ligands like antibodies, peptides, transferrin, and folic acid. We will also summarize different types of drug delivery options, including small molecules, peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, and even living cells, for their potential use in cancer therapy. While the potential of smart nanoparticles is promising, we will also acknowledge the challenges and clinical prospects associated with their use. Finally, we will propose a blueprint that involves the use of artificial intelligence-powered nanoparticles in cancer treatment applications. By harnessing the potential of smart nanoparticles, this review aims to usher in a new era of precise and personalized cancer therapy, providing patients with individualized treatment options.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review surveys the landscape of "smart" nanoparticles for cancer therapy — polymeric, biomimetic, and inorganic carriers that respond to endogenous or exogenous stimuli and can be surface-functionalized for tumor targeting. It catalogs carrier types, stimuli, targeting ligands, payload classes, AI-enabled design, and the clinical pipeline, while flagging toxicity, regulatory, and translation hurdles.

Key findings

  • Smart nanoparticles are classified into polymer-based (polymeric NPs, dendrimers, micelles), biomimetic (liposomes, protein NPs, cell membrane NPs), inorganic (mesoporous silica, gold, iron oxide, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes), and advanced types (black phosphorus, MOFs, topologically heterogeneous NPs), each with distinct structures, synthesis routes, and intelligent features.
  • They respond to endogenous stimuli (pH, enzymes, redox) and exogenous stimuli (temperature, light, ultrasound, electric field, magnetic field); tumor extracellular pH is ~6.5–7, endosomes ~5–6.5, lysosomes ~4.5–5, and intracellular GSH is 2–10 mM (thousands-fold higher than extracellular).
  • Active targeting is achieved by functionalizing surfaces with antibodies (e.g., cetuximab/EGFR, trastuzumab/HER2, anti-PSMA, anti-GPC3), peptides (RGD, T7, Angiopep-2, TAT, R8), aptamers (A10/A9 PSMA, MUC1, AS1411, Sgc8), folic acid, and transferrin.
  • Payloads now extend beyond small molecules to peptides/proteins, nucleic acids, living cells, and combination regimens; Doxil (FDA 1995) was the first approved nanomedicine, and CPX-351 (Vyxeos) uses a 5:1 cytarabine:daunorubicin molar ratio for AML.

Methods

  • Narrative review; no primary data collection or meta-analysis.
  • Synthesizes literature on nanocarrier classification, synthesis methods, stimuli-responsive mechanisms, targeting ligand strategies, payload types, AI-powered nanoparticle design, and clinical translation.
  • Includes two summary tables: clinically approved nanoparticle formulations (Table 2) and ongoing clinical trials (Table 3), plus a peptide-modification table (Table 1).

Limitations

  • The paper states that most nanoparticles accumulate in vital organs (lungs, spleen, kidneys, liver, heart) rather than being cleared, causing toxicology concerns; human toxicity studies remain scarce relative to animal studies.
  • It notes regulatory approval is the main commercialization obstacle — only a few smart nanoparticle anticancer drugs have received FDA approval in the 27 years since Doxil (1995), and the absence of specific rules complicates clearance.
  • The paper states AI-powered nanoparticles are "still in its infancy," with unresolved safety, biocompatibility, regulatory, and clinical-validation issues; the text also makes evident that the review is descriptive rather than systematic, and that human EPR effects are less effective than in rodents.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s41392-023-01642-x

Cites

355 of 355 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 273 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingnone given

    Several clinically approved nanoparticle formulations by the FDA in the United States or the EMA in the European Union are used to treat a variety of cancers at different stages.

    “Several clinically approved nanoparticle formulations either by the FDA in the United States or the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in the European Union are used to treat a variety of cancers at different stages (Table 2).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    Liposomes can increase the cellular uptake of a variety of drugs.

    “For example, micelles are suitable for the delivery of water-insoluble and amphiphilic drugs, and liposomes can increase the cellular uptake of a variety of drugs.14,15”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [14] Joy, R., George, J. & John, F. Brief outlook on polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, niosomes, hydrogels and liposomes: preparative methods and action. ChemistrySelect 7, e202104045 (2022). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] Cabral, H., Miyata, K., Osada, K. & Kataoka, K. Block copolymer micelles in nanomedicine applications. Chem. Rev. 118, 6844–6892 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Linking a drug to a poly-amidoamine dendrimer can overcome the blood-brain barrier.

    “However, it can be achieved by linking the drug to a poly-amidoamine dendrimer to overcome the blood-brain barrier.31,32”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [31] Srinageshwar, B. et al. PAMAM dendrimers cross the blood–brain barrier when administered through the carotid artery in C57BL/6J mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18, 628 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [32] Vacas-Cordoba, E. et al. Antiviral mechanism of polyanionic carbosilane dendrimers against HIV-1. Int. J. Nanomed. 11, 1281 (2016).

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Synthetic tunability enables the creation of smart nanoparticles that can simultaneously serve several therapeutic or imaging goals by co-encapsulating various therapeutic compounds with various release curves.

    “For instance, synthetic tunability enables the creation of smart nanoparticles that can simultaneously serve several therapeutic or imaging goals by co-encapsulating various therapeutic compounds with various release curves.22,23”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [22] Hajba, L. & Guttman, A. The use of magnetic nanoparticles in cancer theranostics: toward handheld diagnostic devices. Biotechnol. Adv. 34, 354–361 (2016). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [23] He, C., Lu, J. & Lin, W. Hybrid nanoparticles for combination therapy of cancer. J. Control. Rel. 219, 224–236 (2015). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Premisecitation

    Nearly 40% of newly developed APIs are rejected by the pharmaceutical industries without further development, mainly due to low water solubility.

    “Nearly 40% of newly developed APIs are rejected by the pharmaceutical industries without further development, mainly due to the low water solubility.29”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Tomalia, D. A., Nixon, L. S. & Hedstrand, D. M. The role of branch cell symmetry and other critical nanoscale design parameters in the determination of dendrimer encapsulation properties. Biomolecules 10, 642 (2020). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 45
  • May combine two claims. 130

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given

    Very few smart nanoparticles-based anti-cancer medications have received FDA approval 27 years after the first one, Doxil, was initially disclosed in 1995.

    “Although there are many products in the works, there are very few smart nanoparticles-based anti-cancer medications that have received FDA approval 27 years after the first one, Doxil, was initially disclosed in 1995.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    Some nanoparticle systems in clinical trials are liposomes, many of which have similar design characteristics to approved liposome systems (e.g., nontargeted, PEGylated, non-PEGylated, or encapsulate of a single drug).

    “Some of these systems are liposomes, many of which have similar design characteristics to approved liposome systems (e.g., nontargeted, PEGylated, non-PEGylated, or encapsulate of a single drug).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Smart nanoparticles based on specific materials and components of nanocarriers can respond to external and internal stimuli, such as enzyme, pH, temperature, as well as optical and magnetic regulation.

    “Smart nanoparticles based on specific materials and components of nanocarriers can respond to external and internal stimuli, such as enzyme, pH, temperature, as well as optical and magnetic regulation, etc.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) can be used to intercept most types of therapeutic drugs of various molecular weights and can be made into particles of various shapes and sizes.

    “For example, poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) can be used to intercept most types of therapeutic drugs of various molecular weights and can be made into particles of various shapes and sizes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Protein-polymer conjugates with polyethylene glycol (PEG) have improved their half-life, increased physical stability, and rendered them immune-free.

    “Protein-polymer conjugates polyethylene glycol (PEG) have improved their half-life, increased the physical stability, and rendered them immune-free.24”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Pelegri-O’Day, E. M., Lin, E.-W. & Maynard, H. D. Therapeutic protein–polymer conjugates: advancing beyond PEGylation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 136, 14323–14332 (2014). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Smart nanoparticles can co-deliver therapeutics and diagnostic reagents, promoting theranostics.

    “Furthermore, their capability to co-delivering therapeutics and diagnostic reagents, which have greatly promoted the development of theranostics and smart nanoparticles for cancer therapy.13”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Peer, D. et al. Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2, 751–760 (2007). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Smart nanoparticles, which can respond to biological cues or be guided by them, are a promising drug delivery platform for precise cancer treatment.

    “Smart nanoparticles, which can respond to biological cues or be guided by them, are emerging as a promising drug delivery platform for precise cancer treatment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Polylysine dendrimers have the potential to be biodegradable carriers and deliver cytotoxic drugs to solid tumors.

    “Polylysine dendrimers have the potential to be biodegradable carriers and deliver cytotoxic drugs to solid tumors.33”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [33] Kaminskas, L. M. et al. Characterisation and tumour targeting of PEGylated polylysine dendrimers bearing doxorubicin via a pH labile linker. J. Control. Rel. 152, 241–248 (2011). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    An increase in polylactic acid content leads to less water absorption, thus reducing the rate of degradation.

    “The increase in polylactic acid content leads to less water absorption, thus reduces the rate of degradation.20”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Wang, X., Cheng, R., Cheng, L. & Zhong, Z. Lipoyl ester terminated star PLGA as a simple and smart material for controlled drug delivery application. Biomacromolecules 19, 1368–1373 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning

    Different nanocarriers have different structures and properties, and suitable nanocarriers can be selected according to the nature of the drug delivered and the needs of the treatment.

    “Different nanocarriers have different structures and properties, and suitable nanocarriers can be selected according to the nature of the drug delivered and the needs of the treatment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Smart nanoparticles can be triggered by specific stimuli and target specific sites with precise drug delivery.

    “Unlike conventional nanoparticles, they can be triggered by specific stimuli and target-specific sites with precise drug delivery.7,8”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] Gupta, P. K. Drug targeting in cancer chemotherapy: a clinical perspective. J. Pharm. Sci. 79, 949–962 (1990). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [8] Tenchov, R., Bird, R., Curtze, A. E. & Zhou, Q. Lipid nanoparticles─from liposomes to mrna vaccine delivery, a landscape of research diversity and advancement. ACS Nano 15, 16982–17015 (2021). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The drug release capacity of poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) can be adjusted by changing molecular weight, lactide to ethyl ester ratio, and drug concentration.

    “The drug release capacity of poly (D, L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) can be adjusted by changing molecular weight, lactide to ethyl ester ratio, and drug concentration.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    After modification or stimulation by corresponding factors, smart nanoparticles efficiently aggregate at the target location and release their payloads.

    “After modification or stimulation by corresponding factors, these smart nanoparticles efficiently aggregate at the target location and release their payloads, establishing a smart treatment mode.8–12”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [8] Tenchov, R., Bird, R., Curtze, A. E. & Zhou, Q. Lipid nanoparticles─from liposomes to mrna vaccine delivery, a landscape of research diversity and advancement. ACS Nano 15, 16982–17015 (2021). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [9] Mitchell, M. J. et al. Engineering precision nanoparticles for drug delivery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 20, 101–124 (2021). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [10] Liu, J., Liu, Z., Pang, Y. & Zhou, H. The interaction between nanoparticles and immune system: application in the treatment of inflammatory diseases. J. Nanobiotechnol. 20, 127 (2022). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [11] Herdiana, Y., Wathoni, N., Shamsuddin, S. & Muchtaridi, M. Drug release study of the chitosan-based nanoparticles. Heliyon 8, e08674 (2022). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] Senapati, S., Mahanta, A. K., Kumar, S. & Maiti, P. Controlled drug delivery vehicles for cancer treatment and their performance. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 3, 7 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The first small molecule-based polymeric nanoparticles for drug targeting and controlled release have moved from the bench to the bedside, laying the foundation for phase II clinical trials.

    “So far, we have already witnessed the first small molecule-based polymeric nanoparticles for drug targeting and controlled release from the bench to the bedside, which laid the foundation for a variety of ongoing phase II clinical trials to proceed from the initial proof of concept in vitro to the in vivo study, and to human testing.19”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] Dahmana, N. et al. Ocular biodistribution of spironolactone after a single intravitreal injection of a biodegradable sustained-release polymer in rats. Mol. Pharm. 17, 59–69 (2020). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The most used techniques for polymeric nanoparticles preparation are emulsion polymerization, solvent evaporation, salting-out, dialysis and supercritical fluid technologies.

