The role of scale in integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation in cities
Open accessAbstract
By using a scale framework, we examine how cross-scale interactions influence the implementation of climate adaptation and mitigation actions in different urban sectors. Based on stakeholder interviews and content analysis of strategies and projects relevant to climate adaptation and mitigation in the cities of Copenhagen and Helsinki, we present empirical examples of synergies, conflicts and trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation that are driven by the cross-scale interactions. These examples show that jurisdictional and institutional scales shape the implementation of adaptation and mitigation strategies, projects and tasks at the management scale, creating benefits of integrated solutions, but also challenges. Investigating the linkages between adaptation and mitigation through a scale framework provides new knowledge for urban climate change planning and decision-making. The results increase the understanding of why adaptation and mitigation are sometimes handled as two separate policy areas and also why attempts to integrate the two policies may fail.
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TL;DR
Using a scale framework, this paper examines how cross-scale interactions shape the integration of climate adaptation and mitigation in Copenhagen and Helsinki. It finds that jurisdictional and institutional scales influence management-scale implementation, producing both synergies and conflicts or trade-offs, with 11 empirical examples identified.
Key findings
- Across interviews and policy documents, the authors identified 11 examples of conflicts, synergies, and trade-offs caused by cross-scale interactions in two contexts: urban densification and energy efficiency of buildings (mitigation), and surface runoff and urban heat management (adaptation); 8 examples were in Copenhagen and 3 in Helsinki.
- Jurisdictional-management and institutional-management interactions can cause trade-offs and conflicts and hinder integration; drivers include differences in perceptions and priorities among local jurisdictions and a limited institutional framework, such as narrow tenders, legal restrictions, and national climate policy priorities.
- Synergies include Copenhagen building energy efficiency tied to flood protection, green roofs and walls that delay rainwater and reduce air-conditioning needs, the Act on Municipal Cooling Systems, and the HOFOR merger of energy and water services; in Helsinki, Helen Oy’s district heating and cooling system supports energy efficiency while being prepared for extreme weather.
- Conflicts and trade-offs include Copenhagen groundwater pumps increasing energy demand and measurement difficulties due to landownership; in Helsinki, energy-efficiency requirements have been prioritized over material durability, and adaptation measures requiring physical space compete with densification for mitigation.
Methods
- Comparative case study of Copenhagen and Helsinki, selected for ambitious climate goals and similar climate risks, size, and institutional settings; populations were about 585,000 in Copenhagen and 613,000 in Helsinki, with carbon-neutral targets by 2025 and 2050 respectively.
- Semi-structured in-depth interviews with 29 stakeholders (28 face-to-face and 1 via Skype), each approximately one hour, conducted in Helsinki in May, June, and September 2013 (16 organizations) and in Copenhagen in September and October 2013 (10 organizations); interviewees came from public-sector organizations and private-sector organizations, including one local NGO and two consulting companies.
- Content analysis of policy documents and projects: Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Strategy to the Year 2030, Helsinki Metropolitan Area Climate Change Adaptation Strategy, and Kalasatama district; CPH 2025 Climate Plan, CPH Climate Adaptation Plan, and Skt. Kjeld’s district; material was coded with ATLAS.ti 7 using an a priori coding structure and data triangulation.
Limitations
- Stated: the study is limited to Copenhagen and Helsinki; the authors note the framework could be applied to a larger sample of cities, and a larger variation could allow comparisons between significantly different cities, such as in developing and developed countries.
- Stated: it is not feasible to analyze all possible scale interactions because there is a plurality of views on how scale and scale interactions can be understood.
- Evident from the text: the study focuses mainly on the public-sector point of view, and the interviews were conducted in 2013, so the empirical findings reflect that period.
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Claims the paper makes
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- Findingown data§ 4. Results · p. 9
Further analysis reveals drivers of conflicts, synergies and trade-offs that can help explain why certain factors along different scales cause challenges for integration of adaptation and mitigation.
“In addition, further analysis reveals 'drivers' of conflicts, synergies and trade-offs that can help explain why certain factors along different scales cause challenges for integration of adaptation and mitigation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 4. Results · p. 9
Eight of the 11 examples were identified in Copenhagen and three in Helsinki.
“Eight of these were identified in Copenhagen and three in Helsinki.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation§ 4. Results · p. 11
In Copenhagen, two conflicts in the water sector were identified: increasing use of groundwater pumps to avoid flood damage can conflict with mitigation due to increasing energy demand.
“We identified two conflicts in the water sector, where the Copenhagen adaptation strategy (City of Copenhagen 2011) indicates that in practice, the increasing use of groundwater pumps by the water sector to avoid flood damage can be in conflict with mitigation efforts due to increasing demand for energy (Fig. 4, example 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites City of Copenhagen 2011
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- Findingcitation§ 4. Results · p. 10
The Act on Municipal Cooling Systems alleviates this conflict by increasing energy efficiency and alternative air-conditioning.
“In Copenhagen, the Act on Municipal Cooling Systems (No. 465 of 2008) tries to alleviate this conflict by increasing energy efficiency of buildings and alternative air-conditioning (e.g. district cooling).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Act on Municipal Cooling Systems (No. 465 of 2008)
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- Findingown data§ The role of scale in integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation in cities · p. 1
Empirical examples of synergies, conflicts and trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation are driven by cross-scale interactions.
