The DOI matches its Crossref record; 70 of the 70 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mendelian randomisation for mediation analysis: current methods and challenges for implementation
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Mediation analysis seeks to explain the pathway(s) through which an exposure affects an outcome. Traditional, non-instrumental variable methods for mediation analysis experience a number of methodological difficulties, including bias due to confounding between an exposure, mediator and outcome and measurement error. Mendelian randomisation (MR) can be used to improve causal inference for mediation analysis. We describe two approaches that can be used for estimating mediation analysis with MR: multivariable MR (MVMR) and two-step MR. We outline the approaches and provide code to demonstrate how they can be used in mediation analysis. We review issues that can affect analyses, including confounding, measurement error, weak instrument bias, interactions between exposures and mediators and analysis of multiple mediators. Description of the methods is supplemented by simulated and real data examples. Although MR relies on large sample sizes and strong assumptions, such as having strong instruments and no horizontally pleiotropic pathways, our simulations demonstrate that these methods are unaffected by confounders of the exposure or mediator and the outcome and non-differential measurement error of the exposure or mediator. Both MVMR and two-step MR can be implemented in both individual-level MR and summary data MR. MR mediation methods require different assumptions to be made, compared with non-instrumental variable mediation methods. Where these assumptions are more plausible, MR can be used to improve causal inference in mediation analysis.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“If all of the IV conditions are satisfied, this estimate will differ from a univariable MR estimate where all or part of the effect of the exposure on the outcome acts through a mediating phenotype included in the multivariable MR estimation.104”
From Mendelian randomization (2022) · cites this paper as [104]
In the citing paper
“MR can be used to estimate the proportion of the effect of an exposure on an outcome that is mediated by an intermediate phenotype.104,105”
From Mendelian randomization (2022) · cites this paper as [104]
In the citing paper
“the directional effects between diseases and longevity persisted after adjustment for socioeconomic factors73,74.”
From Genetic trade-offs in fertility and longevity explain the maintenance of disease-associated alleles in humans (2026) · cites this paper as [74]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1173 · Cited by 91,532
Bowden, J., Davey Smith, G., & Burgess, S. (2015) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyv080 · Cited by 9,816
A comparison of methods to test mediation and other intervening variable effects
MacKinnon, D. P., Lockwood, C. M., Hoffman, J. M., West, S. G., & Sheets, V. (2002) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.7.1.83 · Cited by 9,406
Bowden, J., Davey Smith, G., Haycock, P. C., & Burgess, S. (2016) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21965 · Cited by 8,922
Mendelian Randomization Analysis With Multiple Genetic Variants Using Summarized Data
Burgess, S., Butterworth, A., & Thompson, S. G. (2013) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21758 · Cited by 6,050
Davey Smith, G., & Ebrahim, S. (2003) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyg070 · Cited by 5,882
MacKinnon, D. P., Fairchild, A. J., & Fritz, M. S. (2007) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542 · Cited by 5,688
Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies
Davey Smith, G., & Hemani, G. (2014) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddu328 · Cited by 4,677
Mendelian randomization: Using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology
Lawlor, D. A., Harbord, R. M., Sterne, J. A. C., Timpson, N., & Davey Smith, G. (2008) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3034 · Cited by 4,618
Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology
Study, T. L. C., Locke, A. E., The ADIPOGen Consortium, The AGEN-BMI Working Group, The CARDIOGRAMplusC4D Consortium, The CKDGen Consortium, The, G. L. G. C., The, I. C. B. P., The MAGIC Investigators, The MuTHER Consortium, et al. (2015) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature14177 · Cited by 4,534
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Richardson TG, Sanderson E, Elsworth B, Tilling K, Davey SG. Use of genetic variation to separate the effects of early and later life adiposity on disease risk: mendelian randomisation study. BMJ. 2020;369:m1203. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1203. · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 1,001