    “Currently, the most used techniques for polymeric nanoparticles preparation are emulsion polymerization, solvent evaporation, salting-out, dialysis and supercritical fluid technologies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Polymer micelles typically range in size from tens to hundreds of nanometers.

    “Polymer micelles typically range in size from tens to hundreds of nanometers.35”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [35] Owen, S. C., Chan, D. P. Y. & Shoichet, M. S. Polymeric micelle stability. Nano Today 7, 53–65 (2012). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Tumor targeting of smart nanoparticles can be achieved by functionalizing their surface with tumor-specific ligands such as antibodies, peptides, aptamer, and transferrin.

    “Another embodiment of smart nanoparticles is their tumor targeting characteristics by functionalizing their surface with tumor-specific ligands (such as antibodies, peptides, aptamer, and transferrin, etc.).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Because of their special properties such as nanoscale uniform size, high branching, water-solubility, internal cavities, polyvalency, and biocompatibility, dendrimers are ideal active excipients and can improve the solubility of insoluble drugs, reduce drug toxicity and increase drug potency.

    “Because of their special properties, such as nanoscale uniform size, high branching, water-solubility, internal cavities, polyvalency, and biocompatibility, dendrimers are ideal active excipients and can improve the solubility of insoluble drugs, reduce drug toxicity and increase drug potency.28”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [28] Santos, A., Veiga, F. & Figueiras, A. Dendrimers as pharmaceutical excipients: synthesis, properties, toxicity and biomedical applications. Materials 13, 65 (2019). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Polymeric nanoparticles have several advantages over non-mixed drugs in terms of cycle time, stability, structural decomposition, encapsulation rate, premature release, and nonspecific release kinetics.

    “Polymeric nanoparticles have several advantages over non-mixed drugs, in terms of cycle time, stability, structural decomposition, encapsulation rate, premature release, and nonspecific release kinetics.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Drug resistance, toxicity, and the mechanics of drug release in capsules can all be overcome using dendrimers, making them ideal systems as smart nanoparticles for cancer therapy.

    “Drug resistance, toxicity, and the mechanics of drug release in capsules can all be overcome using dendrimers, which make them ideal systems as smart nanoparticles for cancer therapy.34”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [34] Ambekar, R. S., Choudhary, M. & Kandasubramanian, B. Recent advances in dendrimer-based nanoplatform for cancer treatment: a review. Eur. Polym. J. 126, 109546 (2020). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    A drug delivery system can be triggered by controlling local induction of endogenous physical parameters such as electrical, thermal, ultrasound, or magnetic energy.

    “A drug delivery system can be triggered by controlling local induction of endogenous physical parameters such as electrical, thermal, ultrasound, or magnetic energy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dendrimers consist of an inner layer and an outer layer; functional groups for drug conjugation and targeting make up the outer layer; drug encapsulation efficiency, drug toxicity, and controlled release mechanisms are improved in the inner layer.

    “They consist of an inner layer and an outer layer. Functional groups that are used for drug conjugation and targeting make up the outer layer. The drug encapsulation efficiency, drug toxicity, and controlled release mechanisms are all improved in the inner layer.26”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [25] Singh, A. P., Biswas, A., Shukla, A. & Maiti, P. Targeted therapy in chronic diseases using nanomaterial-based drug delivery vehicles. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 4, 33 (2019). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [26] Mhlwatika, Z. & Aderibigbe, B. A. Application of dendrimers for the treatment of infectious diseases. Molecules 23, 2205 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Computer-aided design of smart nanoparticles integrating artificial intelligence elevates the potential and sophistication of these nanoscale technologies.

    “Additionally, the proposal of computer-aided design smart nanoparticles, integrating the cutting-edge application of artificial intelligence, further elevates the potential and sophistication of these ingenious nanoscale technologies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Micelles are suitable for the delivery of water-insoluble and amphiphilic drugs.

    “For example, micelles are suitable for the delivery of water-insoluble and amphiphilic drugs, and liposomes can increase the cellular uptake of a variety of drugs.14,15”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [14] Joy, R., George, J. & John, F. Brief outlook on polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, niosomes, hydrogels and liposomes: preparative methods and action. ChemistrySelect 7, e202104045 (2022). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] Cabral, H., Miyata, K., Osada, K. & Kataoka, K. Block copolymer micelles in nanomedicine applications. Chem. Rev. 118, 6844–6892 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Combining materials with different chemical compositions such as organic-organic and organic-inorganic materials can achieve synergistic properties.

    “Other advances involve the capability of combining materials with different chemical compositions such as organic-organic and organic-inorganic materials to achieve synergistic properties.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Upon injection, gold nanoparticles bind specifically to cancer cells and scatter shine, allowing doctors to easily identify tumors and healthy cells.

    “Upon injection, gold nanoparticles bind specifically to cancer cells and scatter shine, allowing the doctors to easily identify tumors and healthy cells.85”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [85] Menon, J. U. et al. Nanomaterials for photo-based diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Theranostics 3, 152–166 (2013). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Protein-based nanoparticles provide benefits including simple synthesis, high binding capacity for different medications, non-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and plasma half-life.

    “Protein-based nanoparticles provide a number of benefits, including simple synthesis, a high binding capacity for different medications, non-toxicity, non-immunogenicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and plasma half-life.56–58”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [56] Sun, L. et al. Additive nanomanufacturing of lab-on-a-chip fluorescent peptide nanoparticle arrays for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis. Bio-Des. Manuf. 1, 182–194 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [57] Sun, L. et al. Fluorescent peptide nanoparticles to detect amyloid-beta aggregation in cerebrospinal fluid and serum for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis and progression monitoring. Chem. Eng. J. 405, 126733 (2021). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [58] Liu, D., Fu, D., Zhang, L. & Sun, L. Detection of amyloid-beta by Fmoc-KLVFF self-assembled fluorescent nanoparticles for Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis. Chin. Chem. Lett. 32, 1066–1070 (2021). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Polymer micelles can physically encapsulate hydrophobic drugs in their hydrophobic core effectively, resulting in advantages including elimination of drug side effects, increased water solubility, control of drug release rate, and protection of drug molecules from degradation by specific media.

    “Polymer micelles can simply physically encapsulate (solubilize) hydrophobic drugs in their hydrophobic core effectively, resulting in the following advantages: (i) elimination of drug side effects; (ii) Increase the water solubility of hydrophobic and insoluble drugs; (iii) Control of drug release rate; (iv) Protect drug molecules from degradation by specific media (pH, temperature).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [36] O’Brien, F. J. Biomaterials & scaffolds for tissue engineering. Mater. Today 14, 88–95 (2011). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [37] Hussein, Y. H. A. & Youssry, M. Polymeric micelles of biodegradable diblock copolymers: enhanced encapsulation of hydrophobic drugs. Materials 11, 688 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Radiolabeled liposomes can be used to both identify the tumor and treat it while also determining the bio-distribution of liposomes in the body.

    “Radiolabeled liposomes can be used to both identify the tumor and treat it while also determining the bio-distribution of liposomes in the body.52”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Petersen, A. L., Hansen, A. E., Gabizon, A. & Andresen, T. L. Liposome imaging agents in personalized medicine. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 64, 1417–1435 (2012). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Biosynthesis (plant and microbial mediated) of gold nanoparticles has a very broad prospect, and many medicinal plants and microorganisms have the potential to produce nanoparticles in bulk.

    “Biosynthesis (plant and microbial mediated) of gold nanoparticles has a very broad prospect, and many medicinal plants and microorganisms have the potential to produce nanoparticles in bulk.82”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [82] Singh, P. et al. Biogenic silver and gold nanoparticles synthesized using red ginseng root extract, and their applications. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol. 44, 811–816 (2016).

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The pH difference between normal tissue/blood and the extracellular environment of the tumor is intrinsic, which has been widely used in drug sustained-release systems.

    “The pH difference between normal tissue/blood and the extracellular environment of the tumor is intrinsic, which has been widely used in drug sustained-release systems.40”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [40] Yang, Z. et al. Thermo-and pH-dual responsive polymeric micelles with upper critical solution temperature behavior for photoacoustic imaging-guided synergistic chemo-photothermal therapy against subcutaneous and metastatic breast tumors. Theranostics 8, 4097–4115 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Gold nanoparticles labeled with tumor-homing peptide containing isoDGR can be targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to tumors and improve its therapeutic index.

    “Gold nanoparticles labeled with tumor-homing peptide containing isoDGR can be targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to tumors and improve its therapeutic index.90”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [90] Gasparri, A. M. et al. Boosting interleukin-12 antitumor activity and synergism with immunotherapy by targeted delivery with isoDGR-tagged nanogold. Small 15, 1903462 (2019). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The transferrin receptor-targeted pH-sensitive micellar system can be utilized as smart nanoparticles to overcome multi-drug resistance and reduce side effects, achieving targeted delivery of tumors.

    “For example, the transferrin receptor-targeted pH-sensitive micellar system can be utilized as smart nanoparticles to overcome multi-drug resistance and reduce side effects of the system, so as to achieve targeted delivery of tumors.41”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [41] Gao, W., Ye, G., Duan, X., Yang, X. & Yang, V. C. Transferrin receptor-targeted pH-sensitive micellar system for diminution of drug resistance and targetable delivery in multidrug-resistant breast cancer. Int. J. Nanomed. 12, 1047 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEGylation helps liposomes escape the reticuloendothelial system and have a longer blood circulation time.

    “PEG ylation helps liposomes escape the reticuloendothelial system and have a longer blood circulation time.49”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Allen, T. M. & Cullis, P. R. Liposomal drug delivery systems: from concept to clinical applications. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 65, 36–48 (2013). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chang et al. proposed a multifunctional nano platform based on Ti3C2-MXene Au nanocomposite, which realized the triune of PTT/Enzyme kinetics therapy/antitumor immune therapy, and accompanied by photoacoustic (PA) and thermal dual-mode imaging in vivo.

    “Chang et al. proposed a multifunctional nano platform based on Ti3C2-MXene Au nanocomposite, which realized the triune of PTT/Enzyme kinetics therapy/antitumor immune therapy, and accompanied by photoacoustic (PA) and thermal dual-mode imaging in vivo.87”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [87] Chang, X. et al. Multifunctional Au modified Ti3C2-MXene for photothermal/enzyme dynamic/immune synergistic therapy. Nano Lett. 22, 8321–8330 (2022). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Gold nanoparticles are appealing for targeted drug delivery, photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), photoimaging, biosensors, and photothermal therapy.

    “They are appealing for targeted drug delivery, photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), photoimaging, biosensors, and photothermal therapy.84”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [84] Singh, P. et al. Extracellular synthesis of silver and gold nanoparticles by Sporosarcina koreensis DC4 and their biological applications. Enzym. Microb. Technol. 86, 75–83 (2016). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Gold nanoparticles have a large surface area and can be utilized to load or bind to any genetic or biological part, thereby widely used for sensing/imaging/therapy of various targets such as proteins, cells and nucleic acids.

    “Gold nanoparticles have a large surface area and can be utilized to load or bind to any genetic or biological part, thereby widely used for sensing/imaging/therapy of various targets such as proteins, cells and nucleic acids.88”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [88] Kumar, D., Saini, N., Jain, N., Sareen, R. & Pandit, V. Gold nanoparticles: an era in bionanotechnology. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 10, 397–409 (2013). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The combination of folate-modified pH-sensitive system micelle loaded with doxorubicin can effectively reduce the systemic toxicity of doxorubicin, reduce the damage to heart and lung tissues, and improve its anti-tumor efficacy.

    “The combination of folate-modified pH-sensitive system micelle loaded the anti-tumor drug doxorubicin can effectively reduce the systemic toxicity of doxorubicin, reduce the damage to heart and lung tissues, and improve its anti-tumor efficacy.42”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] Li, X. et al. A folate modified pH sensitive targeted polymeric micelle alleviated systemic toxicity of doxorubicin (DOX) in multi-drug resistant tumor bearing mice. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 76, 95–101 (2015). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Conventional nanoparticles continue to face difficulties including quick blood circulation clearance, simple immune system recognition, and low target site accumulation.