“Based on stakeholder interviews and content analysis of strategies and projects relevant to climate adaptation and mitigation in the cities of Copenhagen and Helsinki, we present empirical examples of synergies, conflicts and trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation that are driven by the cross-scale interactions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingcitation§ 4. Results · p. 9
In Copenhagen, one synergy in the building sector was identified: the Copenhagen Adaptation Plan denotes that buildings should be designed energy efficiently to support mitigation and reduce flood risk via sealed basements.
“First, one synergy in Copenhagen was identified in the building sector. The Copenhagen Adaptation Plan (City of Copenhagen 2011) denotes that buildings should be designed in an energy efficient way to support mitigation, and, at the same time, reduce risk of flooding by flood protection techniques such as sealed basements that function as adaptation measures to protect buildings (Fig. 2, example 1”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites City of Copenhagen 2011
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- Findingown data§ 4. Results · p. 9
The empirical material (interviews, documents) reveals 11 examples of conflicts, synergies and trade-offs in the two empirical contexts caused by cross-scale interactions.
“Our empirical material (interviews, documents) reveals 11 examples of conflicts, synergies and trade-offs in the two empirical contexts caused by cross-scale interactions that can help explain the inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation and reasons why integration of the policies succeed or fail.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 4. Results · p. 11
In Helsinki, one conflict in urban densification and energy efficiency: energy efficiency requirements have been stricter or higher priority than material durability requirements to protect buildings from floods.
“In Helsinki we identified one conflict in the context of urban densification and energy efficiency of buildings. There is a conflict caused by energy efficiency requirements (institutional scale) to reduce emissions that have to be re-considered at the jurisdictional scale since emission reduction and energy efficiency regulations for building design have been stricter so far or have had higher”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning§ 4. Results · p. 10
The merger of Copenhagen's formerly separate energy and water service organizations to HOFOR allows cooperation of energy and water sectors, creating a synergy at the strategic level.
“The third synergy is identified in the jurisdictional scale's influence on the Copenhagen adaptation strategy that appears to be the cooperation of energy and water sectors: the merger of Copenhagen's formerly separate energy service and water service organizations to HOFOR allows for the cooperation of the energy and the water sector, as HOFOR represents both adaptation and mitigation”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 17
Cross-scale interactions force trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation.
“In this study, we present multiple ways how cross-scale interactions directly influence the integration of adaptation and mitigation: they hinder the possibilities for integration, force to make trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation, but sometimes also enhance the integration of adaptation and mitigation by providing synergies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 16
Legislation or guidelines on how to consider both policy areas simultaneously are lacking.
“Furthermore, legislation or guidelines on how to consider both policy areas simultaneously are lacking (McEvoy et al. 2006), as also our results show.”
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- Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 17
Innovations can be driven by other policy objectives than climate change.
“Innovations can be driven by other policy objectives than climate change, as our findings indicate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 17
Cross-scale interactions sometimes enhance the integration of adaptation and mitigation by providing synergies.
“In this study, we present multiple ways how cross-scale interactions directly influence the integration of adaptation and mitigation: they hinder the possibilities for integration, force to make trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation, but sometimes also enhance the integration of adaptation and mitigation by providing synergies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 14
In Copenhagen, integration is challenging when national government or local actors focus narrowly on one policy, with disciplinary silos.
“Also in Copenhagen, possibilities to integrate adaptation and mitigation are challenging when the national government or local actors focus very narrowly on one policy only, such as in Copenhagen where disciplinary silos exist:”
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Different local jurisdictions have their own values, interests, and preconceptions of policy priorities and measures.
“One problem is that different local jurisdictions have their own values, interests and preconceptions of what the policy priorities are (adaptation vs. mitigation), and what kinds of measures can be considered (jurisdictional scale).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 16
Spatial planners in Helsinki are aware of challenges of integrating adaptation with mitigation.
“Further empirical evidence shows that the spatial planners in Helsinki are aware of the challenges of integrating adaptation with mitigation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 17
Cross-scale interactions influence the implementation of adaptation and mitigation in both Copenhagen and Helsinki.
“Our findings support the hypothesis that the cross-scale interactions influence the implementation of adaptation and mitigation, and affect the possibilities to integrate the two policies in both cities in many different ways.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 6. Conclusion · p. 17
Integration of adaptation and mitigation in urban areas is challenging.
“As revealed by the several examples of conflicts, our study underlines that integration of adaptation and mitigation in urban areas is challenging.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 16
The DHC system operated by Helen Oy supports climate risk resilient low emission energy production.
“For example, the district heating and cooling system operated by the energy company Helen Oy, supports climate risk resilient low emission energy production (cf. Sheppard et al. 2012).”
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- Findingreasoning§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 16
In Helsinki, national energy policy and mitigation lead to higher priority for mitigation measures like insulation over adaptation like material durability.
“In Helsinki, national energy policy and mitigation, driven by strict regulations for energy efficiency of building design, lead to higher priority of local administrations for mitigation measures, such as insulation, rather than adaptation measures, such as material durability improvements to protect buildings from floods.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 15
In Copenhagen, synergies are related to material and energy efficiency guidelines encompassing both energy efficiency and flood protection.
