Mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic
Open accessAbstract
During any outbreak of an infectious disease, the population’s psychological reactions play a critical role in shaping both spread of the disease and the occurrence of emotional distress and social disorder during and after the outbreak. Despite this fact, sufficient resources are typically not provided to manage or attenuate pandemics’ effects on mental health and wellbeing.1 While this might be understandable in the acute phase of an outbreak, when health systems prioritize testing, reducing transmission and critical patient care, psychological and psychiatric needs should not be overlooked during any phase of pandemic management. There are many reasons for this. It is known that psychological factors play an important role in adherence to public health measures (such as vaccination) and in how people cope with the threat of infection and consequent losses.1 These are clearly crucial issues to consider in the management of any infectious disease, including COVID-19. Psychological reactions to pandemics include maladaptive behaviours, emotional distress and defensive responses.1 People who are prone to psychological problems are especially vulnerable. All of these features are in clear evidence during the current COVID-19 pandemic. One study of 1210 respondents from 194 cities in China in January and February 2020 found that 54% of respondents rated the psychological impact of the COVID-19 outbreak as moderate or severe; 29% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 17% reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms.2 Notwithstanding possible response bias, these are very high proportions—and it is likely that some people are at even greater risk. During the 2009 H1N1 influenza outbreak (‘swine flu’), a study of mental health patients found that children and patients with neurotic and somatoform disorders were significantly over-represented among those expressing moderate or severe concerns.3 Against this background, and as the COVID-19 pandemic continues to spread around the world, we hypothesize a number of psychological impacts that merit consideration now rather than later. In the first instance, it should be recognized that, even in the normal course of events, people with established mental illness have a lower life expectancy and poorer physical health outcomes than the general population.4 As a result, people with pre-existing mental health and substance use disorders will be at increased risk of infection with COVID-19, increased risk of having problems accessing testing and treatment and increased risk of negative physical and psychological effects stemming from the pandemic. Second, we anticipate a considerable increase in anxiety and depressive symptoms among people who do not have pre-existing mental health conditions, with some experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder in due course. There is already evidence that this possibility has been under-recognized in China during the current pandemic.5 Third, it can be anticipated that health and social care professionals will be at particular risk of psychological symptoms, especially if they work in public health, primary care, emergency services, emergency departments and intensive or critical care. The World Health Organization has formally recognized this risk to healthcare workers,6 so more needs to be done to manage anxiety and stress in this group and, in the longer term, help prevent burnout, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. There are several steps that can and should be taken now to minimize the psychological and psychiatric effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. First, while it might be ostensibly attractive to re-deploy mental health professionals to work in other areas of healthcare, this should be avoided. Such a move would almost certainly worsen outcomes overall and place people with mental illness at disproportionate risk of deteriorations in physical and mental health. If anything, this group needs enhanced care at this time. Second, we recommend the provision of targeted psychological interventions for communities affected by COVID-19, particular supports for people at high risk of psychological morbidity, enhanced awareness and diagnosis of mental disorders (especially in primary care and emergency departments) and improved access to psychological interventions (especially those delivered online and through smartphone technologies).7 These measures can help diminish or prevent future psychiatric morbidity. Finally, there is a need for particular focus on frontline workers including, but not limited to, healthcare staff. In the USA, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention offer valuable advice for healthcare workers in order to reduce secondary traumatic stress reactions, including increased awareness of symptoms, taking breaks from work, engaging in self-care, taking breaks from media coverage and asking for help.8 This kind of advice needs to be underpinned by awareness of this risk among employers, enh
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Health professionals often experience high levels of sustained stress that constitute a risk for developing mental health problems.
“Health professionals often experience high levels of sustained stress that constitute a risk for developing mental health problems, as recognized by the World Health Organization [1,2].”