    “Conventional nanoparticles continue to face a number of difficulties, including quick blood circulation clearance, simple immune system recognition, and low target site accumulation.64”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [64] Zhen, X., Cheng, P. & Pu, K. Recent advances in cell membrane–camouflaged nanoparticles for cancer phototherapy. Small 15, 1804105 (2019). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The first commercially available drug licensed by the FDA that has demonstrated notable efficacy in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer is Abraxane, which has a diameter of about 130 nm.

    “The first commercially available drug licensed by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that has demonstrated notable efficacy in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer is called Abraxane, which has a diameter of about 130 nm.12”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Senapati, S., Mahanta, A. K., Kumar, S. & Maiti, P. Controlled drug delivery vehicles for cancer treatment and their performance. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 3, 7 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Iron oxide nanoparticles are magnetized to their saturation when a magnetic field is applied, but there is no residual magnetism after the magnetic field is removed.

    “Iron oxide nanoparticles are magnetized to their saturation when a magnetic field is applied, but there is no residual magnetism after the magnetic field is removed.92”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [92] Palanisamy, S. & Wang, Y.-M. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticulate system: synthesis, targeting, drug delivery and therapy in cancer. Dalton Trans. 48, 9490–9515 (2019). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The endogenous biomarker-triggered turn-on technique to produce therapeutic molecules in situ could greatly simplify the construction of nanomedicine and hold significant promise for the targeted treatment of colon cancer.

    “By avoiding the introduction of cargo, this endogenous biomarker-triggered “turn-on” technique to produce therapeutic molecules in situ could greatly simplify the construction of nanomedicine and hold significant promise for the targeted treatment of colon cancer.126”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [126] Li, Y., Zhou, J., Wang, L. & Xie, Z. Endogenous hydrogen sulfide-triggered MOF-based nanoenzyme for synergic cancer therapy. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 30213–30220 (2020). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cancer cell invasion and metastasis have long been facilitated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), whose expression and activation have risen in nearly all human malignancies.

    “Cancer cell invasion and metastasis have long been facilitated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), whose expression and activation have risen in nearly all human malignancies.144”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [144] Egeblad, M. & Werb, Z. New functions for the matrix metalloproteinases in cancer progression. Nat. Rev. Cancer 2, 161–174 (2002). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    QDs are particularly well-known for cancer imaging due to their innate fluorescence.

    “As a result of their innate fluorescence, QDs are particularly well-known for cancer imaging.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEGylated BP nanoparticles prepared by solventless HEMM have homogeneous size, high biocompatibility, photostability, and capacity to generate heat from NIR light, making them appropriate as a novel nanotheranostic agent for PTT and PA imaging of cancer.

    “The resulting PEGylated BP nanoparticles have a homogeneous size, high biocompatibility, photostability, and the capacity to generate heat from NIR light, making them appropriate as a novel nanotheranostic agent for photothermal therapy and PA imaging of cancer.121”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [121] Sun, C. et al. One-pot solventless preparation of PEGylated black phosphorus nanoparticles for photoacoustic imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer. Biomaterials 91, 81–89 (2016). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chemical bonds of pH-responsive linkers disassemble at acidic pH and release the drug in the tumor microenvironment.

    “Chemical bonds of pH-responsive linkers disassemble at acidic pH and release the drug in the tumor microenvironment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [139] Liu, J. et al. pH-sensitive nano-systems for drug delivery in cancer therapy. Biotechnol. Adv. 32, 693–710 (2014). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEGylation is a crucial step to boost solubility, circumvent the reticuloendothelial system, and reduce toxicity of CNTs.

    “To boost solubility, circumvent the reticuloendothelial system, and reduce toxicity, PEGylation is a crucial step.111”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [111] Lay, C. L., Liu, J. & Liu, Y. Functionalized carbon nanotubes for anticancer drug delivery. Expert Rev. Med. Devices 8, 561–566 (2011). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Many attempts have been made to utilize MOFs as smart nanoparticles in drug delivery systems due to their adjustable pore shape and size, ultrahigh surface area, and versatile functionalities.

    “As hybrid crystalline porous biomaterials, many attempts have been made to utilize MOFs as smart nanoparticles in drug delivery systems due to their adjustable pore shape and size, ultrahigh surface area, and versatile functionalities.123”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [123] Zhang, H. et al. MOF-derived nanohybrids for electrocatalysis and energy storage: current status and perspectives. Chem. commun. 54, 5268–5288 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Smart nanoparticles can modify their form, structure, solubility, surface charge, self-association, or dissociation behaviors in response to internal and external stimuli, which can increase endosomal escape, promote cellular uptake, or cause payload release.

    “Smart nanoparticles can modify their form, structure, solubility, surface charge, self-association, or dissociation behaviors in response to internal and external stimuli (Fig. 3), which can increase endosomal escape, promote cellular uptake, or cause payload release.133”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [133] Li, M., Zhao, G., Su, W.-K. & Shuai, Q. Enzyme-responsive nanoparticles for anti-tumor drug delivery. Front. Chem. 8, 647 (2020). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A multifunctional QD with CISe core, ZnS shell, manganese doping, and folic acid functionalization possesses high near-infrared (NIR)-II fluorescence efficiency of up to 31.2% and high contrast on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

    “With CISe as the core, ZnS as the shell, manganese doping, and folic acid functionalization, a multifunctional QD has recently been produced. It possesses high near-infrared (NIR)-II fluorescence efficiency of up to 31.2% and high contrast on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).105”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [105] Li, Y. et al. Bright, magnetic NIR-II quantum dot probe for sensitive dual-modality imaging and intensive combination therapy of cancer. ACS Nano 16, 8076–8094 (2022). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Advanced nanoparticles with topologically heterogeneous structures have promise for overcoming biological barriers, improving therapeutic efficacy, and minimizing side effects in cancer therapy.

    “These advanced nanoparticles with topologically heterogeneous structures have promise for overcoming biological barriers, improving therapeutic efficacy, and minimizing side effects in cancer therapy.132”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [132] Dai, X., Zhang, X., Gao, L., Xu, Z. & Yan, L.-T. Topology mediates transport of nanoparticles in macromolecular networks. Nat. Commun. 13, 4094 (2022). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    CNTs can be utilized for thermal ablation of cancer areas in addition to gene delivery.

    “It can be utilized for thermal ablation of cancer areas in addition to gene delivery.115”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [115] Bao, X. et al. In vivo theranostics with near-infrared-emitting carbon dots—highly efficient photothermal therapy based on passive targeting after intravenous administration. Light Sci. Appl. 7, 91 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There are two ways to make nanoparticles respond to internal or external stimuli: using nanomaterials with responsive effects, or modifying nanoparticles by polymerizing or linking functional groups with responsive effects.

    “There are two ways to make nanoparticles respond to internal or external stimuli: first, to use nanomaterials with responsive effects, such as gold nanoparticles sensitive to light and heat; second, to modify the nanoparticles by polymerizing or linking functional groups with responsive effects.134,135”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [134] Wang, L. et al. Disentangling light- and temperature-induced thermal effects in colloidal Au nanoparticles. J. Phys. Chem. C. 126, 3591–3599 (2022). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [135] Kawamura, A., Katoh, T., Uragami, T. & Miyata, T. Design of molecule-responsive organic–inorganic hybrid nanoparticles bearing cyclodextrin as ligands. Polym. J. 47, 206–211 (2015). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    SWCNTs are more effective at delivering drugs than MWCNTs because their walls are more clearly defined and MWCNTs tend to have more structural flaws.

    “SWCNTs are more effective at delivering drugs than MWCNTs because their walls are more clearly defined and MWCNTs tend to have more structural flaws.109”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [109] Eatemadi, A. et al. Carbon nanotubes: properties, synthesis, purification, and medical applications. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 9, 393 (2014). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    BP has outstanding photothermal properties when exposed to NIR radiation, opening applications for cancer photoacoustic imaging and PTT.

    “It is widely known that BP has outstanding photothermal properties when exposed to NIR radiation, which opens up a wide range of applications for it as smart nanoparticles for cancer photoacoustic (PA) imaging and PTT.120”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [120] Deng, L. et al. Functionalization of small black phosphorus nanoparticles for targeted imaging and photothermal therapy of cancer. Sci. Bull. 63, 917–924 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Aberrant expression of human group IIA, III and X sPLA2s has been associated with the pathology of colorectal, breast, gastric, oesophageal, ovarian and prostate cancers, providing the potential for phospholipase to be designed as a stimulator in releasing drugs responsively.

    “Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) is the most studied, aberrant expression of human group IIA (hGIIA), III (hGIII) and X (hGX) sPLA2s has been associated with the pathology of colorectal, breast, gastric, oesophageal, ovarian and prostate cancers, which provide the potential for phospholipase to be designed as a stimulator in releasing drugs responsively.155,156”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [155] Brglez, V., Lambeau, G. & Petan, T. Secreted phospholipases A2 in cancer: diverse mechanisms of action. Biochimie 107, 114–123 (2014). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [156] Brglez, V., Pucer, A., Pungerčar, J., Lambeau, G. & Petan, T. Secreted phospholipases A2 are differentially expressed and epigenetically silenced in human breast cancer cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 445, 230–235 (2014). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The role of cathepsin B in cells is to drive caspase-dependent apoptosis and promote tumor invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis.

    “The role of cathepsin B in cells is to drive caspase-dependent apoptosis and promote tumor invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis.147”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [147] Mijanović, O. et al. Cathepsin B: a sellsword of cancer progression. Cancer Lett. 449, 207–214 (2019). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ultrasound-responsive smart nanoparticles have the capacity to release medicines pulsatility on demand in response to ultrasound stimulation and to increase the permeability of physiological barriers such as the stratum corneum, vascular endothelium, and the blood-brain barrier.

    “Additionally, the capacity to release medicines pulsatility on demand in response to ultrasound stimulation and to increase the permeability of physiological barriers such the stratum corneum, vascular endothelium, and the blood-brain barrier (BBB).180”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [180] Chandan, R., Mehta, S. & Banerjee, R. Ultrasound-responsive carriers for therapeutic applications. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 6, 4731–4747 (2020). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The thermal effect, mechanical effect and the radiation force generated by ultrasound enhance the transient tissue permeability and are the reasons for stimulating the release of carrier drugs.

    “The thermal effect, mechanical effect and the radiation force generated by ultrasound enhance the transient tissue permeability and are the reasons for stimulating the release of carrier drugs.179”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [179] Greish, K. Enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect for anticancer nanomedicine drug targeting. Cancer Nanotechnol. 624, 25–37 (2010). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The lower critical solution temperature (LCST) and the upper critical solution temperature (UCST) are the two primary properties of thermosensitive materials employed in thermally responsive smart nanosystems.

    “The lower CST (critical solution temperature) (LCST) and the upper CST (UCST) are the two primary properties of thermosensitive materials employed in thermally responsive smart nanosystems.170”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [170] Kim, Y.-J. & Matsunaga, Y. T. Thermo-responsive polymers and their application as smart biomaterials. J. Mater. Chem. B 5, 4307–4321 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    High-intensity exogenous electric fields have the ability to directly affect the permeability of cellular membranes, which can be employed as a stimulant for drug administration.

    “High-intensity exogenous electric fields have the ability to directly affect the permeability of cellular membranes, which can be employed as a stimulant for drug administration.178”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [178] Pham, S. H., Choi, Y. & Choi, J. Stimuli-responsive nanomaterials for application in antitumor therapy and drug delivery. Pharmaceutics 12, 630 (2020). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The binding of uPA and its receptor (uPAR) helps activate the serine protease plasminogen to become plasmin, starting a series of proteolytic cascade reactions to break down the extracellular matrix's components and encourage tumor invasion and metastasis.

    “The binding of uPA and its receptor (uPAR) will help activate the serine protease plasminogen to become plasmin. Afterwards, start a series of proteolytic cascade reactions to break down the extracellular matrix’s components and encourage tumor invasion and metastasis.142,151”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [142] Zhang, Z.-T., Huang-Fu, M.-Y., Xu, W.-H. & Han, M. Stimulus-responsive nanoscale delivery systems triggered by the enzymes in the tumor microenvironment. Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 137, 122–130 (2019). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [151] Mahmood, N., Mihalcioiu, C. & Rabbani, S. A. Multifaceted role of the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (uPAR): diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications. Front. Oncol. 8, 24 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cathepsins are most active in an acidic environment and are released in an active state when the pH of the environment around the cell is below a certain level.