“In Copenhagen, some examples of synergies between adaptation and mitigation are related to material and energy efficiency guidelines and roadmaps that encompass both energy efficiency and flood protection guidelines for building design, and indicate that especially energy policy has potential to simultaneously support both climate objectives.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 15
Both Nordic cities still follow national rules and regulations, which limit realization of integrated solutions.
“Although local actors in cities might be innovative in thinking, as also found in the literature (Bulkeley 2010), we found that both Nordic cities still follow the rules and regulations of national governments, which to some extent limit realization of integrated solutions.”
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- Findingcitation§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 17
Common conflicts in both cities originate from differing strategic goals and priorities of administrations.
“Nevertheless, common conflicts in both cities originate from differing strategic goals and priorities of the administrations between adaptation and mitigation to varying relevance of a specific policy for decision-making (Hamin and Gurran 2009), as our results show.”
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- Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 14
In Copenhagen, operational rules of tendering cause difficulties for integrated solutions.
“In Copenhagen, the operational rules (institutional scale) of tendering cause difficulties to find integrated solutions of mitigation and adaptation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 4. Results · p. 12
In Helsinki, city administration has to balance use of space for adaptation without hindering mitigation.
“In Helsinki, the city administration (jurisdictional scale) has to carefully balance the use of space (spatial level) in its planning activities (projects and tasks for both adaptation and mitigation at the management level): how the space is used for adaptation in a way that it will not hinder mitigation (Fig. 6, example 1):”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 16
The adaptation and mitigation jurisdictions have to balance between adaptation measures requiring physical space and mitigation measures for urban densification.
“This is revealed by one trade-off that we identified: the adaptation and mitigation jurisdictions have to balance between adaptation measures that require physical space, such as some surface runoff management measures, and mitigation measures for urban densification, which reduce the possibility to increase energy efficiency.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 16
Adaptation strategy can cause increased energy use due to groundwater pumps.
“Adaptation strategy can cause increased energy use, due to need to increase in the capacity of groundwater pumps to handle floodwater more efficiently by the water sector, which should also be taken into account when implementing water sector and energy policies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 13
Some authorities support green roofs while others do not due to construction/maintenance concerns.
“One example is when some authorities would like to support green solutions, such as green roofs that are beneficial for both adaptation and mitigation, whereas others do not perceive them beneficial due to concerns related to construction and maintenance of such solutions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 16
Strategic urban planning solutions to resolve competing goals were not visible in the two cities.
“Strategic urban planning solutions that can help resolve competing goals have been pointed out by in the literature but were not visible in the two cities (Hamin and Gurran 2009).”
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- Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 13
In Helsinki, different goals of international, national, and local governments are problematic for integration of adaptation and mitigation.
“In Helsinki, the interview responses indicate that different goals of international climate policies, and different strategic goals of national and local governments at jurisdictional scale are particularly problematic, when considering the integration of adaptation and mitigation:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 6. Conclusion · p. 17
Adaptation and mitigation can be addressed in an integrated manner.
“But because we were also able to identify a plenty of synergies, which show that adaptation and mitigation can be addressed in an integrated manner, it can be concluded that integration does make sense - at least in the case cities Copenhagen and Helsinki.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 16
In Copenhagen, two instances where adaptation measures cause conflicts with mitigation measures.
“In Copenhagen, we found two instances where adaptation measures cause conflicts with mitigation measures.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 15
National climate policy priorities can intensify existing policy silos among local jurisdictions.
“We also found that national climate policy priorities (adaptation vs. mitigation) can intensify the already existing 'policy' silos among the local jurisdictions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 14
In Helsinki, temporal scale of investments creates trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation negotiated at jurisdictional scale.
“In Helsinki, the interviewees mentioned that when considering the temporal scale of investments, there are trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation, which have to be negotiated at the jurisdictional scale.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 17
Cross-scale interactions affect the possibilities to integrate adaptation and mitigation in both Copenhagen and Helsinki.
“Our findings support the hypothesis that the cross-scale interactions influence the implementation of adaptation and mitigation, and affect the possibilities to integrate the two policies in both cities in many different ways.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2
In urban planning practice, conflicts can emerge when flood damage and heat island effects are avoided by urban greening that requires more physical space, which can counteract densification undertaken to reduce emissions by reducing travel distances.
“In urban planning practice, conflicts can emerge when flood damage and heat island effects are avoided by urban greening that in turn requires more physical space in the city. This can counteract with densification of urban structure that is undertaken to reduce emissions by reducing travel distances (ibid.).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites ibid.
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- Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2
Many conflicts between adaptation and mitigation policies in cities are driven by different policy priorities, administrative processes, limited resources, or competing use of physical space.
“The literature review of Landauer et al. (2015) also shows that many conflicts between the two policies in cities are driven by different policy priorities or by administrative processes or limited resources, or they appear in urban planning practice due to competing use of”
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- Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2
Trade-offs (balancing) are required when beneficiaries and policy priorities differ between adaptation and mitigation.
“This means that depending on the goals and priorities of adaptation or mitigation in cities, trade-offs, i.e. 'balancing' (Klein et al. 2007, 749) is required when beneficiaries and policy priorities differ between the two climate policies (Heidrich et al. 2013).”
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- cites Heidrich et al. 2013
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- Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2
Previous research has revealed trade-offs and conflicts between adaptation and mitigation policies and practices in urban areas.
