Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: the importance of gender
Open accessAbstract
Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is having negative effects on societies’ mental health. Both the pandemic and the measures taken to combat it can affect individuals’ mental health. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the levels of depression, anxiety and health anxiety in Turkish society during the COVID-19 pandemic, and to examine the factors affecting these. Method: The study was performed using an online questionnaire. Participants were asked to complete a sociodemographic data form, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI). The effects on depression, anxiety and health anxiety levels of factors such as age, sex, marital status, living with an individual aged above 60, the presence of a new Coronavirus+ patient among friends or relatives, previous and current psychiatric illness and presence of accompanying chronic disease were then investigated. Results: In terms of HADS cut-off points, 23.6% ( n = 81) of the population scored above the depression cut-off point, and 45.1% ( n = 155) scored above the cut-off point for anxiety. In regression analysis, female gender, living in urban areas and previous psychiatric illness history were found as risk factors for anxiety; living in urban areas was found as risk factor for depression; and female gender, accompanying chronic disease and previous psychiatric history were found as risk factors for health anxiety. Conclusion: The results of this cross-sectional study suggest that the groups most psychologically affected by the COVID-19 pandemic are women, individuals with previous psychiatric illness, individuals living in urban areas and those with an accompanying chronic disease. Priority might therefore be attached to these in future psychiatric planning.
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Current medical disease, including psychiatric disorders and substance abuse, was linked to a higher likelihood of depression and/or anxiety.
“Current medical disease (including psychiatric disorders and substance abuse) (Zhang et al., 2020b, Wang et al., 2020a, Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020), and a past medical history (including psychiatric history and substance abuse) (Wang et al., 2020a, Mazza et al., 2020, Li et al., 2020c, Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020) were associated with/increased the risk of depression and/or anxiety.”
From COVID-19 pandemic and mental health consequences: Systematic review of the current evidence (2020) · cites this paper as Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020
The Results report higher depression scores among participants with current psychiatric illness or chronic disease, and higher anxiety scores among those with current psychiatric illness. The paper does not identify substance abuse as a studied condition, and its adjusted analysis does not establish current medical disease as a risk factor for depression or anxiety; the claim is supported as an association, not across every condition it names. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMental health issues including depression, stress, anxiety, fear, physical isolation and feeling alone, behavioral issues, possible posttraumatic stress disorders, and burnout can affect large numbers of individuals if these issues are not well addressed during COVID-19.
“Furthermore, mental health issues including depression, stress, anxiety (3-8), fear (9-11), physical isolation and feeling alone (12), behavioral issues (4,13), possible posttraumatic stress disorders (3), and burnout (14) can affect large numbers of individuals if these issues are not well addressed.”
Previous studies found females to be more prone to feeling anxious and depressed during COVID-19.
“This finding differs from previous studies which found females to be more prone to feeling anxious (Ebrahim et al., 2020; Liu N. et al., 2020; Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020) and depressed (Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020) during COVID-19.”
From Knowledge of COVID-19 and Its Influence on Mindfulness, Cognitive Emotion Regulation and Psychological Flexibility in the Indian Community (2020) · cites this paper as Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020
Even before the pandemic, women had higher prevalence of anxiety, depressive, and eating pathology symptoms.
“women experienced higher prevalence rates of anxiety, depressive, and eating pathology symptoms even prior to the pandemic”
From Prevalence rates of anxiety, depressive, and eating pathology symptoms between the pre- and peri-COVID-19 eras: A meta-analysis (2022) · cites this paper as Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020
Previous studies from Turkey, Spain, and Italy reported that chronic disease was associated with higher levels of psychological distress.
“This contrasts with previous studies from Turkey conducted in April 2020 [24], from Spain conducted in March 2020 [25] and from Italy conducted in March 2020 [26], which all reported that chronic disease was associated with higher levels of psychological distress.”
From Worry and mental health in the Covid-19 pandemic: vulnerability factors in the general Norwegian population (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
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“It is seen that COVID-19 anxiety and fear are positively correlated with depression, addiction, PTSD, insomnia, mood swing, and stress (Dubey et al., 2020; Kira et al., 2020; Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020; Şahin et al., 2020), while negatively correlated with * Corresponding author.”
Results of the COVID-19 mental health international for the general population (COMET-G) study
Fountoulakis, K. N., Karakatsoulis, G., Abraham, S., Adorjan, K., Ahmed, H. U., Alarcón, R. D., Arai, K., Auwal, S. S., Berk, M., Bjedov, S., et al. (2022) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.10.004 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“Psychiatry, 20764020927051 . zdin, S. , Bayrak Ozdin, S. , 2020b. Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: the importance of gender.”