From Effectiveness of a Web-Based Self-Guided Intervention (MINDxYOU) for Reducing Stress and Promoting Mental Health Among Health Professionals: Results From a Stepped-Wedge Cluster Randomized Trial (2025) · cites this paper as [1]
In “Mental health in the COVID-19 pandemic” (page not specified), the authors anticipate that health and social care professionals will be at particular risk of psychological symptoms during the pandemic and say the WHO recognized this risk. The passage supports the mental-health risk, but does not establish the broader claim that health professionals often experience high levels of sustained stress outside that context. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with decreases in positive emotions and quality of life and increases in negative emotions, anxiety, fear, stress, depression, and sleep disturbances.
“mental health has been characterized by decreases in positive emotions and quality of life [5,6,7,8] as well as increases in negative emotions, anxiety, fear, stress, depression, and sleep disturbances [8,9,10,11,12,13,14].”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
The main text reports moderate-to-severe anxiety and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 outbreak and anticipates further increases; it also discusses emotional distress and stress. It does not report decreases in positive emotions or quality of life, or an increase in sleep disturbances. Its projected increases should not be presented as already observed. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the UK, one in three NHS staff suffered mental health issues related to the pandemic.
“recent reports in the UK suggest that one in three NHS staff suffered mental health issues related to the pandemic (Al-Ghunaim et al., 2021; Cullen et al., 2020; Pfefferbaum et al., 2020).”
From Mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: exploring the role of psychological flexibility and stress-related variables. (2023) · cites this paper as Cullen et al., 2020
The paper's main text (page not supplied) anticipates that health and social care professionals will be at particular risk of psychological symptoms during the pandemic. It does not report that one in three UK NHS staff experienced mental health issues; the population, prevalence figure, and observed-outcome wording are unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEvidence is mounting of potentially long-lasting consequences of the pandemic on mental health, with young people identified as particularly vulnerable-although the evidence is still not definitive.
“At the same time, evidence is mounting of potentially long-lasting consequences of the pandemic on mental health, with young people identified as particularly vulnerable—although the evidence is still not definitive.2, 21, 24, 25, 26, 27”
From Psychological responses, mental health, and sense of agency for the dual challenges of climate change and the COVID-19 pandemic in young people in the UK: an online survey study (2022) · cites this paper as [24]
The paper anticipates anxiety, depression and possible later post-traumatic stress disorder during COVID-19, while framing these effects as hypotheses rather than definitive findings. It does not identify young people as particularly vulnerable to COVID-19’s mental-health effects; its discussion of children concerns a study of the 2009 H1N1 outbreak. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPsychological reactions to the pandemic are critical in shaping both the spread of the disease and the occurrence of emotional distress during and after the outbreak.
“as mentioned by Cullen, Gulati, and Kelly (2020) [9], those reactions are critical in “shaping both spread of the disease and the occurrence of emotional distress during and after the outbreak”.”
From At the Peak of the Second Wave of COVID-19, Did Millennials Show Different Emotional Responses from Older Adults? (2022) · cites this paper as [9]
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“2 Notwithstanding possible response bias, these are very high proportions-and it is likely that some people are at even greater risk.”
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COVID-19: challenges faced by Nepalese migrants living in Japan
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O’Connor, K., Wrigley, M., Jennings, R., Hill, M. B., & Niazi, A. (2020) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2020.64 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“As such, people with establishedmental illness may be at risk of poorer mental health and physical outcomes in this pandemic (Cullen et al. 2020).”
BackgroundQutob, N., Awartani, F., Asia, M., & Khader, I. A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0244925 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“This can be explained by different gender-related activities and family roles or maybe a consequence of females experiencing higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression [18].”
BackgroundMachine learning for suicidal ideation identification: A systematic literature review
Heckler, W. F., de Carvalho, J. V., & Barbosa, J. L. V. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.107095 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Skoda, E.-M., Bäuerle, A., Schweda, A., Dörrie, N., Musche, V., Hetkamp, M., Dinse, H., Teufel, M., & Weismüller, B. (2020) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764020960773 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“As much is still unknown about the mechanisms of COVID-19 as well as the psychological long-term consequences (Arden & Chilcot, 2020), the necessity and significance of continuative research on this topic becomes obvious (Cullen et al., 2020; Yao et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMcEwan, K., Giles, D., Clarke, F. J., Kotera, Y., Evans, G., Terebenina, O., Minou, L., Teeling, C., Basran, J., Wood, W., et al. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13031380 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“At the time of writing, the Covid-19 pandemic was significantly affecting health and wellbeing with a second mental wellbeing pandemic predicted [52].”