“Previous research has revealed trade-offs and conflicts between adaptation and mitigation policies and practices in urban areas (e.g. Ayers and Huq 2009, Hamin and Gurran 2009, Anguelowski and Carmin 2011, Sugar, Kennedy, and Hoornweg 2013, Dymén and Langlais 2013, S. Barbhuiya, S. Barbhuiya, and Salim 2013).”
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- cites Hamin and Gurran 2009
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- cites Anguelowski and Carmin 2011
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- Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2
Implementing adaptation and mitigation in silos is not necessarily time and cost efficient, especially in the long term.
“which is not necessarily time and cost efficient especially in the long term (Walsh et al. 2011).”
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- Interpretationreasoning§ 4. Results · p. 9
The combined effect of adaptation and mitigation is greater than if adaptation or mitigation were implemented separately.
“So, the combined effect of adaptation and mitigation is greater than if adaptation or mitigation were implemented separately.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 4. Results · p. 10
Strategic guidelines and framing of projects at the management scale can enhance synergies at the city administration.
“This means that strategic guidelines and the framing of projects at the management scale can enhance synergies at the city administration (local level, jurisdictional scale) that is in charge of implementation (Fig. 2, example 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 4. Results · p. 10
A law at the institutional scale reduces the conflict between mitigation and adaptation goals in reducing indoor temperature of buildings.
“This means a law (at the institutional scale) reduces the conflict between mitigation and adaptation goals that can be identified in the task to reduce indoor temperature of buildings in the city (management scale).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 4. Results · p. 9
The origins of conflicts and trade-offs, as well as synergies between adaptation and mitigation can be explained by scale interactions.
“The results show that the origins of conflicts and trade-offs, as well as synergies between adaptation and mitigation can be explained by these scale interactions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 4. Results · p. 11
Institutional scale, via operating rules for evaluation, can influence attempts to integrate adaptation and mitigation in practice.
“In this case, the institutional scale, by means of operating rules for evaluation, can influence the attempts to integrate adaptation and mitigation in practice.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given§ 4. Results · p. 10
Increased use of air-conditioning as adaptation to higher temperature would conflict with mitigation aim to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
“The increased use of air-conditioning as adaptation to higher temperature would be in conflict with the mitigation aim to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 4. Results · p. 9
The challenges and potential of integration become manifested in the implementation of measures in practice at the local level in the form of synergies, trade-offs and conflicts in the management scale.
“The challenges and potential of integration become manifested in the implementation of measures in practice at the local level in the form of synergies, trade-offs and conflicts (i.e. inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation) in the management scale.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ 2.2. Cross-scale interaction · p. 6
The similarity of the two case cities provides a broader empirical basis to test the hypothesis and answer the research questions rather than focusing on only one city.
“This provides us a broader empirical basis to test our hypothesis and answer our research questions (Seawright and Gerring 2008) rather than focusing on only one city.”
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- Premisecitation§ 2.2. Cross-scale interaction · p. 7
In both Copenhagen and Helsinki, implementation of climate adaptation is mainly the responsibility of local public authorities, but to some extent also of citizens and private actors.
“Implementation of climate adaptation in the management scale of the city follows the same logic, and in both cities the implementation is mainly the responsibility of local public authorities, but to some extent also of citizens and private actors (Klein et al. 2016a).”
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- Interpretationreasoning§ 6. Conclusion · p. 17
It is more likely that conflicts at the local level can be avoided or diminished and synergies strengthened if cross-scale interactions can be identified better and therefore be better understood.
“We consider it more likely that the conflicts at the local level can be avoided or diminished and synergies strengthened, if the cross-scale interactions can be identified better and therefore be better understood.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ 4. Results · p. 12
A trade-off between adaptation and mitigation can manifest in any city when goals suggest competing land use for a specific geographical area.
“A trade-off between adaptation and mitigation can become manifested in any city particularly in strategic urban planning, and in building and infrastructure sectors in particular, when mitigation and adaptation goals suggest competing types of land use (adaptation or mitigation management) for a specific geographical area (spatial scale) (see McEvoy et al. 2006).”
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- Interpretationown data§ 4. Results · p. 12
A synergy in Helsinki energy sector: possibility to integrate adaptation into precautionary actions to protect energy supply from extreme weather.
“Second, a synergy was identified in the energy sector with actions that require proactive planning (jurisdictional scale) and operational rules related to them (institutional scale). For instance, there is a possibility for the energy sector to integrate adaptation actions into their precautionary actions to protect energy supply from extreme weather events.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 16
Possibilities to avoid dichotomy and enhance synergies depend on how well scale-interactions are understood.
“However, our study also indicates that possibilities to avoid this dichotomy and enhance synergies by integrating adaptation with mitigation depend on how well these scale-interactions are understood.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 17
The study's findings are limited to Copenhagen and Helsinki.
“While, this study is limited to Copenhagen and Helsinki, we consider that the research framework could also be applied to examine a larger sample of cities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationcitation§ 6. Conclusion · p. 17
Understanding cross-scale interactions and background drivers is advantageous for developing proactive, synergetic climate responses in an integrated manner that are cost-efficient and politically acceptable.
“In attempts to develop proactive, synergetic climate responses in an integrated manner that are at the same time cost-efficient (Giordano 2012) and politically acceptable (Viguie and Hallegatte 2012), understanding of the cross-scale interactions and background drivers of these is advantageous.”