ResultInfluentialDepression and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Epidemiology, Mechanism, and Treatment
Zhu, C., Zhang, T., Li, Q., Chen, X., & Wang, K. (2022) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-022-00970-2 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“The increased difficulty in accessing medical care during the pandemic is an important reason for the increase in depression and anxiety associated with chronic illness [42, 43].”
BackgroundMENTAL ILLNESS IN THE GENERAL POPULATION AND HEALTH PROFESSIONALS DURING COVID-19: A SCOPING REVIEW
Moreira, W. C., de Sousa, A. R., & Nóbrega, M. D. P. S. D. S. (2020) · Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem · doi:10.1590/1980-265x-tce-2020-0215 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Schafer, K. M., Lieberman, A., Sever, A. C., & Joiner, T. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.115 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
“Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Affective Disorders journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jad https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.115 Received 25 June 2021; Received in revised form 22 October 2021; Accepted 24 October 2021 Journal of Affective Disorders 298 (2022) 364–372 pandemic, and thus…”
InfluentialThe disparate impact of COVID-19 on the mental health of female and male caregivers
Wade, M., Prime, H., Johnson, D., May, S. S., Jenkins, J. M., & Browne, D. T. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113801 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
“Multiple reports from Spain (González-Sanguino et al., 2020), China (Liu et al., 2020), Italy (Mazza et al., 2020), Iran (Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, 2020), Turkey (Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020), and Denmark (Sønderskov et al., 2020) have reported elevated levels of mental health difficulties among women compared to m…”
Salameh, P., Hajj, A., Badro, D. A., Selwan, C. A., Aoun, R., & Sacre, H. (2020) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113520 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Indeed, in Turkey, the female gender and having a chronic disease (among other factors) were associated with anxiety during the current pandemic (Ozdin and Bayrak Ozdin, 2020).”
Burhamah, W., AlKhayyat, A., Oroszlányová, M., AlKenane, A., Almansouri, A., Behbehani, M., Karimi, N., Jafar, H., & AlSuwaidan, M. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.09.014 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“In comparison to studies undertaken in Saudi Arabia (Alkhamees et al., 2020), Algeria (Madani et al., 2020), Bosnia (Sljivo et al., 2020), Cyprus (Solomou and Constantinidou, 2020) and Turkey (Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020), Kuwait showed a lower prevalence of anxiety symptoms, this is possibly due to the widespread aw…”
Yang, X., Zhang, M., Kong, L., Wang, Q., & Hong, J. (2020) · Journal of Science Education and Technology · doi:10.1007/s10956-020-09877-x · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Salfi, F., Lauriola, M., Amicucci, G., Corigliano, D., Viselli, L., Tempesta, D., & Ferrara, M. (2020) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100259 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“Our findings are inconsistent with a general framework that predicts female gender to be a vulnerability factor tout court (Vindegaard and Benros, 2020; Mazza et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020a; Casagrande et al., 2020; Ozdin and Ozdin, 2020; L ´ eger et al., 2020).”
Delpino, F. M., da Silva, C. N., Jerônimo, J. S., Mulling, E. S., da Cunha, L. L., Weymar, M. K., Alt, R., Caputo, E. L., & Feter, N. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.003 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“…Moghanibashi-Mansourieh, 2020; Mohammadzadeh et al., 2020; Nagasu et al., 2020; Nwachukwu et al., 2020; Ozamiz-Etxebarria et al., 2020; Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020; Pandey, 2020; Papandreou et al., 2020; Passos et al., 2020; Paulino et al., 2020; Pérez-Cano et al., 2020; Petzold et al.,…”
Backgroundde Medeiros, R. A., Vieira, D. L., da Silva, E. V. F., Rezende, L. V. M. D. L., dos SANTOS, R. W., & Tabata, L. F. (2020) · Journal of Applied Oral Science · doi:10.1590/1678-7757-2020-0445 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Influence of COVID-19 pandemic on sexuality: a cross-sectional study among couples in Turkey
Karagöz, M. A., Gül, A., Borg, C., Erïhan, İ. B., Uslu, M., Ezer, M., Erbağcı, A., Çatak, B., & Bağcıoğlu, M. (2020) · International Journal of Impotence Research · doi:10.1038/s41443-020-00378-4 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“Due to the fear of potential infection risk with COVID19, time spent at home has increased and restrictions on socializing and economic losses have caused anxiety and depression in many people who have been forced to stay at home during this period [3, 4].”