Zhu, J., Wang, N., Liu, H., Jiang, H., Cai, B., Chen, D., & Li, Y. (2022) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002732 · Cited by 23
Tian, H., & Burgess, S. (2022) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyac240 · Cited by 21
Cao, Z., Wu, T., Fang, Y., Sun, F., Ding, H., Zhao, L., & Shi, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1406234 · Cited by 23
Zheng, D., Wu, Z., Li, L., Cheng, S., & Chang, J. (2023) · European Spine Journal · doi:10.1007/s00586-023-08059-8 · Cited by 21
Huang, W., Wang, Z., Zou, C., Liu, Y., Pan, Y., Lu, J., Zhou, K., Jiao, F., Zhong, S., & Jiang, G. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.114 · Cited by 22
Genomic predictors of physical activity and athletic performance
Ahmetov, I. I., John, G., Semenova, E. A., & Hall, E. C. R. (2024) · Advances in genetics · doi:10.1016/bs.adgen.2024.01.001 · Cited by 23
Mammographic density mediates the protective effect of early-life body size on breast cancer risk
Vabistsevits, M., Smith, G. D., Richardson, T. G., Richmond, R. C., Sieh, W., Rothstein, J. H., Habel, L. A., Alexeeff, S., Lloyd‐Lewis, B., & Sanderson, E. C. M. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-48105-7 · Cited by 24
Self-citationLiu, H., Wu, W., Wei, X., & Yuan, J. (2023) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01148-w · Cited by 21
Association between homocysteine and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Mendelian randomisation study
Fu, L., Wang, Y., & Hu, Y. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.13895 · Cited by 20
Batool, F., Patel, A. R., Gill, D., & Burgess, S. (2022) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.22462 · Cited by 17
Niu, P., Wang, X., & Xu, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.907789 · Cited by 19
Liu, N., Tan, J., Liu, L., Li, H., Wang, Y., Yang, Y., & Qian, Q. (2023) · Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences · doi:10.1017/s2045796023000173 · Cited by 18
Lin, Z., Xue, H., & Pan, W. (2023) · PLoS Genetics · doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1010762 · Cited by 18
Wang, Y., Kong, L., Ye, C., Dou, C., Zheng, J., Xu, M., Xu, Y., Li, M., Zhao, Z., Lu, J., et al. (2023) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.15669 · Cited by 18
Liu, C., Ran, J., Hou, B., Li, Y., Morelli, J. N., & Li, X. (2023) · Journal of Orthopaedic Research® · doi:10.1002/jor.25656 · Cited by 17
Chalitsios, C. V., Meena, D., Manou, M., Papagiannopoulos, C. K., Markozannes, G., Gill, D., Su, B., Tsilidis, K. K., Εvangelou, Ε., & Tzoulaki, I. (2023) · British Journal of Dermatology · doi:10.1093/bjd/ljad410 · Cited by 21
Balit, J., Erlangsen, A., Docherty, A. R., Turecki, G., & Orri, M. (2024) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-024-02465-0 · Cited by 20
Xie, Y., Liu, S., Wang, X., Huang, H., Wang, M., Qu, W., Yu, Z., Wang, W., & Luo, X. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.032409 · Cited by 18
Adams, C. D., & Boutwell, B. B. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-69114-8 · Cited by 18
Lan, Z., Wei, Y., Yue, K., He, R., & Jiang, Z. (2024) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-024-01514-y · Cited by 17
Nielsen, S. T., Luo, J. M., Tybjærg-Hansen, A., Iversen, K. K., Bundgaard, H., Thomassen, J. Q., & Frikke‐Schmidt, R. (2025) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf565 · Cited by 25
Chen, H., Zhang, J., Wang, T., Zhang, S., Lai, Q., Huang, S., & Zeng, P. (2021) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgab465 · Cited by 17
Chen, D., Wu, H., Wang, X., Huang, T., & Jia, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.836023 · Cited by 17
Cabrera‐Mendoza, B., Wendt, F. R., Pathak, G. A., Angelis, F. D., Lillo, A. D., Koller, D., & Polimanti, R. A. (2022) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyac129 · Cited by 19
Association between leptin and NAFLD: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study
Guo, Z., Chen, H., Zao, X., Hongbo, D. U., Guo, Y., Jin, Q., Kong, D., Li, X., Zhang, T., Yun, Z., et al. (2023) · European journal of medical research · doi:10.1186/s40001-023-01147-x · Cited by 19
Li, J., Zhang, J., Kong, B., Chen, L., Yuan, J., He, M., Wang, Y., Wei, S., Chen, W., Tang, Y., et al. (2023) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2023.111474 · Cited by 17
Jia, X., Hu, C., Wu, X., Qi, H., Lin, L., Xu, M., Xu, Y., Wang, T., Zhao, Z., Chen, Y., et al. (2023) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo13101041 · Cited by 20
A Mendelian randomization study between chronic periodontitis and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Tan, L., He, Y., Wang, T., Gao, X., Fan, W., & Fan, B. (2023) · Journal of Periodontal Research · doi:10.1111/jre.13218 · Cited by 18