    “According to earlier research, cathepsins are most active in an acidic environment and are released in an active state when the pH of the environment around the cell is below a certain level.148,149”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [148] Maciewicz, R. A., Wotton, S. F., Etherington, D. J. & Duance, V. C. Susceptibility of the cartilage collagens types II, IX and XI to degradation by the cysteine proteinases, cathepsins B and L. FEBS Lett. 269, 189–193 (1990). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [149] Sevenich, L. et al. Transgenic expression of human cathepsin B promotes progression and metastasis of polyoma-middle-T-induced breast cancer in mice. Oncogene 30, 54–64 (2011). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There are four kinds of light sensitive groups: photocleavage group, photoisomerization group, photo-induced rearrangement group, and photocrosslinking group.

    “According to the different light response mechanism, there are four kinds of light sensitive groups: 1) photocleavage group, such as o-nitrobenzyl and coumarin-based groups, etc. 2) photoisomerization group, such as azobenzenes and spiropyran. 3) photo-induced rearrangement group, such as 2-diazo-1,2-naphthoquinone. 4) photocrosslinking group, such as coumarin, cinnamoyl, anthracene, etc.175,176”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [175] Li, C. et al. Recent progress in drug delivery. Acta Pharm. Sin. B. 9, 1145–1162 (2019). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [176] Zhang, L., Qian, M. & Wang, J. Progress in research of photo-controlled drug delivery systems. Acta Chim. Sin. 75, 770–782 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PNIPAAM copolymerization with other monomers, such as N, N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMAAm), will adjust the LCST, thereby adjusting the hydrophobic interaction and optimizing the temperature-sensitive carrier.

    “And PNIPAAM copolymerization with other monomers, such as N, N-dimethyl acrylamide (DMAAm), will adjust the LCST,173 thereby adjusting the hydrophobic interaction and optimizing the temperature -sensitive carrier.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [173] Tian, H., Tang, Z., Zhuang, X., Chen, X. & Jing, X. Biodegradable synthetic polymers: Preparation, functionalization and biomedical application. Progr. Poly. Sci. 37, 237–280 (2012). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PNIPAM is the most widely used temperature-responsive polymer with the advantage of low LCST (32 °C) in an aqueous solution and becomes hydrophobic above LCST.

    “Poly N-isopropyl acrylamide (PNIPAM) is the most widely used temperature-responsive polymer with the advantage of low LCST (32 °C) in an aqueous solution and becomes hydrophobic above LCST.172”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [172] Kim, Y. J. & Matsunaga, Y. T. Thermo-responsive polymers and their application as smart biomaterials. J. Mater. Chem. B 5, 4307–4321 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Electric field treatment of glioblastoma has been approved by the US FDA, indicating that it is feasible to introduce electric fields to cancer treatment.

    “For example, electric field treatment of glioblastoma has been approved by the US FDA, indicating that it is feasible to introduce electric fields to cancer treatment.181”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [181] Aguilar, A. A. et al. Permeabilizing cell membranes with electric fields. Cancers 13, 2283 (2021). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Common conductive polymers include polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline along its derivatives poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), which are widely used because of their biocompatibility and ability to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.

    “Common conductive polymers include polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline along its derivatives poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), which are widely used because of their biocompatibility and ability to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy.182,183”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [182] George, P. M. et al. Electrically controlled drug delivery from biotin‐doped conductive polypyrrole. Adv. Mater. 18, 577–581 (2006). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [183] Liu, S. et al. Conjugated polymer for voltage‐controlled release of molecules. Adv. Mater. 29, 1701733 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Anti-VEGFR-2 antibody-modified lipid carrier can effectively deliver docetaxel (DTX) to the tumor vasculature and tumor, and inhibit tumor growth.

    “They modified the lipid carrier with anti-VEGFR-2 antibody, which can effectively deliver docetaxel (DTX) to the tumor vasculature and tumor, and inhibit tumor growth.200”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [200] Liu, D., Liu, F., Liu, Z., Wang, L. & Zhang, N. Tumor specific delivery and therapy by double-targeted nanostructured lipid carriers with anti-VEGFR-2 antibody. Mol. Pharm. 8, 2291–2301 (2011). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    EpCAM is a highly expressed marker in cancer, especially in circulating tumor cells (CTC), and is closely related to poor prognosis.

    “EpCAM is a highly expressed marker in cancer, especially in circulating tumor cells (CTC), and is closely related to poor prognosis.212”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [212] Tang, X. et al. Anti-GPC3 antibody-modified sorafenib-loaded nanoparticles significantly inhibited HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma. Drug Deliv. 25, 1484–1494 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The target location can be easily reached by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), which are tiny and have a large specific surface area.

    “The target location can be easily reached by magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), which are tiny and have a large specific surface area.185”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [185] Yang, H. Y., Li, Y. & Lee, D. S. Multifunctional and stimuli-responsive magnetic nanoparticle-based delivery systems for biomedical applications. Adv. Ther. 1, 1800011 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cetuximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to EGFR, which can effectively block the activation of EGFR and its downstream signaling pathways, thereby inhibiting EGFR-related development and cancer progression.

    “Cetuximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody that selectively binds to EGFR, which can effectively block the activation of EGFR and its downstream signaling pathways, thereby inhibiting EGFR-related development and cancer progression.196”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [196] Chen, R. et al. Cetuximab functionalization strategy for combining active targeting and antimigration capacities of a hybrid composite nanoplatform applied to deliver 5-fluorouracil: toward colorectal cancer treatment. Biomater. Sci. 9, 2279–2294 (2021). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The uptake of anti-EPHA3 modified NPs in cells was significantly enhanced, and showed a higher distribution in the brain, indicating that anti-EPHA3 has a brain-targeting effect.

    “The uptake of anti-EPHA3 modified NPs in cells was significantly enhanced, and showed a higher distribution in the brain, indicating that anti-EPHA3 has a brain-targeting effect.210”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [210] Chu, L. et al. Nose-to-brain delivery of temozolomide-loaded PLGA nanoparticles functionalized with anti-EPHA3 for glioblastoma targeting. Drug Deliv. 25, 1634–1641 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The magnetic response intelligent nano system has two treatment procedures: the first uses magnetic fields to assist drug targeting, and the second uses magnetic fields to cause hyperthermia.

    “As a result, the magnetic response intelligent nano system has two treatment procedures. The first technique uses magnetic fields to assist drug targeting, whereas the second uses magnetic fields to cause hyperthermia.186–188”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [186] Kobayashi, T. Cancer hyperthermia using magnetic nanoparticles. Biotechnol. J. 6, 1342–1347 (2011). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [187] Li, S. et al. Targeted inhibition of tumor inflammation and tumor-platelet crosstalk by nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery mitigates cancer metastasis. ACS Nano 16, 50–67 (2022). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [188] Yu, Y. et al. A tumor-specific MicroRNA recognition system facilitates the accurate targeting to tumor cells by magnetic nanoparticles. Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids 5, e318 (2016). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    EPHA3 is a membrane-associated receptor that is overexpressed in the stroma and vasculature of gliomas, but not in normal tissues.

    “EPHA3 is a membrane-associated receptor that is overexpressed in the stroma and vasculature of gliomas, but not in normal tissues.209”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [209] Vail, M. E. et al. Targeting EphA3 inhibits cancer growth by disrupting the tumor stromal microenvironment. Cancer Res. 74, 4470–4481 (2014). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Anti-FGFR3 coupled with PEG-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles showed higher internalization efficiency for bladder cancer multicellular spheroids and induced stronger cytotoxicity.

    “For example, Hortelao et al. used anti-FGFR3 coupled with PEG-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles to show higher internalization efficiency for bladder cancer multicellular spheroids and induce stronger cytotoxicity.206”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [206] Hortelão, A. C., Carrascosa, R., Murillo-Cremaes, N., Patiño, T. & Sánchez, S. Targeting 3D bladder cancer spheroids with urease-powered nanomotors. ACS Nano 13, 429–439 (2019). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    More studies have proven that the CTX-modified nano-drug carrier system has better targeting and exerts a stronger tumor suppressor effect.

    “More studies have also proven that the CTX-modified nano-drug carrier system has better targeting and exerts a stronger tumor suppressor effect.196–198”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [196] Chen, R. et al. Cetuximab functionalization strategy for combining active targeting and antimigration capacities of a hybrid composite nanoplatform applied to deliver 5-fluorouracil: toward colorectal cancer treatment. Biomater. Sci. 9, 2279–2294 (2021). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [197] Hirata, Y. et al. A simple, fast, and orientation-controllable technology for preparing antibody-modified liposomes. Int. J. Pharm. 607, 120966 (2021). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [198] Grinberg, O., Gedanken, A., Mukhopadhyay, D. & Patra, C. R. Antibody modified Bovine Serum Albumin microspheres for targeted delivery of anticancer agent Gemcitabine. Polym. Adv. Technol. 24, 294–299 (2013). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The GPC3 molecule on the surface of HepG2 cells can mediate the endocytosis of NPs, so that the cells can more effectively enrich mAb-modified NPs and exert a higher tumor suppressor effect.

    “The GPC3 molecule on the surface of HepG2 cells can mediate the endocytosis of NPs, so that the cells can more effectively enrich mAb-modified NPs and exert a higher tumor suppressor effect.212”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [212] Tang, X. et al. Anti-GPC3 antibody-modified sorafenib-loaded nanoparticles significantly inhibited HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma. Drug Deliv. 25, 1484–1494 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    AMF's role as a promising therapeutic modality that raises the localized temperature and consequently releases the loaded drug in a spatiotemporal manner has attracted significant scientific attention.

    “In recent years, AMF’s role as a promising therapeutic modality that raises the localized temperature and consequently releases the loaded drug in a spatiotemporal manner has attracted significant scientific attention.192”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [192] Mertz, D., Sandre, O. & Begin-Colin, S. Drug releasing nanoplatforms activated by alternating magnetic fields. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj. 1861, 1617–1641 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nanoparticles modified by VEGF antibody can promote the adhesion of VPNP to tumor cells and mediate internalization, showing more cell uptake and higher cytotoxicity.

    “Nanoparticles modified by VEGF antibody can promote the adhesion of VPNP to tumor cells and mediate internalization, showing more cell uptake and higher cytotoxicity.199”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [199] Zheng, M. et al. Poly(α-l-lysine)-based nanomaterials for versatile biomedical applications: Current advances and perspectives. Bioact. Mater. 6, 1878–1909 (2021).

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The magnetic nanosystem can be used as a nano-scale imaging probe, which contributes to early diagnosis.

    “In addition, the magnetic nanosystem can be used as a nano-scale imaging probe, which contributes to early diagnosis.189”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [189] Semkina, A. S. et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of tumors with the use of iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles as a contrast agent. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 162, 808–811 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    EGFR is a cell surface receptor expressed in many different types of cells, especially overexpressed in cancer cells.

    “EGFR is a cell surface receptor expressed in many different types of cells, especially overexpressed in cancer cells.195”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [195] McDaid, W. J. et al. Repurposing of Cetuximab in antibody-directed chemotherapy-loaded nanoparticles in EGFR therapy-resistant pancreatic tumours. Nanoscale 11, 20261–20273 (2019). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Gao et al. used RGD polypeptide to modify Bis(DPA-Zn)-RGD, which can be selectively delivered to tumor sites due to RGD's new blood vessel targeting properties.

    “Gao et al. used RGD polypeptide to modify bisulfite-zincII-dipicolylamine (Bis(DPA-Zn)-RGD). Due to the new blood vessel targeting properties of RGD, Bis(DPA-Zn)-RGD can be selectively delivered to tumor sites.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [218] Gao, H. et al. In situ formation of nanotheranostics to overcome the blood–brain barrier and enhance treatment of orthotopic glioma. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 26880–26892 (2020). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: RGD peptides have high affinity with αvβ3 integrin receptors, making RGD a unique molecular ligand targeting tumor.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    AS1411 aptamer specifically binds to nucleolin, which is highly expressed on nucleus and tumor cell membranes.