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- cites Viguie and Hallegatte 2012
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- Interpretationown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 17
The dichotomy between adaptation and mitigation can be at least partially explained by scale interactions.
“These results show that the dichotomy between adaptation and mitigation (cf. Goklany 2007, Biesbroek et al. 2009) can be at least partially explained by scale interactions.”
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- cites Biesbroek et al. 2009
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- Interpretationreasoning§ 6. Conclusion · p. 17
Integration of adaptation and mitigation makes sense at least in Copenhagen and Helsinki.
“But because we were also able to identify a plenty of synergies, which show that adaptation and mitigation can be addressed in an integrated manner, it can be concluded that integration does make sense - at least in the case cities Copenhagen and Helsinki.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
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Findingcitation§ 4. Results · p. 10A third synergy in Copenhagen: Sankt Kjeld's project district promotes energy improvements and green developments but further improvements are needed.
“The third synergy was identified in the Sankt Kjeld's project district, related to 'future-proofing' of dwellings. A number of energy improvements and green developments, such as such as solar power cells, passive sun heating and local drainage of rainwater are being promoted but further improvements are needed (The Integrated Urban Renewal in Skt. Kjeld's 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites The Integrated Urban Renewal in Skt. Kjeld's 2011
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Findingcitation§ 4. Results · p. 10Copenhagen mitigation strategy denotes green roofs can manage rainwater and provide comfortable indoor climate, reducing need for electricity-based cooling.
“Also, the 'mitigation' strategy of Copenhagen (City of Copenhagen 2012, 10) denotes that when renovating homes, materials such as green roofs, can help manage rainwater and provide more comfortable indoor climate at the same time. This reduces the need to use electricity-based conventional cooling systems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites City of Copenhagen 2012
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Findingcitation§ 4. Results · p. 10The Act on Municipal Cooling Systems (No. 465 of 2008) aims to increase energy efficiency of buildings and reduce use of conventional air-conditioning due to urban heat island effect.
“The purpose of the Act on Municipal Cooling Systems (No. 465 of 2008) is to increase the energy efficiency of buildings and reduce the use of conventional air-conditioning, due to the urban heat island effect (Fig. 3, example 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Act on Municipal Cooling Systems (No. 465 of 2008)
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ 4. Results · p. 11Evaluation was done voluntarily in Kalasatama district as a report by VTT and City Planning Department of Helsinki.
“This kind of evaluation was done on a voluntary basis as part of the development of Kalasatama district in Helsinki and it took the form of a report (Wahlgren, Kuismanen and Makkonen 2007). The Technical Research Centre of Finland (VTT) together with the City Planning Department of Helsinki prepared it.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wahlgren, Kuismanen and Makkonen 2007
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Findingcitation§ 4. Results · p. 10The Copenhagen Adaptation Plan mentions green spaces can manage surface runoff and regulate indoor temperatures of buildings.
“Second, the Copenhagen Adaptation Plan (City of Copenhagen 2011, 58) mentions the potential of green spaces in both surface runoff management and regulating indoor temperatures of buildings.”
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Findingreasoning§ 4. Results · p. 11Landownership appears problematic, leading to difficulties in measuring impacts of adaptation on mitigation and vice versa.
“Furthermore, an evaluation of measures would be important but here the landownership (property ownership) appears again problematic, leading to difficulties in measuring the impacts of adaptation on mitigation, and vice versa (jurisdictional scale) (Fig. 4, example 2):”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ 4. Results · p. 10Building regulations can be applied to keep storm water away from buildings and assure good indoor temperature conditions.
“It also mentions that building regulations (institutional scale) can be applied to keep storm water away from buildings and assure good indoor temperature conditions in buildings (City of Copenhagen 2011, 77).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites City of Copenhagen 2011
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Findingown data§ The role of scale in integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation in cities · p. 1Jurisdictional and institutional scales shape the implementation of adaptation and mitigation strategies, projects and tasks at the management scale, creating benefits of integrated solutions but also challenges.
“These examples show that jurisdictional and institutional scales shape the implementation of adaptation and mitigation strategies, projects and tasks at the management scale, creating benefits of integrated solutions, but also challenges.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ 4. Results · p. 9A second synergy in Copenhagen: the mitigation strategy provides a roadmap for energy efficient buildings and states new buildings should cover both adaptation and low energy use.
“The second synergy was identified as part of the city administration's climate work in Copenhagen, namely the mitigation strategy (City of Copenhagen 2012), which provides an analysis, demonstration and implementation roadmap for energy efficient buildings. The strategy states that new buildings should be constructed so that they cover both climate adaptation and low energy use requirements (Fig.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites City of Copenhagen 2012
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May combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ 4. Results · p. 10Sankt Kjeld's project presents synergies of green roofs and green walls delaying water passage to sewer and reducing air-conditioning need.
“The project Sankt Kjeld's presents examples of the synergies of green roofs and green walls that delay the water's passage to the sewer system during heavy rainfalls and also reduce the need for energy-consuming air-conditioning in the example of the urban heat island effect (The Integrated Urban Renewal in Skt. Kjeld's 2011, City of Copenhagen 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites The Integrated Urban Renewal in Skt. Kjeld's 2011
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- cites City of Copenhagen 2013
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May combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ 4. Results · p. 11Kalasatama smart grid allows testing ground for energy solutions while district accounts for sea level rise and floods in planning and construction.