BackgroundThe psychological effects of staying home due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Bozdağ, F. (2021) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2020.1867494 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Psychological reactions of individuals during the pandemic have significantly influenced the speed of its spread, as well as potential emotional and social problems (Cullen et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSymptoms related to mental disorder in healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil
Campos, J. Á. D. B., Martins, B. G., Campos, L. A., Dias, F. V., & Marôco, J. P. (2021) · International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health · doi:10.1007/s00420-021-01656-4 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Risk and protective factors for college students’ psychological health during the COVID-19 pandemic
Haliwa, I., Spalding, R., Smith, K. R., Chappell, A., & Strough, J. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1863413 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Although morbidity and mortality is widely publicized,(1) risk and protective factors for psychological health have received less attention.(2,3) It is especially important to investigate such factors among college students, considering the high incidence of psychological disorders among this population,(4,5) which ma…”
BackgroundElevated depression and anxiety among pregnant individuals during the COVID-19 pandemicPreprint
Lebel, C. A., MacKinnon, A., Bagshawe, M., Tomfohr‐Madsen, L. M., & Giesbrecht, G. F. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/gdhkt · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Covid-19 pandemic and lockdown impacts: A description in a longitudinal study of bipolar disorder
Yocum, A. K., Zhai, Y., McInnis, M. G., & Han, P. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.028 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Be My Safe Haven: Parent–Child Relationships and Emotional Health During COVID-19
Bate, J., Pham, P. T., & Borelli, J. L. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsab046 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“In addition to elevated anxiety about risk of illness (Cullen et al., 2020), potential effects of isolation on children and parents are varied (Golberstein et al.”
BackgroundBartusevičius, H., Bor, A., Jørgensen, F. J., & Petersen, M. B. (2021) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976211031847 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Kimhi, S., Eshel, Y., Marciano, H., Adini, B. B., & Bonanno, G. A. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.10.043 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Distress symptoms have been one of the most salient responses to the pandemic (Cullen et al., 2020).”
BackgroundAn Integrated Blueprint for Digital Mental Health Services Amidst COVID-19
Balcombe, L., & Leo, D. D. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/21718 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Reliable, valid, and replicable mental health screening and tracking tools via machine learning have the potential to provide an integrated blueprint for the COVID-19 mental health response.”
BackgroundInfluentialImpacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Psychological Well-Being of Older Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Chan, A. S. W., Ho, J. M. C., Li, J. S. F., Tam, H. L., & Tang, P. M. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.666973 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
The impact of COVID-19 on health systems, mental health and the potential for nursing
Frawley, T., van Gelderen, F., Somanadhan, S., Coveney, K., Phelan, A. A., Lynam-Loane, P., & Brún, A. D. (2020) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2020.105 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“…a disproportionate impact in terms of clusters and death rates (HPSC, 2020), it is also of concern that as of Friday, 8th May, 16 residents with COVID-19 had died in mental health services while the Mental Health Commission described delays in staff testing as unacceptable (Cullen, 2020).”
BackgroundDemissie, D. B., & Bitew, Z. W. (2021) · SAGE Open Medicine · doi:10.1177/20503121211026195 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“The inclusion criteria in this meta-analysis were as follows: (1) population (pregnant women, lactating women, breastfeeding women, women in antenatal care, and puerperal women); (2) exposure (novel coronavirus, COVID-19, nCoV, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, and SARS-CoV-2); (3) outcome (impact, effe…”
BackgroundLi, Y., Chen, B., Hong, Z., Sun, Q., Dai, Y., Basta, M., Tang, X., & Qin, Q. (2021) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2021.09.014 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Bonanomi, A. G., Facchin, F., Barello, S., & Villani, D. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0255181 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on college students in USA: Two years later
Hu, K., Godfrey, K., Ren, Q., Wang, S., Yang, X., & Li, Q. (2022) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114685 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“The immediate and comprehensive psychological consequences have been highlighted in quite a few studies (Cullen et al., 2020; Perez-Arce et al., 2021; Pfefferbaum & North, 2020; Wang et al., 2020).”
