Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Cardiovascular Risk in Gluten-Free Followers Without Celiac Disease in the United States: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2014
Abstract
Background Despite unclear benefits of gluten-free diets (GFD) in the general population, gluten-free followers without medical indications are driving the market. Few studies have investigated health benefits of GFD in the general population. Aims To estimate metabolic and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profiles among gluten-free followers without celiac disease (CD). Methods Data were obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009-2014. There were 13,523 persons without CD who had GFD information. People with known CVD were excluded. We compared gluten-free followers without CD and the general population by selective metabolic and CVD risk profiles using survey-weighted generalized logistic regression. Results There were 155 gluten-free followers without CD and CVD, corresponding to a weighted prevalence of 1.3% (3.2 million Americans). Gluten-free followers tended to be women and have a smaller waist circumference and higher HDL cholesterol. They also had a lower BMI with a borderline p value (0.053) and significant self-reported weight loss (-1.33 kg) over one year. Moreover, gluten-free followers were more likely to consider their weight appropriate. There was no statistical difference by age, smoking, hypertension, total cholesterol, triglyceride cholesterol, HbA1c, or fasting glucose. Despite a lower probability of having metabolic syndrome (33.0 vs 38.5%) and lower 10-year CVD risk score (4.52 vs 5.70%) in gluten-free followers, th…
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Xanthan gum seems to be better than starch as a thickening agent.
“xanthan gum seems to be better than starch”
From ESPEN guideline on hospital nutrition (2021) · cites this paper as [80]
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- Authors
- Kim, H.-S., Demyen, M. F., Mathew, J., Kothari, N., Feurdean, M., & Ahlawat, S. K.
- Affiliations
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Hyun-seok
- Venue
- Digestive Diseases and Sciences
- Published
- 2017-04-27
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2440-2448
- ISSN
- 0163-2116 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2568
- OpenAlex
- W2608721923
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 8.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Digestive Diseases and Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Celiac Disease Research and Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- gluten-free diet, celiac disease, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular risk, obesity, weight management, body mass index, HDL cholesterol, waist circumference, weight perception, dietary trends
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Celiac Disease, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, Obesity, Risk Factors, United States, Metabolic Syndrome, Diet, Gluten-Free, Young Adult
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