BackgroundYehualashet, S. S., Asefa, K. K., Mekonnen, A. G., Negese, B., Shiferaw, W. S., Aynalem, Y. A., Bilchut, A. H., Derseh, B. T., Mekuria, A. D., Negash, W., et al. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0246006 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“7%) participants had a chronic disease [25].”
Robillard, R., Daros, A. R., Phillips, J. L., Porteous, M., Saad, M., Pennestri, M.-H., Kendzerska, T., Edwards, J. D., Solomonova, E., Bhatla, R., et al. (2021) · The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0706743720986786 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“These findings echo previous studies indicating that psychiatric conditions present before the pandemic are associated with worse anxiety and depression symptoms, as well as suicidal ideation during the pandemic.(9,10,12,13,14,16,17) To our knowledge, only one previous study featured a case-control design where partic…”
BackgroundResultAndrade, E. F., Pereira, L. J., de Oliveira, A. P. L., Orlando, D. R., Alves, D. A. G., Guilarducci, J. D. S., & Castelo, P. M. (2020) · Death Studies · doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1809786 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, the predictors of anxiety may change in a pandemic situation (€Ozdin & Bayrak €Ozdin, 2020).”
BackgroundAlrahimi, J., Nass, N. M., Hassoubah, S. A., Wazqar, D. Y., & Alamoudi, S. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250554 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Our results are consistent with previous studies that have found more signs of fear and anxiety in individuals with chronic diseases than those without chronic diseases during a pandemic [17, 19, 30].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialOnline Social Connection as a Buffer of Health Anxiety and Isolation During COVID-19
Stuart, J., O'Donnell, K., O'Donnell, A., Scott, R., & Barber, B. (2021) · Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking · doi:10.1089/cyber.2020.0645 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Zheng, R., Zhou, Y., Qiu, M., Yan, Y., Yue, J., Yu, L., Lei, X., Tu, D., & Hu, Y. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152217 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Risk Factors of Severe COVID-19: A Review of Host, Viral and Environmental Factors
Zsichla, L., & Müller, V. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15010175 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
A global meta-analysis of depression, anxiety, and stress before and during COVID-19.
Daniali, H., Martinussen, M., & Flaten, M. A. (2023) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0001259 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Baenas, I., Caravaca‐Sanz, E., Granero, R., Sánchez, I., Riesco, N., Testa, G., Vintró‐Alcaraz, C., Treasure, J., Jiménez‐Murcia, S., & Fernández‐Aranda, F. (2020) · European Eating Disorders Review · doi:10.1002/erv.2771 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“In the general population, factors related to the psychological impact include as female sex (GonzálezSanguino et al., 2020; Özdin & Bayrak Özdin, 2020; Wang, Di, Ye, & Wei, 2020), low educational level and lower perceived health status (Özdin & Bayrak Özdin, 2020; Wang et al., 2020), and high…”
BackgroundHealth anxiety, perceived stress, and coping styles in the shadow of the COVID-19
Garbóczy, S., Szemán-Nagy, A., Ahmad, M. S., Harsányi, S., Ocsenás, D., Rekenyi, V., Al‐Tammemi, A. B., & Kolozsvári, L. R. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00560-3 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Similar to our current study, other studies have found that health anxiety was positively correlated with maladaptive emotion regulation and negatively with adaptive emotion regulation [44], and in the case of state anxiety that emotion-focused coping strategies proved to be less effective in reducing stress, while ac…”
ResultTanhan, A., Yavuz, K. F., Young, J. S., Nalbant, A., Arslan, G., Yıldırım, M., Ulusoy, S., Genç, E., Uğur, E., & Çiçek, İ. (2020) · Electronic Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.29333/ejgm/8316 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Pappa, S., Athanasiou, N., Sakkas, N., Patrinos, S., Sakka, E., Barmparessou, Z., Tsikrika, S., Adraktas, A., Pataka, A., Migdalis, I., et al. (2021) · doi:10.20944/preprints202102.0194.v1 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
PANDEMİ SÜRECİNDE BİREYLERİN KORONAVİRÜS (KOVİD-19) KORKUSU: ÇORUM ÖRNEĞİ
GENCER, N. (2020) · Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Akademi Dergisi · doi:10.47994/usbad.791577 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Factors explaining the fear of being infected with COVID‐19