    “AS1411 aptamer is a 26-molecule DNA oligonucleotide accidentally discovered by Bates et al.253 It can specifically bind to nucleolin, which is highly expressed on the nucleus and on the surface of tumor cell membranes.254”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [253] Bates, P. J., Laber, D. A., Miller, D. M., Thomas, S. D. & Trent, J. O. Discovery and development of the G-rich oligonucleotide AS1411 as a novel treatment for cancer. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 86, 151–164 (2009). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [254] Yazdian-Robati, R. et al. Therapeutic applications of AS1411 aptamer, an update review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 155, 1420–1431 (2020). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tripeptide modification of gold nanoparticles shows 5-fold NP uptake and effective nuclear localization.

    “The modification of the tripeptide showed a 5-fold NP uptake and effective nuclear localization.236”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [236] Yang, C., Uertz, J., Yohan, D. & Chithrani, B. D. Peptide modified gold nanoparticles for improved cellular uptake, nuclear transport, and intracellular retention. Nanoscale 6, 12026–12033 (2014). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A9g aptamer has improved stability, reduced synthesis difficulty, and retains high-affinity binding to PSMA.

    “In order to obtain a shorter RNA aptamer, William M. Rockey et al. truncated the A9 aptamer to obtain the A9g aptamer, which improved the stability of the aptamer and reduced the difficulty of synthesis, while retaining the high-affinity binding ability to PSMA.246”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [246] Rockey, W. M. Rational truncation of an RNA aptamer to prostate-specific membrane antigen using computational structural modeling. Nucleic Acid Ther. 21, 299–314 (2011). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    R8-oxaliplatin conjugate quickly and successfully delivers oxaliplatin to colon cancer cells, showing high antitumor activity.

    “Singh et al. synthesized an octaarginine (RRRRRRRR)-oxaliplatin conjugate through a specific heterobifunctional linker, which can quickly and successfully deliver oxaliplatin to colon cancer cells, showing quite high resistance tumor activity.233”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [233] Singh, T. et al. Intracellular delivery of oxaliplatin conjugate via cell penetrating peptide for the treatment of colorectal carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Int. J. Pharm. 606, 120904 (2021). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: R8 is a cationic peptide that promotes transportation across absorption barrier by forming electrostatic bond with negatively charged cell membrane.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A54-TPGS combined with calcium phosphate nanoparticles has higher tumor tissue homing characteristics and longer tumor tissue residence time.

    “Zhang et al. have synthesized A54-TPGS (Polyethylene glycol 1000 vitamin E succinate) through esterification, and combined with calcium phosphate nanoparticles to form a multifunctional drug-carrying system, which has higher tumors tissue homing characteristics and longer tumor tissue residence time.222”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [222] Zhang, N.-n et al. Gadolinium-loaded calcium phosphate nanoparticles for magnetic resonance imaging of orthotopic hepatocarcinoma and primary hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomater. Sci. 8, 1961–1972 (2020). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: A54 peptide binds to hepatic carcinoma and is the most effective peptide for BEL-7402 cells.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ang-RBCm-CA/siRNA can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and enhance the accumulation and retention of siRNA in tumors.

    “This functionalized nanocomposite can penetrate through the blood-brain barrier and enhance the accumulation and retention of SiRNA in tumors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [221] Liu, Y. et al. Charge conversional biomimetic nanocomplexes as a multifunctional platform for boosting orthotopic glioblastoma RNAi therapy. Nano Lett. 20, 1637–1646 (2020). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: Angiopep-2 has high affinity with LPRs overexpressed on BBB endothelial cells and GBM cells, and is considered an effective ligand for glioma.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Aptamers are a less restrictive alternative to antibodies with high affinity to the target and have great potential in cancer treatment.

    “It can be seen that aptamers are a less restrictive alternative to antibodies with high affinity to the target and have great potential in cancer treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A54-functionalized PEG-CS-SA micelle exhibits special internalization ability for liver cancer cells in vitro, high distribution in liver and liver cancer tissues in vivo, more effectively inhibits tumor growth, and reduces toxicity.

    “It exhibits special internalization ability for liver cancer cells in vitro, and has a high distribution ability in liver and liver cancer tissues in vivo. It can more effectively inhibit tumor growth and reduce toxicity.223”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [223] Du, Y.-Z. et al. Tumor cells-specific targeting delivery achieved by A54 peptide functionalized polymeric micelles. Biomaterials 33, 8858–8867 (2012). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    T7-modified polymers exhibit higher cell uptake efficiency and rapid endosomal/lysosome escape in MCF-7, and TfR-mediated targeted delivery produces the greatest tumor suppressor effect in vivo.

    “Gao et al. also confirmed that T7 peptide-modified polymers exhibited higher cell uptake efficiency and rapid endosomal/lysosome escape ability in breast cancer MCF-7. Targeted delivery mediated by transferrin receptor produces the greatest tumor suppressor effect in vivo.228”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [228] Gao, L.-Y. et al. Core-shell type lipid/rPAA-Chol polymer hybrid nanoparticles for in vivo siRNA delivery. Biomaterials 35, 2066–2078 (2014). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: TfR is highly expressed on cancer cell surfaces and is the most common target receptor for drug delivery systems.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    C16Y-L accumulates in tumor tissues and tumor blood vessels in vivo.

    “In vivo studies have found that C16Y-L not only accumulates in tumor tissues, but also in tumor blood vessels.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [220] Negishi, Y. et al. Development of a screening system for targeting carriers using peptide-modified liposomes and tissue sections. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 41, 1107–1111 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    AS1411-modified CDEH nanocarrier preferentially accumulates in tumors and inhibits tumor growth.

    “He et al. used AS1411 aptamers to modify the multiarmed amphiphilic cyclodextrins (CDEH) self-assembly delivery platform for protein delivery. This nanocarrier can preferentially accumulate in tumors and effectively inhibit tumor growth.255”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [255] He, X. et al. Simple and efficient targeted intracellular protein delivery with self-assembled nanovehicles for effective cancer therapy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 29, 1906187 (2019). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    G11-modified PEG-PLGA nanoparticles are rapidly internalized in ovarian cancer cells compared to nontargeted nanoparticles, leading to significant intracellular accumulation.

    “Compared with the cellular uptake of nontargeted nanoparticles, EGFR polypeptide-modified nanoparticles are rapidly internalized in ovarian cancer cells, leading to significant intracellular accumulation.224”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [224] Chernenko, T. et al. Label-free Raman microspectral analysis for comparison of cellular uptake and distribution between nontargeted and EGFR-targeted biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles. Drug Deliv. Transl. Res. 3, 575–586 (2013). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: EGFR is overexpressed in a variety of highly aggressive tumors and is a promising target for tumor therapy.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    TAT-modified MSN co-delivers siRNA and DOX to cytoplasm and nucleus respectively, effectively and selectively.

    “The modification of the TAT peptide gives the drug the ability to penetrate various biological barriers, thereby effectively and selectively delivering siRNA and DOX to the cytoplasm and nucleus, respectively.231”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [231] Kanazawa, T., Taki, H., Tanaka, K., Takashima, Y. & Okada, H. Cell-penetrating peptide-modified block copolymer micelles promote direct brain delivery via intranasal administration. Pharm. Res. 28, 2130–2139 (2011). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: TAT peptide is the most widely used CPP, derived from HIV Tat protein, and its 11 amino acids YGRKKRRQRRR is the smallest sequence for cell penetration.
    • Rests on an assumption: TAT can penetrate cell membranes efficiently and carry macromolecular drugs 100 times larger than Tat across cell membranes.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    IP-modified MSN delivering doxorubicin significantly increases drug uptake by U251 cells and accumulates in the nucleus, enhancing targeting.

    “For the first time, Wang et al. used IP as a glioma targeting ligand to modify MSN, as a new type of carrier to deliver doxorubicin, which can significantly increase drug uptake by U251 cells and accumulate in the nucleus, enhanced targeting.226”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [226] Wang, Y. et al. Tumor cell targeted delivery by specific peptide-modified mesoporous silica nanoparticles. J. Mater. Chem. 22, 14608–14616 (2012). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: IL-13 is highly expressed in malignant tumors but low in normal tissues, and has been developed as a tumor-specific targeting ligand.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    MUC1 is overexpressed on some adenocarcinoma cells and is an important tumor surface marker, especially for breast cancer.

    “MUC1 is a mucin glycoprotein overexpressed on some adenocarcinoma cells and is considered an important tumor surface marker, especially breast cancer. It has been used as a potential target for the treatment of breast cancer.250,251”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [250] Apostolopoulos, V., Stojanovska, L. & Gargosky, S. E. MUC1 (CD227): a multi-tasked molecule. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 72, 4475–4500 (2015). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [251] Heublein, S. et al. Immunoreactivity of the fully humanized therapeutic antibody PankoMab-GEX™ is an independent prognostic marker for breast cancer patients. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. 34, 50 (2015). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    MUC1 aptamer-modified tetrahedral DNA nanocages loading doxorubicin reduce uptake in normal cells, improve uptake in breast cancer cells, reduce systemic toxicity, and have tumor suppressor effect.

    “Han et al. used complementary base pairing to modify the MUC1 aptamer into tetrahedral DNA nanocages (Td) for self-assembly to load doxorubicin. The complex reduces the uptake rate in normal cells and improves the uptake efficiency in breast cancer cells. This high specificity reduces systemic toxicity and has an effective tumor suppressor effect.252”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [252] Han, X. et al. Multivalent aptamer-modified tetrahedral DNA nanocage demonstrates high selectivity and safety for anti-tumor therapy. Nanoscale 11, 339–347 (2019). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Nucleic acid aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides that fold into unique tertiary structures to identify targets.

    “Nucleic acid aptamers are single-stranded oligonucleotides (ssDNA or ssRNA), which can be folded into a unique tertiary structure to identify its target.237”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [237] Mercier, M.-C., Dontenwill, M. & Choulier, L. Selection of nucleic acid aptamers targeting tumor cell-surface protein biomarkers. Cancers 9, 69 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Her2-modified HA-based pH-responsive micelle can reach the tumor site more effectively and has good tumor killing activity.

    “Chen et al. prepared a hyaluronic acid (HA)-based pH-responsive mixture micelle, modified with Her2 peptide, which can reach the tumor site more effectively and has good tumor killing activity.225”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [225] Chen, Q. et al. Decoration of pH-sensitive copolymer micelles with tumor-specific peptide for enhanced cellular uptake of doxorubicin. Int. J. Nanomed. 11, 5415–5427 (2016). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: HER2 is a useful target for therapy of breast and ovarian cancer, and HER2 cyclic peptide is the only FDA-approved HER2 targeted medication for breast cancer.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    High-affinity aptamers recognize more than 900 different targets.

    “At present, high-affinity aptamers recognize more than 900 different targets, including cytokines, growth factors, proteases, immunoglobulins, cell surface receptors, and cell adhesion molecules.240,241”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [240] Cruz-Toledo, J. et al. Aptamer base: a collaborative knowledge base to describe aptamers and SELEX experiments. Database 2012, bas006 (2012). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [241] Wang, J. & Li, G. Aptamers against cell surface receptors: selection, modification and application. Curr. Med. Chem. 18, 4107–4116 (2011). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Anti-EpCAM antibody-modified reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films showed extreme sensitivity to CTC, and could efficiently capture CTC from fresh whole blood, with high specificity and low background.

    “Li et al. used Anti-EpCAM antibody to modify reduced graphene oxide (rGO) films, which showed extreme sensitivity to CTC, and could efficiently capture CTC from fresh whole blood, with high specificity and low background.213”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [213] Li, Y. et al. Antibody-modified reduced graphene oxide films with extreme sensitivity to circulating tumor cells. Adv. Mater. 27, 6848–6854 (2015). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    CPPs are cationic short peptides with specific conserved sequences that can transport payload into cells.

    “Cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are cationic short peptides with specific conserved sequences, which have the ability to transport payload into cells.230”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [230] Yan, L. et al. Cell-penetrating peptide-modified PLGA nanoparticles for enhanced nose-to-brain macromolecular delivery. Macromol. Res. 21, 435–441 (2013). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    C16Y-L has higher cellular uptake in colon 26 cells than liposomes and specifically attaches to tumor slices.

