Prevalence, Psychological Responses and Associated Correlates of Depression, Anxiety and Stress in a Global Population, During the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic
Open accessAbstract
Uncertainty and isolation have been linked to mental health problems. Uncertainty surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic has the potential to trigger mental health problems, which include anxiety, stress, and depression. This paper evaluates the prevalence, psychological responses, and associated correlates of depression, anxiety, and stress in a global population during the Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) pandemic. A cross-sectional study design was adopted. 678 completed forms were collected during the COVID-19 quarantine/lockdown. An online questionnaire was designed and DASS-21 was used as the screening tool. A non-probability sampling technique strategy was applied. 50.9% of participants showed traits of anxiety, 57.4% showed signs of stress, and 58.6% exhibited depression. Stress, anxiety, and depression are overwhelmingly prevalent across the globe during this COVID-19 pandemic, and multiple factors can influence the rates of these mental health conditions. Our factorial analysis showed notable associations and manifestations of stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. People aged 18-24, females, and people in non-marital relationships experienced stress, anxiety, and depression. Separated individuals experienced stress and anxiety. Married people experienced anxiety. Single and divorced people experienced depression. Unemployed individuals experienced stress and depression. Students experienced anxiety and depression. Canada, the UK, and Pakistan are all countries that are experiencing stress and depression as a whole. An extended number of days in quarantine was associated with increased stress, anxiety, and depression. Family presence yielded lower levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Lastly, lack of exercise was associated with increased stress, anxiety, and depression.
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Uncertainty and isolation have been linked to many mental health problems.
“Uncertainty and isolation have been linked to many mental health problems (Shah et al. 2021).”
From DETERMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH TECHNICIAN STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND INTOLERANCE OF UNCERTAINTY WITH DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS LEVELS (2023) · cites this paper as Shah et al. 2021
The 18-24 age group has been shown to have higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress during the pandemic period, and there is a relationship between the quarantine period and depression, anxiety, and stress levels.
“In the literature, the 18-24 age group has been shown to have higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress during the pandemic period, and there is a relationship between the quarantine period and depression, anxiety, and stress levels (Ghaza -wy et al. 2020, Hyland et al. 2020, Shah et al. 2021).”
From DETERMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH TECHNICIAN STUDENTS' ATTITUDES TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND INTOLERANCE OF UNCERTAINTY WITH DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, AND STRESS LEVELS (2023) · cites this paper as Shah et al. 2021
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“Uncertainty and isolation have been linked to many mental health problems (Shah et al. 2021).”
- Authors
- Shah, S. M. A., Mohammad, D., Qureshi, M. F. H., Abbas, M. Z., & Aleem, S.
- Affiliations
- Ziauddin University (PK)
- Ziauddin Hospital (PK)
- Corresponding author
- Qureshi, Muhammad Fazal Hussain
- Venue
- Community Mental Health Journal
- Published
- 2020-10-27
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 101-110
- ISSN
- 0010-3853 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2789
- PMC
- PMC7590908
- OpenAlex
- W3097497433
- Cited by
- 554
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 89 · 2023: 150 · 2022: 154 · 2021: 87 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 39.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- www.springer.com/tdm (vor)
- Locations
- Community Mental Health Journal (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, depression, anxiety, stress, mental health, quarantine, lockdown, prevalence, psychological reactions, marital status, unemployment, students, physical activity, family presence, DASS-21
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Anxiety, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Quarantine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Social Isolation, Stress, Psychological, Prevalence, Young Adult, Pandemics
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