Pati, S., Mahapatra, P., Kanungo, S., Uddin, A., & Sahoo, K. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.584408 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Hypertension 261 (44) 127 (42) 134 (45) 0.”
BackgroundThe role of financial stress in mental health changes during COVID-19
Simonse, O., van Dijk, W. V., van Dillen, L. V., & Vandijk, E. (2022) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-022-00016-5 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“mt 1⁄4 α0 þ β0xt þ δ0zþ α0 þ ε1tþ ηt (2)”
BackgroundCausal Modeling of Twitter Activity during COVID-19
Gencoglu, O., & Gruber, M. (2020) · Computation · doi:10.3390/computation8040085 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Barcın-Güzeldere, H. K., & Devrim-Lanpir, A. (2021) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980021002974 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Hu, X., Song, Y., Zhu, R., He, S., Zhou, B., Xue-lian, L., Bao, H., Shen, S., & Liu, B. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.105 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“As such, addressing the issue of affective disorders is fundamental to the mental health resilience of the public and the effectiveness of Covid-19 crisis management (Cullen et al., 2020; Kumar and Nayar, 2021; Usher et al., 2020; Yao et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe impact of the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental-health services in Europe
Thome, J., Deloyer, J., Coogan, A. N., Bailey‐Rodriguez, D., Silva, O. A. B. D. C. E., Faltraco, F., Grima, C., Gudjonsson, S. O., Hanon, C., Hollý, M., et al. (2020) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2020.1844290 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“…and purpose of mental health services, and a number of studies focussing on these issues have been published recently (Auerbach and Miller 2020; Cullen et al. 2020; Fiorillo and Gorwood 2020; Greenberg et al. 2020; Li et al. 2020; Pfefferbaum and North 2020; Torales et al. 2020; Usher et al.…”
BackgroundMental health state in medical students during COVID-19 pandemic
Syakurah, R., & Natalia, D. (2021) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/0003-2778.320283 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Plunkett, R., Costello, S., McGovern, M., McDonald, C., & Hallahan, B. P. (2020) · Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/ipm.2020.75 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Increasing debate and discussion in medical literature and in social media has surrounded the potential adverse psychological or psychiatric sequelae relating to COVID-19 (Cullen et al. 2020; Xiang et al. 2020).”
BackgroundMead, J., Fisher, Z., Tree, J. J., Wong, P. T. P., & Kemp, A. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.647951 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Recent publications on the COVID-19 pandemic have raised concerns about the deterioration of mental health (Cullen et al., 2020; Galea et al., 2020; Gunnell et al., 2020; Pfefferbaum and North, 2020; Xiong et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 and the bleisure travellers: an investigation on the aftermaths and future implications
Walia, S. K., Kour, P., Choudhary, P., & Jasrotia, A. (2021) · Tourism Recreation Research · doi:10.1080/02508281.2021.1946653 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“As a result, people across the world are feeling depressed with their work, especially during the lockdown imposed because of COVID-19 (Chaturvedi, 2020; Cullen et al., 2020; Pfefferbaum & North, 2020).”
BackgroundAladayleh, K. J., Qudah, S. M. A. A., Bargues, J. L. F., & Gisbert, P. F. (2023) · Engineering Management in Production and Services · doi:10.2478/emj-2023-0002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Gutiérrez, L. J., Rabbani, K., Ajayi, O. J., Gebresilassie, S. K., Rafferty, J., Castro, L. A., & Baños, O. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18031327 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“For instance, due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, social isolation and stress-related situations have become more common, thus leading to mental health tolls in the majority of people who are carrying their day-to-day tasks from home [119,120].”