    “Its cellular uptake in colon 26 cells is higher than that of liposomes, and it can specifically attach to tumor slices.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [220] Negishi, Y. et al. Development of a screening system for targeting carriers using peptide-modified liposomes and tissue sections. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 41, 1107–1111 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    T7-modified liposomes actively target breast cancer tumors and reduce toxicity to normal tissues.

    “Zhang et al. used T7 peptide modified liposomes as a carrier for transporting HER2 inhibitors, which can actively target breast cancer tumors and reduce the toxicity to normal tissues.227”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [227] Zhang, S. et al. A pH-sensitive T7 peptide-decorated liposome system for HER2 inhibitor extracellular delivery: an application for the efficient suppression of HER2+ breast cancer. J. Mater. Chem. B 9, 8768–8778 (2021). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: T7 peptide is a heptapeptide with high binding affinity to TfR.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    APRPG-modified PEG-PLA nanoparticles target over-expressed αvβ3 integrin during tumor angiogenesis and inhibit tumor angiogenesis.

    “Wang et al. prepared APRPG polypeptide modified poly(ethylene glycol) polylactic acid (PEG-PLA) nanoparticles to encapsulate angiogenesis inhibitors, using APRPG peptides to specifically target the over-expressed αvβ3 integrin during tumor angiogenesis, and more conducive to the effective load to inhibit tumor angiogenesis.229”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [229] Wang, Y. et al. Specific cell targeting with APRPG conjugated PEG–PLGA nanoparticles for treating ovarian cancer. Biomaterials 35, 983–992 (2014). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: Angiogenesis is closely related to tumor growth and metastasis, and targeted angiogenesis has shown significant anti-tumor efficiency.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The R/Au-ICG nanoclusters can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and inhibit the growth of brain tumors in mice.

    “The newly developed gold nanoclusters can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and use its high photothermal effect to inhibit the growth of brain tumors in mice.218”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [218] Gao, H. et al. In situ formation of nanotheranostics to overcome the blood–brain barrier and enhance treatment of orthotopic glioma. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 26880–26892 (2020). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Peptides are tumor-specific ligands, usually composed of less than 50 amino acids, with small size, high affinity, good stability, easy modification, and low immunogenicity.

    “Peptide is a tumor-specific ligand, usually composed of less than 50 amino acids. It has small size, high affinity, good stability, easy modification and low immunogenicity.217”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [217] Zhao, N., Qin, Y., Liu, H. & Cheng, Z. Tumor-targeting peptides: ligands for molecular imaging and therapy. Anti Cancer Agents Med. Chem. 18, 74–86 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Small molecule drugs target only 2-5% of the human genome, so alternative therapies are necessary.

    “Although the research of small molecule drug delivery has established a solid foundation, the target of small molecule drugs accounts for only 2–5% of the human genome, so the development of other alternative therapies is necessary.293”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [293] Rask-Andersen, M., Masuram, S. & Schiöth, H. B. The druggable genome: evaluation of drug targets in clinical trials suggests major shifts in molecular class and indication. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 54, 9–26 (2014). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Transferrin-coupled or covalently linked nanoparticles endow NPs function of targeting tumors, more effectively realize active targeting of drugs, and achieve tumor diagnosis or treatment.

    “More studies have also proved that transferrin-coupled or covalently linked nanoparticles endow the NPs function of targeting tumors, which can more effectively realize the active targeting of drugs and achieve the purpose of tumor diagnosis or treatment.272–275”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [272] Cheng, L.-C. et al. Targeting polymeric fluorescent nanodiamond-gold/silver multi-functional nanoparticles as a light-transforming hyperthermia reagent for cancer cells. Nanoscale 5, 3931–3940 (2013). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [273] Zhao, S., Zhu, X., Cao, C., Sun, J. & Liu, J. Transferrin modified ruthenium nanoparticles with good biocompatibility for photothermal tumor therapy. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 511, 325–334 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [274] Zhao, B. et al. A transferrin triggered pathway for highly targeted delivery of graphene-based nanodrugs to treat choroidal melanoma. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 7, 1800377 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tf-modified copper sulfide nanoparticles loaded with artesunate specifically target tumor cells, are absorbed by breast cancer cells via Tf-mediated endocytosis, deliver AS and iron, and enhance anti-tumor activity.

    “Hou et al. anchored Tf on the surface of copper sulfide nanoparticles as a targeting molecule, loaded with artesunate. The system can specifically target tumor cells and be absorbed by breast cancer cells through tf-mediated endocytosis, while delivering As and iron ions to the tumor, thereby enhancing anti-tumor activity.271”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [271] Hou, L., Shan, X., Hao, L., Feng, Q. & Zhang, Z. Copper sulfide nanoparticle-based localized drug delivery system as an effective cancer synergistic treatment and theranostic platform. Acta Biomater. 54, 307–320 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PEG coating increases retention of particles in tumor sites and extends circulating half-life.

    “Previous research revealed that PEG coating is a useful technology for increasing the retention of particles in tumor sites and extending the circulating half-life of particles.291”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [291] Turecek, P. L., Bossard, M. J., Schoetens, F. & Ivens, I. A. PEGylation of biopharmaceuticals: a review of chemistry and nonclinical safety information of approved drugs. J. Pharm. Sci. 105, 460–475 (2016). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chemical modifications of nucleic acid bases, sugar rings, and ends are resistant to nuclease degradation, reduce immunogenicity, and improve interaction with target cells.

    “Therefore, chemists have creatively modified nucleic acid bases, sugar rings, 3 ‘and 5’ ends. These modifications are resistant to nuclease degradation, reduce immunogenicity and improve the interaction with target cells.311”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [311] Kormann, M. S. D. et al. Expression of therapeutic proteins after delivery of chemically modified mRNA in mice. Nat. Biotechnol. 29, 154–157 (2011). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Folic acid-modified nanoparticles are an excellent choice in the field of smart nano-delivery.

    “These results prove that folic acid-modified nanoparticles are an excellent choice in the field of smart nano-delivery.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Peptides and proteins have better selectivity for human specific targets, better biological activity, and lower toxicity than small molecules.

    “Peptides (2–50 amino acids) and proteins (more than 50 amino acids) have better selectivity for human specific targets. The larger molecular size and diverse quaternary structure enhance their interaction with specific protein pockets, making peptides and protein drugs have better biological activity and lower toxicity than small molecules.294,295”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [294] Lau, J. L. & Dunn, M. K. Therapeutic peptides: historical perspectives, current development trends, and future directions. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 26, 2700–2707 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [295] Fu, D., Liu, D., Zhang, L. & Sun, L. Self-assembled fluorescent tripeptide nanoparticles for bioimaging and drug delivery applications. Chin. Chem. Lett. 31, 3195–3199 (2020). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The ultimate goal of smart nanoparticles is that payloads better serve patients: enhance curative effect, reduce toxicity, and prolong survival.

    “The ultimate goal of the development of smart nanoparticles is that the payloads can better serve patients: enhance curative effect, reduce toxicity and prolong survival.276”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [276] Vargason, A. M., Anselmo, A. C. & Mitragotri, S. The evolution of commercial drug delivery technologies. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 5, 951–967 (2021). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Compared with antibodies, folic acid has higher tumor permeability, higher self-stability, relatively low toxicity, and is highly economical.

    “Besides, in ligand-modified active targeted drug delivery systems, compared with antibodies, folic acid has the following characteristics: 1) higher tumor permeability; 2) higher self-stability, including in acidic, alkaline and solvent ; 3) Relatively low toxicity; 4) Highly economical.266”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [266] Gupta, A., Kaur, C. D., Saraf, S. & Saraf, S. Targeting of herbal bioactives through folate receptors: a novel concept to enhance intracellular drug delivery in cancer therapy. J. Recept. Signal Transduct. 37, 314–323 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tf-modified magnetic nanoparticles delivering siPLK1 increase uptake by U87 cells, improve BBB penetration, accumulate in brain tissue, inhibit glioblastoma growth, and prolong survival.

    “Liu et al. prepared transferrin (Tf) modified magnetic nanoparticles for the delivery of siRNA (siPLK1). The uptake of siPLK1 by U87 cells can significantly increase, improve the BBB penetration efficiency of siPLK1 in vivo, and can selectively accumulate in the brain tissue, thereby inhibiting the growth of glioblastoma tumors and prolonging the survival period.270”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [270] Liu, D.-z et al. The enhancement of siPLK1 penetration across BBB and its anti glioblastoma activity in vivo by magnet and transferrin co-modified nanoparticle. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. Biol. Med. 14, 991–1003 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Anti-EGFR aptamer/chitosan/liposome complex co-delivers erlotinib and PFOB, reverses hypoxia-induced drug resistance, specifically binds NSCLC overexpressing EGFR, and effectively delivers drug.

    “Li et al. used anti-EGFR aptamers combined with chitosan and anchored into liposomes to co-deliver erlotinib and PFOB, which can reverse hypoxia-induced drug resistance. This liposome complex can specifically bind to non-small cell lung cancer overexpressing EGFR, and effectively deliver the drug to the targeted location.258”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [258] Li, F. et al. Co-delivery of oxygen and erlotinib by aptamer-modified liposomal complexes to reverse hypoxia-induced drug resistance in lung cancer. Biomaterials 145, 56–71 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sgc8-modified DNA nanostructures loading methylene blue show specificity and high uptake in CEM cells, inducing stronger antitumor activity in PDT.

    “Jin et al. used Sgc8 aptamers to modify biocompatible DNA nanostructures to load the photosensitizer methylene blue.260 CEM cells show specificity and high uptake of aptamer modified drug delivery system, which can induce stronger antitumor activity in photodynamic therapy.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [260] Fang, Z. et al. Sgc8 aptamer targeted glutathione-responsive nanoassemblies containing Ara-C prodrug for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Nanoscale 11, 23000–23012 (2019). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PTK7 is upregulated in many common cancers including T-ALL and is a potential biomarker of T-ALL.

    “PTK7 is a transmembrane receptor that is upregulated in many common cancers including acute T-lymphocytic leukemia (T-ALL) and is a potential biomarker of T-ALL.259”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [259] Prebet, T. et al. The cell polarity PTK7 receptor acts as a modulator of the chemotherapeutic response in acute myeloid leukemia and impairs clinical outcome. Blood 116, 2315–2323 (2010). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tf-modified drug delivery systems can achieve selective cellular uptake, cross the blood-brain barrier, limit systemic toxicity, and reverse multidrug resistance.

    “Current drug delivery systems based on Tf modification can achieve selective cellular uptake, cross the blood-brain barrier, limit systemic toxicity, and reverse multidrug resistance.268”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [268] Tortorella, S. & Karagiannis, C. T. The significance of transferrin receptors in oncology: the development of functional nano-based drug delivery systems. Curr. Drug Deliv. 11, 427–443 (2014). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • Rests on an assumption: TfR is overexpressed on a variety of metastatic and drug-resistant tumor cells including brain cells.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Smart nanoparticles build up in the tumor by using the EPR effect or receptor-mediated extravasation, bind to tumor receptors, enter cancer cells by endocytosis, and release medications there.

    “By using the ERP effect or receptor-mediated extravasation, the smart nanoparticles build up in the tumor, bind to tumor receptors, enter cancer cells by endocytosis, and release medications there.336”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [336] Nastiuk, K. L. & Krolewski, J. J. Opportunities and challenges in combination gene cancer therapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 98, 35–40 (2016). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In general, smart nanoparticles can enhance the targeting and stability of pharmaceuticals.

    “In general, smart nanoparticles can enhance the targeting and stability of pharmaceuticals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Released medications exert synergistic activity by moving into the nucleus, resulting in more DNA double strand breaks.

    “The released medications exert synergistic activity by moving into the nucleus, which is the location of drug action in this situation. This results in more DNA double strand breaks.337”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [337] Jaaks, P. et al. Effective drug combinations in breast, colon and pancreatic cancer cells. Nature 603, 166–173 (2022). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Multi-scale artificial antigen-presenting cells can be used for engineering therapeutic cells for in vivo imaging, enhancing tumor infiltration, achieving functional sustainability in vivo, and producing tumor-killing T cells in vivo.