Cerda, A. A., & García, L. Y. (2021) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.13274 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Rodríguez-Fernández, P., González‐Santos, J., Santamaría‐Peláez, M., Cámara, R. S., Sánchez-González, E., & Gonzalez-Bernal, J. J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18126528 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“[41] stated that living in urban areas contributed to greater anxiety, while Schweda et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialUğurlu, Y. K., Değirmenci, D. M., Durgun, H., & Uğur, H. G. (2020) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12703 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“Similarly, studies indicated that women had higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression during the COVID‐19 pandemic process.(2,34,35) It was stated that women were better informed about the disease during the COVID‐ 19 outbreak than men and paid more attention to recommendations such as avoiding public spaces an…”
BackgroundAlthiabi, Y. (2021) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103873 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Woon, L. S., Mansor, N. S., Mohamad, M. A., Teoh, S. H., & Abdullah, M. F. I. L. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.652326 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“…mounting evidence suggests a high prevalence of depression, anxiety, stress, and trauma affecting people placed under strict measures to contain the disease (Gao et al., 2020; Huang and Zhao, 2020; Lai et al., 2020; Mazza et al., 2020; OdriozolaGonzález et al., 2020; Özdin and Özdin, 2020).”
BackgroundBlix, I., Birkeland, M. S., & Thoresen, S. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10927-1 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“This contrasts with previous studies from Turkey conducted in April 2020 [24], from Spain conducted in March 2020 [25] and from Italy conducted in March 2020 [26], which all reported that chronic disease was associated with higher levels of psychological distress.”
ResultHow does COVID-19 fear and anxiety affect chemotherapy adherence in patients with cancer
Karaçin, C., Bilgetekin, İ., Başal, F. B., & Öksüzoğlu, B. Ç. (2020) · Future Oncology · doi:10.2217/fon-2020-0592 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
COVID-19 related concerns of people with long-term respiratory conditions: a qualitative study
Philip, K. E. J., Lonergan, B., Cumella, A., Farrington-Douglas, J., Laffan, M., & Hopkinson, N. S. (2020) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12890-020-01363-9 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“world [1, 2, 8, 9, 21], particularly in people with existing medical conditions [3, 8, 9].”
BackgroundResultRamalho, S. M., Trovisqueira, A., de Lourdes, M., Gonçalves, S. F., Ribeiro, I., Vaz, A., Machado, P. P. P., & Conceição, E. (2021) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-021-01128-1 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Woon, L. S., Abdullah, M. F. I. L. B., Sidi, H., Mansor, N. S., & Jaafar, N. R. N. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252481 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Covid stress predicts depression, anxiety and stress symptoms of Filipino respondents
Montano, R. L. T., & Acebes, K. M. L. (2020) · International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478) · doi:10.20525/ijrbs.v9i4.773 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“This is not consistent with the previous findings showing that women are more vulnerable to common mental health concerns during the time of the pandemic (Liu et al., 2020; Mazza et al., 2020; Özdin and Özdin, 2020; Wang, Di et al., 2020).”
ResultDai, J., Sang, X., Menhas, R., Xu, X., Khurshid, S., Mahmood, S., Weng, Y., Huang, J., Cai, Y., Shahzad, B., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.667461 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Similar results have been reported by Özdin and Bayrak Özdin (2020) and Rajkumar (2020) and found that ER, as a coping strategy, significantly impacts eliminating depression and anxiety.”
ResultStefanova, V., Farrell, L., & Latu, I. M. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02630-6 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“This trend has been supported by findings across a number of countries showing that the pandemic has had a greater psychological impact on women (Israel, Horesh et al., 2020; UK, Oreffice & Quintana-Domeque, 2021; Turkey, Özdin & Bayrak Özdin, 2020; China, Song et al., 2020).”
ResultGender inequality in publishing during the COVID-19 pandemic
Ribarovska, A. K., Hutchinson, M. R., Pittman, Q. J., Pariante, C. M., & Spencer, S. J. (2020) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.022 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“Notably, these secondary effects may be disproportionately affecting certain societal groups, including those from low socio-economic backgrounds and women (Findlay et al., 2020; Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020).”