“An example of the current situation is that the Kalasatama smart grid system allows a testing ground for smart future energy solutions, and at the same time the district takes into account sea level rise and potential floods in all of its planning and construction, including the smart grid system (SITRA, Tekes and VTT 2011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites SITRA, Tekes and VTT 2011
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The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 17Cross-scale interactions hinder the possibilities for integration of adaptation and mitigation.
“In this study, we present multiple ways how cross-scale interactions directly influence the integration of adaptation and mitigation: they hinder the possibilities for integration, force to make trade-offs between adaptation and mitigation, but sometimes also enhance the integration of adaptation and mitigation by providing synergies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 16Adaptation has received less attention and is less institutionalized than mitigation in Helsinki.
“Also, our findings indicate that adaptation has received less attention and is less institutionalized than mitigation in Helsinki, where the latter is still strongly driven by international agreements and steered by national government, as also found by Juhola (2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Juhola (2013)
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ 4. Results · p. 11The report includes assessment of climate change impacts, adaptation suggestions, and GHG calculations for the district.
“Based on a draft master plan for the district, the report includes an assessment and evaluation of potential climate change impacts, suggestions for adaptation measures and calculations of greenhouse gas emissions for the district (Wahlgren, Kuismanen and Makkonen 2007) (Fig. 5, example 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Wahlgren, Kuismanen and Makkonen 2007
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May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 4. Results · p. 12In Helsinki, two instances were found: one trade-off and one synergy where adaptation affects mitigation in surface runoff and urban heat management.
“We found two instances; one trade-off and one synergy, where adaptation affects mitigation the context of how surface runoff and urban heat management are carried out in Helsinki.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 15Legal framework is not optimal for integrated solutions in Copenhagen; legislative restrictions affect jurisdictional setting.
“From the institutional point of view, the legal framework is also not considered optimal for integrated solutions in Copenhagen, and there are legislative restrictions for integration (institutional scale) that affect the jurisdictional setting:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingcitation§ 4. Results · p. 12Helen Oy has been a worldwide pioneer in developing district heating and cooling technologies.
“This is a common practice of Helen Oy in Helsinki, a city-owned commercial energy provider (Fig. 7, example 1), which has been a worldwide pioneer in developing district heating and cooling (DHC) technologies (Riipinen 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Riipinen 2013
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Findingreasoning§ 4. Results · p. 12The DHC system in Helsinki was built to increase energy efficiency but also keeps city energy secure and prepared for climate risks.
“The whole system of DHC plants in Helsinki has been built to increase energy efficiency of the city (mitigation) but at the same time assuring that this system keeps the city energy secure, which also means that the system is prepared for climate risks (adaptation, although not because of a specific adaptation objective but rather energy policy driven), such as from extreme weather events:”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 13Two drivers emerge: differences in perceptions and priorities, and limited institutional framework to integrate adaptation with mitigation.
“Based on our analysis, two issues emerge: first, differences in perceptions and priorities how policy implementation should take place, and second, limited institutional framework to integrate adaptation with mitigation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone given§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 16Helsinki implements proactive actions and has operating rules to protect energy supply from extreme weather.
“Helsinki implements proactive actions and has operating rules in place to protect energy supply (a critical function for energy efficiency) from extreme weather events, such as sea level rise or storm surges.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 14Calls for tenders are sometimes too narrow to invest in both adaptation and mitigation.
“In terms of investments, calls for tenders are sometimes considered too narrow to invest in both:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2Conflicts can appear when attempts to find integrated solutions for adaptation and mitigation in urban planning fail, or when the two climate policies are implemented in silos.
“Conflicts, defined by OED (2015) as 'a serious incompatibility between two or more opinions, principles, or interests', can appear when an attempt to find integrated solutions for adaptation and mitigation in urban planning fails, or the two climate policies are implemented in 'silos'”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Walsh et al. 2011
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Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2Lack of financial resources or competing policy goals of city administrations can hinder policy integration in cities.
“For example, lack of financial resources or competing policy goals of city administrations can hinder the policy integration in cities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Landauer, Juhola and Söderholm 2015
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2In local urban contexts, adaptation reduces the city's sensitivity to climate risks, while mitigation reduces exposure to climate change impacts.
“When dealing with climate risks in local urban contexts, adaptation reduces the city's sensitivity, while mitigation reduces to exposure to climate change impacts (Yohe and Strzebek, 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yohe and Strzebek, 2007
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2Adaptation and mitigation are complementary, interlinked policy areas.
“Previous studies have indicated that adaptation and mitigation are complementary, interlinked policy areas.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yohe and Strzebek, 2007
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 2.1. Importance of scale in climate governance · p. 4Governance systems are currently unable to address the role that scale interactions might have, leading to inadequate responses to environmental and socio-economic threats such as climate change.
“It has further been argued that governance systems are currently unable to address the role that the scale interactions might have (Termeer and Dewulf 2014), leading to inadequate responses to environmental and socio-economic threats, such as climate change.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Termeer and Dewulf 2014
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 2.1. Importance of scale in climate governance · p. 4The concept of scale and its implications has been an understudied area, particularly in social sciences, and is a persistent issue of conceptual ambiguity and imprecision.