    “Engineering therapeutic cells for in vivo imaging, enhancing tumor infiltration and achieving functional sustainability in vivo, and producing tumor-killing T cells in vivo are all possible uses for multi-scale artificial antigen-presenting cells.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [331] Zheng, C. et al. Engineering nano-therapeutics to boost adoptive cell therapy for cancer treatment. Small Methods 5, 2001191 (2021). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    CAR T-cells are genetically modified cytotoxic T cells that target particular cancer-related antigens and were given clinical approval in 2017.

    “They are genetically modified cytotoxic T cells that target particular cancer-related antigens and were given clinical approval in 2017.323”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [323] Prasad, V. Tisagenlecleucel — the first approved CAR-T-cell therapy: implications for payers and policy makers. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 15, 11–12 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Lipid nanoparticles can efficiently load negatively charged nucleic acids, and their surface charge enhances cell uptake and endosomal escape.

    “Lipid nanoparticles can efficiently load negatively charged nucleic acids, and its surface charge enhances cell uptake and endosomal escape.316”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [316] Zelphati, O. & Szoka, F. C. Mechanism of oligonucleotide release from cationic liposomes. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 93, 11493–11498 (1996). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    AI-powered nanoparticles have emerged as a promising approach for cancer therapy, offering potential advances in precision medicine.

    “In recent years, AI-powered nanoparticles have emerged as a promising approach for cancer therapy, offering potential advances in precision medicine.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Genetically tailored protein nanoparticles developed based on rational design of nano-ISML-assisted nanomedicines improve transendothelial transport in low-permeability tumors and assist nanoparticles to enter solid tumors.

    “And based on the rational design of nano-ISML-assisted nanomedicines, genetically tailored protein nanoparticles were developed to improve transendothelial transport in low-permeability tumors and assists nanoparticles to enter solid tumors.343”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [343] Zhu, M. et al. Machine-learning-assisted single-vessel analysis of nanoparticle permeability in tumour vasculatures. Nat. Nanotechnol. 18, 657–666 (2023). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Microorganisms can interact with the microbiome to control metabolic processes, chronic inflammatory processes, and mucosal immunity.

    “For instance, reprogrammed immune cells can use the immune system to treat cancer and administer vaccinations, while microorganisms can interact with the microbiome to control metabolic processes, chronic inflammatory processes, and mucosal immunity.320–322”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [320] Vargason, A. M. & Anselmo, A. C. Clinical translation of microbe-based therapies: current clinical landscape and preclinical outlook. Bioeng. Transl. Med. 3, 124–137 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [321] Palucka, K. & Banchereau, J. Dendritic-cell-based therapeutic cancer vaccines. Immunity 39, 38–48 (2013). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [322] Frenette, P. S., Pinho, S., Lucas, D. & Scheiermann, C. Mesenchymal stem cell: keystone of the hematopoietic stem cell niche and a stepping-stone for regenerative medicine. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 31, 285–316 (2013). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dahlman et al. designed and optimized a high-throughput DNA barcoding system for detection of lipid nanoparticles carrying specific nucleic acid barcodes in normal or tumor tissues in vivo, facilitating discovery of nanoparticles targeting tumor tissues and cells.

    “Dahlman et al. designed and optimized a high-throughput DNA barcoding system for the detection of lipid nanoparticles carrying specific nucleic acid barcodes in normal or tumor tissues in vivo, which facilitates the discovery of nanoparticles targeting tumor tissues and cells.339”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [339] Dahlman, J. E. et al. Barcoded nanoparticles for high throughput in vivo discovery of targeted therapeutics. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 114, 2060–2065 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cells need a far higher dose of therapeutic medications than any other kind, so they might be swiftly trapped in lung capillaries and removed.

    “Cells need a far higher dose of therapeutic medications than any other kind, so they might be swiftly trapped in lung capillaries and removed.328”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [328] Volkman, R. & Offen, D. Concise review: mesenchymal stem cells in neurodegenerative diseases. Stem Cells 35, 1867–1880 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Other FDA approved adoptive cell therapies are sipuleucel-T (Provenge) and umbilical cord blood stem cells.

    “Other FDA approved adoptive cell therapies are sipuleucel-T (Provenge, used to treat prostate cancer) and umbilical cord blood stem cells.325”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [325] Cheever, M. A. & Higano, C. S. PROVENGE (Sipuleucel-T) in prostate cancer: the first FDA-approved therapeutic cancer vaccine. Clin. Cancer Res 17, 3520–3526 (2011). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Combining nanoparticles with AI techniques has the potential to revolutionize cancer drug delivery and design, early cancer screening and diagnosis, and predicting drug dosage and efficacy.

    “Combining these nanoparticles with AI techniques has the potential to revolutionize cancer drug delivery and design, early cancer screening and diagnosis, and predicting drug dosage and efficacy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Large datasets can be analyzed and processed by AI algorithms, enabling nanoparticles to dynamically adapt and respond to specific requirements of individual patients.

    “Large datasets can be analyzed and processed by AI algorithms, enabling nanoparticles to dynamically adapt and respond to the specific requirements of individual patients.340”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [340] Tahara, K. Pharmaceutical formulation and manufacturing using particle/powder technology for personalized medicines. Adv. Powder Technol. 31, 387–392 (2020). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Low permeability of cells in solid tumors is a problem for adoptive cell therapy because of the size of living cells and the unfavorable tumor microenvironment, limiting their current clinical application in hematological malignancies.

    “Low permeability of cells in solid tumors is a problem for adoptive cell therapy because of the size of living cells and the unfavorable tumor microenvironment. This limits their current clinical application in hematological malignancies.329”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [329] Newick, K., O’Brien, S., Moon, E. & Albelda, S. M. CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors. Annu. Rev. Med. 68, 139–152 (2017). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    By implementing AI algorithms, nanoparticles can be designed to navigate intelligently through the complex tumor microenvironment, selectively target cancer cells, and deliver therapeutic payloads with increased precision.

    “Secondly, by implementing AI algorithms, these nanoparticles can be designed to navigate intelligently through the complex tumor microenvironment, selectively target cancer cells, and deliver therapeutic payloads with increased precision.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cells can be designed to secrete drugs or catalyze key biological reactions, so they can be used as warehouses for drug factories.

    “Cells can also be designed to secrete drugs or catalyze key biological reactions, so they can be used as warehouses for drug factories.326”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [326] Riglar, D. T. & Silver, P. A. Engineering bacteria for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 16, 214–225 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    CAR T-cell treatment has the benefits and capabilities of cell therapy: innate capacity to target the disease site, potent activity at the action site, capacity to engage the immune system directly, and capacity to multiply in vivo.

    “In reality, CAR T-cell treatment emphasizes the benefits and capabilities of cell therapy: the innate capacity to target the illness site, the potent activity of the action site, the capacity to engage the immune system directly, and the capacity to multiply in vivo.324”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [324] Jackson, H. J., Rafiq, S. & Brentjens, R. J. Driving CAR T-cells forward. Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol. 13, 370–383 (2016). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Nucleic acid carriers can buffer endosomal pH or form lipid interactions with endosomal membranes to complete endosomal escape and cytoplasmic distribution.

    “To complete endosomal escape and cytoplasmic distribution, nucleic acid carriers, for instance, can buffer endosomal pH or form lipid interactions with endosomal membranes.312”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [312] Endoh, T. & Ohtsuki, T. Cellular siRNA delivery using cell-penetrating peptides modified for endosomal escape. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 61, 704–709 (2009). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Onpattro, the first siRNA drug approved in 2019, uses lipid nanoparticles to deliver chemically modified siRNA, achieving cell targeting, uptake, and endosomal escape.

    “Onpattro, the first siRNA drug listed in 2019, uses lipid nanoparticles to deliver chemically modified siRNA, which can achieve cell targeting, uptake and endosomal escape.314”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [314] Akinc, A. et al. The Onpattro story and the clinical translation of nanomedicines containing nucleic acid-based drugs. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 1084–1087 (2019). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Reprogrammed immune cells can use the immune system to treat cancer and administer vaccinations.

    “For instance, reprogrammed immune cells can use the immune system to treat cancer and administer vaccinations, while microorganisms can interact with the microbiome to control metabolic processes, chronic inflammatory processes, and mucosal immunity.320–322”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [320] Vargason, A. M. & Anselmo, A. C. Clinical translation of microbe-based therapies: current clinical landscape and preclinical outlook. Bioeng. Transl. Med. 3, 124–137 (2018). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [321] Palucka, K. & Banchereau, J. Dendritic-cell-based therapeutic cancer vaccines. Immunity 39, 38–48 (2013). source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [322] Frenette, P. S., Pinho, S., Lucas, D. & Scheiermann, C. Mesenchymal stem cell: keystone of the hematopoietic stem cell niche and a stepping-stone for regenerative medicine. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 31, 285–316 (2013). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Some smart nanoparticles have not been successful throughout clinical translation.

    “Several novel materials are now being developed and have shown significant promise, which is generating optimism for the new therapeutic choices, even though some of these smart nanoparticles haven’t been successful throughout the clinical translation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Smart nanoparticles have shown promise for developing safer and more effective cancer therapies, including targeted drug delivery, stimuli-responsive drug release, and co-delivery of combinational drugs.

    “As this review has demonstrated, smart nanoparticles have shown promise for developing safer and more effective cancer therapies, including targeted drug delivery, stimuli-responsive drug release, and co-delivery of combinational drugs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Several novel materials are now being developed and have shown significant promise.

    “Several novel materials are now being developed and have shown significant promise, which is generating optimism for the new therapeutic choices, even though some of these smart nanoparticles haven’t been successful throughout the clinical translation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A nanosensor array technology combined with machine learning algorithms can distinguish between ovarian cancer patients and healthy individuals and predict ovarian cancer with high sensitivity and specificity.

    “Kim et al. constructed a nanosensor array technology to identify disease spectral fingerprints and combined it with machine learning algorithms to successfully distinguish between ovarian cancer patients and healthy individuals, which can be used to predict ovarian cancer with high sensitivity and specificity.344”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [344] Kim, M. et al. Detection of ovarian cancer via the spectral fingerprinting of quantum-defect-modified carbon nanotubes in serum by machine learning. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 6, 267–275 (2022). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Due to their special qualities, clinicians are now able to provide new treatments or add them as supplements to already-effective therapies.

    “Due to their special qualities, clinicians are now able to provide new treatments or add them as supplements to already-effective therapies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The application of AI-powered nanoparticles in cancer therapy is still in its infancy, and several obstacles must be overcome, including assuring safety and biocompatibility, addressing regulatory concerns, and validating clinical efficacy through rigorous studies and trials.

    “It is essential to note, however, that the application of AI-powered nanoparticles in cancer therapy is still in its infancy, and several obstacles must be overcome. Among these are assuring the safety and biocompatibility of the nanoparticles, addressing regulatory concerns, and validating the clinical efficacy through rigorous studies and trials.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    These capabilities may support long-term perspectives and the creation of novel cancer treatment approaches.

    “These capabilities may support long-term perspectives and the creation of novel cancer treatment approaches.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    Despite the massive potential of nanoparticles for future cancer diagnostic and treatment, they are still at the relatively preliminary stages of clinical applications.

    “Despite the massive potential of nanoparticles for future cancer diagnostic and treatment, they are still at the relatively preliminary stages of clinical applications.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Several different kinds of intelligent nanoparticles may be manufactured with the use of artificial intelligence.

    “Several different kinds of intelligent nanoparticles may be manufactured with the use of artificial intelligence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Smart nanoparticles can carry and release anticancer medications at specific areas to precisely treat cancers.

    “Smart nanoparticles can carry and release anticancer medications at the specific areas to precisely treat cancers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    CPX-351 (Vyxeos) is a gel-phase bilamellar liposome nanoparticle with a mean diameter of 107 nm and a strong negative surface potential.

    “CPX-351 (Vyxeos) is a gel-phase bilamellar liposome nanoparticle with a mean diameter of 107 nm and a strong negative surface potential, which is based on the principle of ‘ratiometric’ dosing of the cytarabine/daunorubicin combination with a molar ratio of 5:1 provides the greatest synergistic effect with the lowest antagonism in vitro and in vivo.346”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [346] Dicko, A., Kwak, S., Frazier, A. A., Mayer, L. D. & Liboiron, B. D. Biophysical characterization of a liposomal formulation of cytarabine and daunorubicin. Int. J. Pharm. 391, 248–259 (2010). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The advancement of artificial intelligence paves the way for the construction of intelligent nanoparticles by making certain circumstances more conducive.