Anxiety and Its Associated Factors During the Initial Phase of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia
Anindyajati, G., Wiguna, T., Murtani, B. J., Christian, H., Wigantara, N. A., Putra, A. A., Hanafi, E., Minayati, K., Ismail, R. I., Kaligis, F., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.634585 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Factors associated with stress, anxiety, and depression during social distancing in Brazil
Souza, A. S. R., Souza, G. F. D. A., Souza, G. A., Cordeiro, A. L. N., Praciano, G. D. A. F., Alves, A. C. D. S., dos Santos, A. C., da Silva, J. R., & de Souza, M. B. R. (2021) · Revista de Saúde Pública · doi:10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003152 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Παπαδοπούλου, Α., Efstathiou, V., Yotsidi, V., Pomini, V., Michopoulos, I., Markopoulou, E., Papadopoulou, Μ., Tsigkaropoulou, E., Kalemi, G., Tournikioti, K., et al. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113713 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“…the pandemic outbreak, showed an increase of common psychological problems, including anxiety, depression, and stress (Cao et al., 2020; Mazza et al., 2020; Nalleballe et al., 2020; Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020; Sønderskov et al., 2020; Tian et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMasha’al, D., Shahrour, G., & Aldalaykeh, M. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e08734 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Schweda, A., Weismüller, B., Bäuerle, A., Dörrie, N., Musche, V., Fink, M., Dinse, H., Teufel, M., & Skoda, E. (2020) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152218 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Ning, X., Yu, F., Huang, Q., Li, X., Luo, Y., Huang, Q. M., & Chen, C. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02838-z · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Chatterjee, S. S., Chakrabarty, M., Banerjee, D., Grover, S., Chatterjee, S. S., & Dan, U. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.611314 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“In fact, the female gender (Mazza et al., 2020; Zhang et al., 2020b), lower educational level (Gao et al., 2020; Mazza et al., 2020), lack of family/social support (Cao et al., 2020; Du et al., 2020), living in urban areas (Gao et al., 2020; Özdin and Bayrak Özdin, 2020), poor social capital and/or unstable income (Ca…”
BackgroundInfluentialRuiz‐Palomino, P., Yáñez‐Araque, B., Estévez, P. J., & Gutiérrez-Broncano, S. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121192 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“In particular, the results revealed that the female gender was more positively related to depression (β = 0.201, p 0.01), in line with previous literature that supports this finding both generally (Akhtar-Danesh and Landeen, 2007) and in COVID-19 pandemic times (Özdin and Özdin, 2020).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAnxiety linked to COVID-19: A systematic review comparing anxiety rates in different populations
Saeed, H., Eslami, A., Nassif, N. T., Simpson, A. M., & Lal, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042189 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Multiple studies support these findings, suggesting that females do, in fact, experience higher levels of mental distress and anxiety concerning COVID-19 [65,121,129].”
ResultStojanov, A., Malobabić, M., Milošević, V., Stojanov, J., Vojinović, S., Stanojević, G., & Stević, M. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2020.102407 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Among people most affected psychologically by the COVID-19 are those with an accompanying chronic disease (Ozamiz-Etxebarria et al., 2020; Özdin S and Bayrak Özdin, 2020).”
BackgroundLázaro-Pérez, C., López, J. Á. M., Galán, J. G., & Menéses, E. L. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17165938 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“This ideal way of dealing with stressful processes that can cause anxiety is very present in the health professions due to prolonged exposure to death [46–49] and is a generator of work-related stress or burnout [7,50–54] that is associated with monotonous tasks or excessive burden, the amount of time that the healthc…”
BackgroundKASAPOĞLU, F. (2020) · Journal of Turkish Studies · doi:10.7827/turkishstudies.44284 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Turgut, A., Arlı, H., Altundağ, Ü., Hancıoğlu, S., Egeli, E., & Kalenderer, Ö. (2020) · Acta Orthopaedica et Traumatologica Turcica · doi:10.5152/j.aott.2020.20209 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Hees, S. V., Fodjo, J. N. S., Wijtvliet, V. P. W. M., den Bergh, R. V., Villela, E. F. D. M., da Silva, C. F., Weckhuysen, S., & Colebunders, R. (2020) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107350 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The effect of anxiety levels of elderly people in quarantine on depression during covid-19 pandemic
Yıldırım, H., Işık, K., & Aylaz, R. (2021) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2020.1868372 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Wilkialis, L., Rodrigues, N. B., Cha, D. S., Siegel, A. N., Majeed, A., Lui, L. M. W., Tamura, J. K., Gill, B., Teopiz, K. M., & McIntyre, R. S. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11121620 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“- Mental state - Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI) [10]”
BackgroundInfluentialMaggi, G., Baldassarre, I., Barbaro, A., Cavallo, N. D., Cropano, M., Nappo, R., & Santangelo, G. (2021) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.12703 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
COVID-19 Lockdown and Mental Health in a Sample Population in Spain: The Role of Self-Compassion
Gutiérrez-Hernández, M. E., Fanjul, L. F., Díaz, A., Reyes-Hurtado, P., Herrera-Rodríguez, J. F., Enjuto-Castellanos, M. D. P., & Castro, W. P. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18042103 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Social factors and worry associated with COVID-19: Evidence from a large survey in China
Zhou, M., & Guo, W. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113934 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“For instance, a study on Turkish society revealed that female, living in urban areas and previous psychiatric illness history were risk factors for anxiety during COVID-19 (Özdin and Özdin, 2020).”
