A Single-Item Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Measure for Assessing Depression among College Students
Abstract
There is an increased need for efficient, low-cost methods to collect information on a range of widely prevalent mental health outcomes in the general population that can be administered outside of clinical settings. We evaluate the validity of a single-item Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for assessing the presence and severity of depression and compare its performance with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) depression scale using a large non-clinical sample (N = 1816) of college students from Switzerland. The VAS scale is strongly correlated with the PHQ-9 total score (0.61) and its 9 individual items (ranging from 0.19 to 0.67). ROC analysis shows that the VAS scale has high accuracy for detecting the presence and different levels (mild to severe) of depression corresponding to PHQ-9 cutoffs. The VAS depression scale represents a simple, easily implementable instrument that is suitable for mental health research in common settings and larger population-based studies.
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The VAS for depression proved a correlation of 0.61 with the total score of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9).
“Indeed, the VAS for depression proved a correlation of 0.61 with the total score of other validated and widely employed measures of depression, like the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) [76].”
The visual analog scale showed good convergent validity for measuring anxiety and depression, with Pearson's coefficients ranging between 0.60 and 0.74.
“Although the VAS is not a common approach for investigating emotional distress, the use of this tool showed good convergent validity for measuring anxiety and depression through established correlations with other empirically validated instruments, with the obtained Pearson’s coefficients ranging between 0.60 and 0.74 [43,44].”
From Personality and Pain Outcomes in Rheumatic Disease: The Mediating Role of Psychological Flexibility (2024) · cites this paper as [44]
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- Authors
- Huang, Z., Kohler, I. V., & Kämpfen, F.
- Affiliations
- Southwestern University of Finance and Economics (CN)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kämpfen, Fabrice
- Venue
- Community Mental Health Journal
- Published
- 2019-09-17
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 355-367
- ISSN
- 0010-3853 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2789
- OpenAlex
- W2974856122
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 6.47
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Community Mental Health Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Université de Lausanne (HEC PhD research fund)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- depression, PHQ-9, depression severity, depression detection, university students, non-clinical population, mental health screening, questionnaire validity, receiver operating characteristic
- MeSH terms
- Depression, Humans, Mental Health, Surveys and Questionnaires, Students, Visual Analog Scale
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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