    “Thankfully, the advancement of artificial intelligence paves the way for the construction of intelligent nanoparticles by making certain circumstances more conducive.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The development of computer-aided nanoparticle design is being propelled forward by cutting-edge ideas and methods now being explored, including big data, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning.

    “In addition, the development of computer-aided nanoparticle design is being propelled forward by a number of cutting-edge ideas and methods now being explored. Examples of the second category include “big data,” artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning, amongst”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    A closed-loop feedback system can maximize therapeutic response and overcome drug resistance by optimizing drug delivery, adjusting dosages, and switching therapeutic modalities as required.

    “This closed-loop feedback system can maximize the therapeutic response and overcome drug resistance by optimizing drug delivery, adjusting dosages, and even switching therapeutic modalities as required.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The development of these novel materials is generating optimism for new therapeutic choices.

    “Several novel materials are now being developed and have shown significant promise, which is generating optimism for the new therapeutic choices, even though some of these smart nanoparticles haven’t been successful throughout the clinical translation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Doxil, a PEG functionalized liposomal doxorubicin, was the first nanomedicine approved for anticancer medications (FDA in 1995).

    “Doxil, a PEG functionalized liposomal doxorubicin, was the first nanomedicine that has been approved for anticancer medications (FDA in 1995).292”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [292] Barenholz, Y. Doxil® — the first FDA-approved nano-drug: Lessons learned. J. Control. Rel. 160, 117–134 (2012). source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    CPX-351 is based on the principle of ratiometric dosing of the cytarabine/daunorubicin combination with a molar ratio of 5:1, which provides the greatest synergistic effect with the lowest antagonism in vitro and in vivo.

    “CPX-351 (Vyxeos) is a gel-phase bilamellar liposome nanoparticle with a mean diameter of 107 nm and a strong negative surface potential, which is based on the principle of ‘ratiometric’ dosing of the cytarabine/daunorubicin combination with a molar ratio of 5:1 provides the greatest synergistic effect with the lowest antagonism in vitro and in vivo.346”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [346] Dicko, A., Kwak, S., Frazier, A. A., Mayer, L. D. & Liboiron, B. D. Biophysical characterization of a liposomal formulation of cytarabine and daunorubicin. Int. J. Pharm. 391, 248–259 (2010). source

      Not checked in the free run.

161 of 161

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    GSH is four times higher in tumors than in healthy tissues, and its intracellular concentration (2-10 mM) is thousands of times higher than in the extracellular compartment.

    “In particular, GSH is four times higher in tumors than in healthy tissues, and its intracellular concentration (2-10 mM) is thousands of times higher than in the extracellular compartment.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    RGD peptides have high affinity with αvβ3 integrin receptors, making RGD a unique molecular ligand targeting tumor.

    “RGD peptides have high affinity with αvβ3 integrin receptors, which makes RGD a unique molecular ligand targeting tumor.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Angiopep-2 has high affinity with LPRs overexpressed on BBB endothelial cells and GBM cells, and is considered an effective ligand for glioma.

    “Angiopep-2 has high affinity with low-density lipoprotein receptors (LPRs) overexpressed on the surface of blood-brain barrier endothelial cells and GBM cells, and is considered a target effective ligand for glioma.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A54 peptide binds to hepatic carcinoma and is the most effective peptide for BEL-7402 cells.

    “In a phage display random peptide library, the A54 peptide is a peptide that binds to hepatic carcinoma. For the human hepatoma cancer cell line BEL-7402, it is the most effective peptide.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    EGFR is overexpressed in a variety of highly aggressive tumors and is a promising target for tumor therapy.

    “EGFR is overexpressed in a variety of highly aggressive tumors and is a promising target for tumor therapy.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    HER2 is a useful target for therapy of breast and ovarian cancer, and HER2 cyclic peptide is the only FDA-approved HER2 targeted medication for breast cancer.

    “HER2 is a useful target for the therapy of breast and ovarian cancer, as was already mentioned. The only HER2 targeted medication for the treatment of breast cancer that has received FDA approval is HER2 cyclic peptide.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    IL-13 is highly expressed in malignant tumors but low in normal tissues, and has been developed as a tumor-specific targeting ligand.

    “IL-13 is a cytokine that binds to two receptor chains. It is highly expressed in a variety of malignant tumors, but the expression level in normal tissues is very low or undetectable. IL-13 has been developed as a tumor-specific targeting ligand.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    TfR is highly expressed on cancer cell surfaces and is the most common target receptor for drug delivery systems.

    “Transferrin receptor (TfR) is highly expressed on the surface of cancer cells. Therefore, the transferrin receptor is also the most common target receptor for drug delivery systems.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    T7 peptide is a heptapeptide with high binding affinity to TfR.

    “T7 peptide is a heptapeptide with high binding affinity to TfR.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Angiogenesis is closely related to tumor growth and metastasis, and targeted angiogenesis has shown significant anti-tumor efficiency.

    “Angiogenesis is closely related to tumor growth and metastasis, and targeted angiogenesis has shown significant anti-tumor efficiency in cancer treatment.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    TAT peptide is the most widely used CPP, derived from HIV Tat protein, and its 11 amino acids YGRKKRRQRRR is the smallest sequence for cell penetration.

    “TAT peptide is the most widely used CPP in drug delivery. The TAT peptide is derived from the protein transduction domain of the human immunodeficiency virus Tat protein. The 11 amino acids YGRKKRRQRRR of Tat is the smallest sequence that leads to cell penetration.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    TAT can penetrate cell membranes efficiently and carry macromolecular drugs 100 times larger than Tat across cell membranes.

    “TAT can not only penetrate cell membranes efficiently, but can also carry macromolecular drugs that are 100 times larger than Tat across cell membranes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    TD peptide temporarily opens the paracellular pathway and promotes drug to pass through the skin completely.

    “TD has the advantage that it can temporarily open the paracellular pathway and promote the drug to pass through the skin completely.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    R8 is a cationic peptide that promotes transportation across absorption barrier by forming electrostatic bond with negatively charged cell membrane.

    “R8 is a cationic peptide containing basic amino acid residues. It is a promising cell penetrating peptide, which can promote transportation across the absorption barrier by forming an electrostatic bond with the negatively charged part of the cell membrane.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Double-peptide modification endows smart nanocarriers with more functions than single-peptide modification.

    “Compared with single-peptide modification, double-peptide modification can endow smart nanocarriers with more functions, which has also aroused great interest.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    TfR is overexpressed on a variety of metastatic and drug-resistant tumor cells including brain cells.

    “Transferrin receptor (TfR) is overexpressed on a variety of metastatic and drug-resistant tumor cells (including brain cells).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Single drug therapy based on a single chemotherapy regimen is often not ideal in clinical efficacy.

    “Single drug therapy based on single chemotherapy regimen is often not ideal in clinical efficacy, the complexity of cancer makes it necessary to develop a combination of two or more treatment schemes to achieve better anti-cancer effect.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The complexity of cancer makes it necessary to develop a combination of two or more treatment schemes to achieve better anti-cancer effect.

    “Single drug therapy based on single chemotherapy regimen is often not ideal in clinical efficacy, the complexity of cancer makes it necessary to develop a combination of two or more treatment schemes to achieve better anti-cancer effect.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Gemcitabine monotherapy is the standard treatment choice for patients with advanced breast cancer, but it does not prolong the median survival time of patients with metastatic breast cancer.

    “For instance, gemcitabine monotherapy is the standard treatment choice for patients with advanced breast cancer, it does not prolong the median survival time of patients with metastatic breast cancer.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Traditional free drug combinations cannot reach the tumor after intravenous injection and fail to maintain the correct drug ratio.

    “Traditional free drug combinations cannot reach the tumor after intravenous injection and fail to maintain the correct drug ratio.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Rapid clearance is a ubiquitous challenge for nanoparticle-based drug delivery.

    “Rapid clearance is a ubiquitous challenge for nanoparticle-based drug delivery.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Conventional nanoparticles can collect in the lungs, spleen, kidneys, liver, and heart, depending on their chemical composition, size, shape, specific surface area, surface charge, and presence or absence of a shell around them.

    “Conventional nanoparticles can collect in the lungs, spleen, kidneys, liver, and heart, depending on their chemical composition, size, shape, specific surface area, surface charge, and presence or absence of a shell around them.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The bulk of nanoparticles collect in the body’s important organs rather than being eliminated from the body.

    “The bulk of nanoparticles collect in the body’s important organs rather than being eliminated from the body.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Animals have been used in a large number of in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies, but there have only been a small number of human investigations.

    “Animals have been used in a large number of in vitro and in vivo toxicity studies, but there have only been a small number of human investigations.”
24 of 24

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Radiolabelled nanocarriers (liposomes, micelles, polymers, dendrimers, and gold, iron oxide, silica, or carbon nanoparticles) are designed to enhance circulation time, biodistribution, and tumor penetration.

    “Nanocarriers, including liposomes, micelles, polymers, dendrimers, and various nanoparticles, such as those made of gold, iron oxide, silica, or carbon, are being carefully designed to enhance their circulation time, biodistribution, and tumor penetration [19].”

    From Radiopharmaceuticals: navigating the frontier of precision medicine and therapeutic innovation (2024) · cites this paper as [19]

    The Type of smart nanocarriers sections describe the listed carrier classes and designs that extend circulation or improve tumor targeting; the Target section also discusses nanoparticle accumulation at tumor sites. These passages do not establish improved penetration into tumor tissue. The supplied paraphrase adds “radiolabelled,” but the citing sentence does not; the paper discusses radiolabelling specifically for liposomes, not for every listed carrier. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • DUP-1 is assigned to PSMA despite being described as targeting PSMA-negative cells

    Minor

    Table 1 lists PSMA as the target receptor for the DUP1 peptide, while the text describes DUP-1 as an aptamer for PSMA-negative cells. Those accounts give incompatible targets for the same ligand.

  • Tumor receptors are listed elsewhere as targeting ligands

    Minor

    The Target section calls antibodies, peptides, transferrin, and folic acid receptors on tumor cells. The abstract identifies those same entities as ligands placed on nanoparticle surfaces to target tumors.

2 of 2

Cites

2 retracted

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 356 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Kim, Y. J. & Matsunaga, Y. T. Thermo-responsive polymers and their application as smart biomaterials. J. Mater. Chem. B 5, 4307–4321 (2017). · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Sun, L., Liu, H., Ye, Y., Lei, Y., Islam, R., Tan, S., Tong, R., Miao, Y.-B., & Cai, L.
Affiliations
  • University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (CN)
  • Sorrento Therapeutics (United States) (US)
  • Northwestern Polytechnical University (CN)
Corresponding author
  • Miao, Yang-Bao
  • Cai, Lulu
ORCID
Venue
Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2023-11-03
Volume
8
Issue
1
Pages
418-418
ISSN
2059-3635 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s41392-023-01642-x
PMC
PMC10622502
OpenAlex
W4388275106
Semantic Scholar
739d6920317e90de75012b5f34c5da189ca73bee
Cited by
1,073
References
356
Citations by year
2026: 333 · 2025: 496 · 2024: 240 · 2023: 3
FWCI
18.78
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (81972901, 31900984, U2230123, 82304789, 82304969)
  • China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2022M720670, 2022M710623)
  • Department of Science and Technology of Sichuan Province (2023NSFSC0033, 2019YFS0514, 2022YFS0606, 2023YFS0131, 2023YFS0125)
  • National Key Research and Development Program of China (2020YFC2005500)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Nanoplatforms for cancer theranostics
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers
Keywords
smart nanoparticles, cancer therapy, stimuli-responsive drug delivery, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles, liposomes, protein nanoparticles, mesoporous silica nanoparticles, gold nanoparticles, iron oxide nanoparticles, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, black phosphorus, metal-organic framework nanoparticles, tumor targeting, antibody-functionalized nanoparticles, peptide-functionalized nanoparticles, folic acid, transferrin, artificial intelligence in drug delivery, precision oncology
MeSH terms
Artificial Intelligence, Gold, Humans, Neoplasms, Peptides, Nanotubes, Carbon, Metal Nanoparticles

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review