“Despite this interest, it is argued that the concept of scale itself and its implications has been an understudied area, in social sciences in particular (Gibson et al. 2000, Padt et al. 2014) and a persistent issue of conceptual ambiguity and imprecision (Padt and Arts, 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Gibson et al. 2000
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- cites Padt et al. 2014
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- cites Padt and Arts, 2014
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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2Differences in policy objectives across multiple scales are a reason for the dichotomy between adaptation and mitigation when these policies are implemented.
“Differences in policy objectives across multiple scales have been frequently noted as a reason for the dichotomy between adaptation and mitigation when these two policies are being implemented (Goklany 2007, Biesbroek, Swart and van der Knaap Wim 2009).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Goklany 2007
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- cites Biesbroek, Swart and van der Knaap Wim 2009
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Interpretationreasoning§ The role of scale in integrating climate change adaptation and mitigation in cities · p. 1The results increase understanding of why adaptation and mitigation are sometimes handled as two separate policy areas and why attempts to integrate the two policies may fail.
“The results increase the understanding of why adaptation and mitigation are sometimes handled as two separate policy areas and also why attempts to integrate the two policies may fail.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone given§ 2.2. Cross-scale interaction · p. 6The two case cities, Copenhagen and Helsinki, are fairly similar with respect to climate risks, size of the cities, and institutional settings.
“Thus, the two case cities are fairly similar with respect to climate risks, size of the cities, and institutional settings.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 2.1. Importance of scale in climate governance · p. 4Greenhouse gases have a long residence time in the atmosphere and the benefits of mitigation will be evidenced after several decades, although co-benefits such as air pollution reduction can be observed in the short run.
“Additionally, considering the temporal scale, greenhouse gases have a long residence time in the atmosphere and the benefits of mitigation will be evidenced after several decades, although co-benefits such as air pollution reduction can be observed in the short run.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites IPCC 2007
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Study design and conductnone given§ 2.2. Cross-scale interaction · p. 7The coding structure for the qualitative analysis was developed a priori.
“The coding structure was developed a priori.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 2.2. Cross-scale interaction · p. 7In both Copenhagen and Helsinki, climate objectives and motivation are not solely the result of national or international requirements (top-down); these cities have been very active in initiating and developing their own climate agendas and are part of some climate networks (bottom-up).
“In both Copenhagen and Helsinki, the climate objectives and motivation are not solely the result of national or international requirements (top-down), but these cities have been very active in initiating and developing their own climate agendas, and are part of some climate networks (bottom-up), such as many other cities (see Bulkeley 2005, Bulkeley and Betsill 2005, Betsill and Bulke”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bulkeley 2005
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- cites Bulkeley and Betsill 2005
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- cites Betsill and Bulkeley 2006
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Premisecitation§ 2.1. Importance of scale in climate governance · p. 4In many Nordic cities, implementation of climate change related measures happens within the framework of national policy and regulations, a trend also observed elsewhere.
“Nevertheless, in many Nordic cities the implementation of climate change related measures happens within the framework of national policy and regulations, a trend also observed elsewhere (cf. Jordan, Wurzel, and Zito 2005, Peters 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Jordan, Wurzel, and Zito 2005
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- cites Peters 2014
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Premisecitation§ 2.1. Importance of scale in climate governance · p. 4Climate change initiatives of city networks can drive local adaptation and bypass the state, making cities 'translocal sites' rather than a level embedded in a hierarchical structure of city and state.
“This means that climate change initiatives of city networks can drive local adaptation and bypass the state. This makes cities to 'translocal sites' rather than a level embedded in a hierarchical structure of city and state (Bulkeley 2005, p. 887, Bulkeley and Betsill 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Bulkeley 2005
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- cites Bulkeley and Betsill 2013
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Study design and conductcitation§ 2.2. Cross-scale interaction · p. 7The audio-recordings of interviews were transcribed and the responses were verified.
“The audio-recordings were transcribed and responses verified (following Guion, Diehl, and McDonald 2011, 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Guion, Diehl, and McDonald 2011
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May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 2.1. Importance of scale in climate governance · p. 4Adaptation actions are mainly beneficial at the local level; adaptation measures can reduce vulnerability to climate variability in the long term, but their effectiveness can become visible immediately.
“Considering the spatial scale, adaptation actions are mainly beneficial at the local level. Adaptation measures can reduce vulnerability to climate variability in the long term also, but the effectiveness of adaptation measures can become 'visible' immediately (IPCC 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites IPCC 2007
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Study design and conductnone given§ 2.2. Cross-scale interaction · p. 7The interview question format was open-ended and an interview guide helped the interviewers focus on key topics, maintain consistency, and stay on track.
“The interview question format was open-ended and an interview guide helped the interviewers to focus on the key topics, to maintain consistency, and to 'stay on track'.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 4. Results · p. 9The Copenhagen adaptation strategy ties together energy efficiency and flood protection legal requirements and reveals how synergies can be created.
“Thus, the Copenhagen's adaptation strategy ties together the two otherwise unrelated legal requirements for energy efficiency and flood protection and reveals how synergies can be created.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 2.1. Importance of scale in climate governance · p. 4Mitigation efforts are mainly a global responsibility and provide global benefits.
“For example, IPCC (2007) states that mitigation efforts are mainly a global responsibility and provide global benefits.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites IPCC 2007
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Premisecitation§ 2.2. Cross-scale interaction · p. 7Mitigation is still quite often better institutionalized than adaptation.