BackgroundDepression and anxiety in Malaysian population during third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic
Marzo, R. R., Vinay, V., Bahari, R., Chauhan, S., Ming, D. A. F., Fernandez, S. F. N., Johnson, C. C. P., Thivakaran, A. Q. A. L., Rahman, M. M., & Goel, S. (2021) · Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.cegh.2021.100868 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“5) 0(0) Primary 0(0) 1(10) 1(10) 4(40) 4(40) 2(20) 4(40) 4(40) 0(0) Secondary 15(8.”
Lotzin, A., Krause, L., Acquarini, E., Ajduković, D., Ardino, V., Arnberg, F. K., Böttche, M., Bragesjö, M., Dragan, M., Figueiredo‐Braga, M., et al. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1964197 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Other studies reported a relationship between a history of mental health problems and anxiety (Mazza et al., 2020; Özdin & Bayrak Özdin, 2020) or depression during the COVID-19 pandemic (Mazza et al., 2020).”
Mukhlis, H., Widyastuti, T., Harlianty, R. A., Susanti, S., & Kumalasari, D. (2021) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22735 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Wang, X., & Liu, Q. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10117 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Similar to earlier research, women were more likely than men to experience anxiety during the epidemic (Selcuk et al., 2020; Zhou et al., 2021).”
Skoda, E.-M., Bäuerle, A., Schweda, A., Dörrie, N., Musche, V., Hetkamp, M., Dinse, H., Teufel, M., & Weismüller, B. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020960773 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“A recent study on the current COVID-19 pandemic (Özdin & Bayrak Özdin, 2020) showed that the pandemic particularly affects individuals with previous mental illness and those with an accompanying chronic disease.”
BackgroundRias, Y. A., Rosyad, Y. S., Chipojola, R., Wiratama, B. S., Safitri, C. I. N. H., Weng, S. F., Yang, C. Y., & Tsai, H. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9123798 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“According to previous studies, a major physiological problem was anxiety, compared to depression and stress [6,16].”
BackgroundMonteleone, A. M., Cascino, G., Marciello, F., Daga, G. A., Baiano, M., Balestrieri, M., Barone, E., Bertelli, S., Carpiniello, B., Castellini, G., et al. (2021) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-020-01097-x · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Pandemias, COVID-19 y Salud Mental: ¿Qué Sabemos Actualmente?
Martínez‐Taboas, A. (2020) · Revista Caribeña de Psicología · doi:10.37226/rcp.v4i2.4907 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Rens, E., Smith, P., Nicaise, P., Lorant, V., & Van den Broeck, K. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.575553 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
- Authors
- Özdin, S., & Bayrak Özdin, Ş.
- Affiliations
- Ondokuz Mayıs University (TR)
- Rasathane Family Health Center, Samsun, Turkey
- Corresponding author
- Özdin, Selçuk
- ORCID
- Özdin, Selçuk
- Venue
- International Journal of Social Psychiatry
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-05-08
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 504-511
- ISSN
- 0020-7640 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-2854
- PMC
- PMC7405629
- OpenAlex
- W3023698214
- Cited by
- 1,405
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 214 · 2022: 397 · 2021: 447 · 2020: 140
- FWCI
- 119.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- International Journal of Social Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, anxiety, depression, health anxiety, gender differences, risk factors, psychiatric history, chronic disease, urban residence, Turkish population, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Anxiety, Attitude to Health, Mental Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Pneumonia, Viral, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Self-Assessment, Sex Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Turkey, Urban Population, Comorbidity, Causality, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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