BackgroundBantjes, J. R., Hunt, X., & Stein, D. J. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20064859 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Political Identity Over Personal Impact: Early U.S. Reactions to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Collins, R. N., Mandel, D. R., & Schywiola, S. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.607639 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“The impact of the pandemic is widespread, felt not only in terms of lives lost but also in terms of psychological harm (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2020; Cullen et al., 2020; Serafini et al., 2020) and economic loss (Baker et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialLevine, S. L., Brabander, C. J., Moore, A. M., Holding, A. C., & Koestner, R. (2021) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-021-09920-3 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Coping Styles, Mental Health, and the COVID-19 Quarantine: A Nationwide Survey in Poland
Kołodziejczyk, A., Misiak, B., Szcześniak, D. M., Maciaszek, J., Ciułkowicz, M., Łuc, D., Wieczorek, T., Fila-Witecka, K., Chładzińska-Kiejna, S., & Rymaszewska, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.625355 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Sikorska, D., Wojnowska-Heciak, M., Heciak, J., Bukowska, J., Łaszkiewicz, E., Hopkins, R. J., & Sikorski, P. (2023) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2023.127838 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Laslo‐Roth, R., George‐Levi, S., & Margalit, M. (2020) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22490 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Artificial intelligence for COVID-19: battling the pandemic with computational intelligence
Xu, Z., Su, C., Xiao, Y., & Wang, F. (2021) · Intelligent Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.imed.2021.09.001 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Investigating social media can find the cues in terms of psychosocial impacts during COVID-19 [113–115] .”
Puspitasari, A. J., Heredia, D., Gentry, M., Sawchuk, C., Theobald, B., Moore, W., Tiede, M., Galardy, C., & Schak, K. (2021) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2021.05.002 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“The economic and societal costs of the COVID-19 pandemic have been profound and emerging evidence suggests that a global mental health crisis is imminent (Cullen et al., 2020).”
The Role of Coping Strategies in Maintaining Well-Being During the COVID-19 Outbreak in South Korea
Kim, J. H., Shim, Y., Choi, I., & Choi, E. (2021) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550621990595 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Gündoğan, S. (2022) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-021-00641-2 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“COVID-19 pandemic not only threatening the physical health of the individuals, but also cause many negative effects on mental health (Cullen et al., 2020; Talevi et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCorrelates of Mental Health Symptoms Among US Adults During COVID-19, March–April 2020
Turchioe, M. R., Liu, L. G., Myers, A., Pathak, J., & Creber, R. M. (2020) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/0033354920970179 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Luo, X., Gandhi, P., Storey, S., & Huang, K. (2021) · IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics · doi:10.1109/jbhi.2021.3123192 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Scherr, A. E. S., Ayotte, B. J., & Kellogg, M. B. (2021) · SAGE Open Nursing · doi:10.1177/23779608211024213 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“The high levels of distraction posed by the internal and external demands of these work conditions may serve as antecedents for distracted practice (L. K. D’Esmond, 2016).”
Background
- Authors
- Cullen, W., Gulati, G., & Kelly, B. D.
- Affiliations
- University College Dublin (IE)
- University of Limerick (IE)
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Kelly, B D
- Venue
- QJM: An International Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2020-03-30
- Volume
- 113
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 311-312
- ISSN
- 0033-5622 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2725
- 1460-2393
- PMC
- PMC7184387
- OpenAlex
- W3013698566
- Cited by
- 1,275
- References
- 7
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 82 · 2024: 128 · 2023: 257 · 2022: 318 · 2021: 345 · 2020: 114 · 2019: 1 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 102.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- QJM (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DSPACE System - Metalibrary (University of the Coast) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, mental health, psychological impact of pandemic, anxiety, depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, pre-existing mental illness, infection risk, public health measures, mental health services, China, H1N1 influenza, mental health workforce shortage
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, Anxiety, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Mental Health, Pneumonia, Viral, Stress, Psychological, Coronavirus Infections, Pandemics
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