“Although mitigation is still quite often better institutionalized than adaptation (cf. Anguelowski and Carmen 2011), especially Copenhagen is investing heavily in adaptation actions, partially due to the past flood events, such as a cloudburst event in 2011.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Anguelowski and Carmen 2011
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Premisecitation§ 2.1. Importance of scale in climate governance · p. 4Cities across the world are now managing both climate adaptation and mitigation to prepare for risks and impacts with their own initiatives and by means of networks such as the Cities for Climate Protection (CCP).
“Cities across the world are now managing both climate adaptation and mitigation to prepare for risks and impacts (Rosenzweig et al. 2017 in press ) with their own initiatives and by means of networks, such as the Cities for Climate Protection (CCP) (Betsill and Bulkeley 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Rosenzweig et al. 2017 in press
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Premisecitation§ 2.1. Importance of scale in climate governance · p. 4Implementation of climate change measures in Nordic cities often takes place without proper coordination or available resources from the state, and would still quite often require state involvement and public policy-making.
“However, this often takes place without proper coordination or available resources from the state for adaptation and mitigation and their implementation would still quite often require state involvement and public policy-making (Juhola and Westerhoff 2011, Dannevik, Rauken, and Hovelsrud 2012, Dymén and Langlais 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Juhola and Westerhoff 2011
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Study design and conductown data§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 17The combination of interviews and policy document analysis was useful in identifying scale interactions.
“We found the combination of interviews and policy document analysis useful in identifying scale interactions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 17Application of the scale framework improves understanding of the inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation.
“Application of this scale framework improves understanding of the inter-relationships between adaptation and mitigation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ <<Insert Fig. 7>> · p. 13These different perceptions drive conflict and hinder integrated action.
“These different perceptions 'drive' a conflict on the ground, while hindering such an integrated action to be implemented, and instead, could support an alternative option to be realized, which is only beneficial for one of the two policy objectives.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationreasoning§ 6. Conclusion · p. 17An empirical examination of linkages between adaptation and mitigation through the scale framework provides new knowledge for urban climate change planning and decision-making to better understand the scales at which the two climate policies overlap, interplay and influence the decisions and practices of adaptation and mitigation.
“Based on the findings, we conclude that an empirical examination of linkages between adaptation and mitigation through the scale framework provides new knowledge for urban climate change planning and decision-making to better understand the scales at which the two climate policies overlap, interplay and influence the decisions and practices of adaptation and mitigation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The public sector still plays an important role in implementing climate policies and practices in Nordic countries.
“Understanding the role of public sector is important because the public sector still plays an important role in implementing climate policies and practices in Nordic countries.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The translation of global climate policies into regional and local level management practices is not a straightforward process.
“However, the translation of global climate policies into regional and local level management practices is not a straightforward process.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Synergies have been discovered in Copenhagen between energy efficiency and flood protection criteria for building design.
“Synergies have been discovered in Copenhagen between energy efficiency and flood protection criteria for building design.”
From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Landauer et al. 2018
In Copenhagen, a higher capacity of groundwater pumps was necessary to regulate floodwater, resulting in increased energy consumption.
“Furthermore, the study discovered a contradiction in which a higher capacity of groundwater pumps was necessary to regulate floodwater, resulting in increased energy consumption.”
From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Landauer et al. 2018
In Helsinki, strong national policies on energy-efficient building design compelled municipal governments to prioritize mitigation measures such as building insulation over adaptation measures such as using durable materials to safeguard buildings from flooding.
“In Helsinki, strong national policies on energy-efficient building design compelled municipal governments to prioritize mitigation measures such as building insulation over adaptation measures such as using durable materials to safeguard buildings from flooding.”
From Strategies to achieve a carbon neutral society: a review (2022) · cites this paper as Landauer et al. 2018
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Second empirical context names adaptation twice
MinorThe methods section describes the second context as adaptation affecting adaptation, but the empirical analysis identifies it as adaptation affecting mitigation.
“In the two empirical contexts - how mitigation affects adaptation and how adaptation affects adaptation, the scale framework helps considering whether the implementation of adaptation and mitigation should be done separately or in an integrated manner.”
“In this study, we present the results of adaptation and mitigation inter-relationships and scale interactions in the case cities in two empirical contexts in the case cities: (1) mitigation affecting adaptation (2) adaptation affecting mitigation.”
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- Authors
- Landauer, M., Juhola, S., & Klein, J.
- Affiliations
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (AT)
- University of Helsinki (FI)
- Geological Survey of Finland (FI)
- Corresponding author
- Landauer, Mia
- Venue
- Journal of Environmental Planning and Management
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2018-04-03
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 741-765
- ISSN
- 0964-0568 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0559
- OpenAlex
- W2783728736
- Semantic Scholar
- 1a1e0258d4fb1bea584df68a0fcab10d97b4676c
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 6.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Journal of Environmental Planning and Management (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- IIASA PURE (International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis) (acceptedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Aaltodoc (Aalto University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
- LaCRIS (University of Lapland) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Norden Top-level Research Initiative sub-programme ‘Effect Studies and Adaptation to Climate Change’.
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Sustainability and Climate Change Governance
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Sustainable Development
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Keywords
- climate change adaptation, climate change mitigation, cross-scale interactions, urban climate policy, institutional scale, urban climate planning, Copenhagen, Helsinki, stakeholder perspectives
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