Cited by 364Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchHealth disparities and outcomesMental Health Treatment and Access

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An Examination of the African American Experience of Everyday Discrimination and Symptoms of Psychological Distress

Banks, Kira Hudson, Kohn-Wood, Laura P., Spencer, Michael·2006·Community Mental Health Journal

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Abstract

Current theoretical models suggest that the most potent and impacting discrimination experienced by African Americans in the post Jim Crow era are subtle and unconscious forms of discrimination that are experienced on a daily basis. This study investigates the relationship between perceived everyday discrimination and anxiety and depressive symptoms. Further, we examine gender as a moderator of this relationship. Data come from the 1995 Detroit Area Study data with 570 African American respondents. Results indicate that perceived discrimination is directly related to both symptoms of depression and anxiety. Gender moderates the relationship between discrimination and anxiety symptoms, but not discrimination and depressive symptoms. Overall, different patterns of relationships were apparent for men and women.

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Authors: Banks, K. H., Kohn-Wood, L. P., & Spencer, M.
Affiliations: Illinois Wesleyan University (US)
University of Michigan (US)
Corresponding author: Banks, Kira Hudson
ORCID: Banks, Kira Hudson
Spencer, Michael
Venue: Community Mental Health Journal
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2006-08-04
Volume: 42
Issue: 6
Pages: 555-570
ISSN: 0010-3853 (ISSN-L)
1573-2789
DOI: 10.1007/s10597-006-9052-9
OpenAlex: W1985110427
Cited by: 364
References: 46
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 34 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 30.09
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Community Mental Health Journal (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Digital Commons at Illinois Wesleyan University (Illinois Wesleyan University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
Keywords: African Americans, everyday discrimination, perceived discrimination, psychological distress, anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, gender differences, moderating effect of gender, Detroit Area Study
MeSH terms: Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Anxiety Disorders, Black or African American, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prejudice, Risk Factors, Social Environment, Black People

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An Examination of the African American Experience of Everyday Discrimination and Symptoms of Psychological Distress

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