Moix, S., Sadler, M. C., Kutalik, Z., & Auwerx, C. (2024) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-024-03269-9 · Cited by 18
Genome-Wide Mendelian Randomization Study Reveals Druggable Genes for Cerebral Small Vessel Disease
Yang, X., Huang, M., Han, F., Ni, J., Zhou, L., Yao, M., Zhang, D., & Zhu, Y. (2024) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.124.046544 · Cited by 17
Chen, C., Quan, J., Chen, X., Yang, T., Yu, C., Ye, S., Yang, Y., Wu, X., Jiang, D., & Weng, Y. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112905 · Cited by 20
Adams, C. D., & Boutwell, B. B. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97410-4 · Cited by 16
Platelet indices and blood pressure: a multivariable mendelian randomization study
Xu, Y., & Guo, Y. (2023) · Thrombosis Journal · doi:10.1186/s12959-023-00475-6 · Cited by 17
Wan, B., Ma, N., Zhou, Z., & Lu, W. (2023) · Molecular Brain · doi:10.1186/s13041-023-01030-0 · Cited by 17
Gastroesophageal Reflux and Chronic Rhinosinusitis: A Mendelian Randomization Study
Guo, T., & Xie, H. (2024) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.31258 · Cited by 16
Zhou, G., Zhan, Q., Huang, L., Dou, X., Cui, J., Lin, X. Q., Qi, Y., Wu, S., Liu, L., Xiao, Q., et al. (2024) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13776 · Cited by 17
Lan, G., Xie, M., Lan, J., Huang, Z., Xie, X., Liang, M., Chen, Z., Jiang, X., Lu, X., Ye, X., et al. (2024) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/s12931-024-02722-4 · Cited by 16
Chen, J., Yuan, X., Zhou, X., Xu, J., Zhang, X., & Duan, X. (2024) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-024-01723-w · Cited by 17
Mustafa, R., Mens, M. M. J., van Hilten, A., Huang, J. V., Roshchupkin, G. V., Huan, T., Broer, L., van Meurs, J. B. J., Elliott, P., Levy, D. A., et al. (2024) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-024-03420-6 · Cited by 17
Li, J., Yuan, Z., Li, J., Liu, Z., Wang, Y., Cui, M., Suo, C., Li, J., Ding, D., Chen, X., et al. (2025) · Biomarker Research · doi:10.1186/s40364-025-00851-6 · Cited by 17
Power, G. M., Tobias, J. H., Frayling, T. M., Tyrrell, J., Hartley, A. E., Heron, J., Smith, G. D., & Richardson, T. G. (2023) · European Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s10654-023-00986-6 · Cited by 15
Self-citationXu, Q., Li, H., & Zhu, D. (2024) · Schizophrenia · doi:10.1038/s41537-024-00471-3 · Cited by 20
Liu, Y., Yu, J., Yang, Y., Han, B., Wang, Q., & Du, S. (2024) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-024-10377-0 · Cited by 15
Cathepsins and cancer risk: a Mendelian randomization study
Deng, T., Lu, X., Jia, X., Du, J., Wang, L., Cao, B., Yang, M., Yin, Y., & Liu, F. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1428433 · Cited by 15
Mechanisms of Hypercoagulability Driving Stroke Risk in Obesity
Daghlas, I., & Gill, D. (2024) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000209431 · Cited by 15
Marchis, G. M. D., Dittrich, T. D., Malik, R., Zietz, A. V., Kriemler, L. F., Ference, B. A., Dichgans, M., & Georgakis, M. K. (2022) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.09.007 · Cited by 14
Multisite chronic pain and the risk of autoimmune diseases: A Mendelian randomization study
Tang, Y., Liu, W., Kong, W., Zhang, S., & Zhu, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1077088 · Cited by 18
Bao, B., Guo, J., Zhang, L., Pan, Z., Huang, H., Qin, Z., Chen, L., Zhou, X., & Liu, B. (2023) · Andrology · doi:10.1111/andr.13443 · Cited by 14
Lou, C., Meng, Z., Shi, Y., Zheng, R., Qian, S., & Pan, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1217922 · Cited by 14
Yang, K., Li, S., Ding, Y., Meng, X., Zhang, C., & Sun, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1336817 · Cited by 14
Guo, X., Yang, Y., Zhou, R., Tian, G., Shan, C., Liu, J., & Li, R. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02924-w · Cited by 15
Barad, A., Clark, A. G., O'Brien, K. O., & Pressman, E. K. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.124.034991 · Cited by 17
Huang, C., Shi, M., Wu, H., Luk, A. O. Y., Chan, J. C. N., & Ronald, C. W. (2022) · Metabolites · doi:10.3390/metabo12070598 · Cited by 14
Zhao, S. S., Bowes, J., Barton, A. C., Smith, G. D., & Richardson, T. G. (2022) · RMD Open · doi:10.1136/rmdopen-2022-002321 · Cited by 16
Jian, Z., Chi, Y., & Ma, Y. (2022) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19670 · Cited by 14
Xiong, J., Chen, S., Wang, H., Yang, X., Chen, X., You, B., & Yu, R. (2025) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-025-07766-y · Cited by 15
Chen, B., Pu, B., Li, S., Gong, Y., & Dong, H. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.08.121 · Cited by 14
Zhou, X., Xu, J., Zhang, X., Zhao, Y., & Duan, X. (2024) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2024.109788 · Cited by 15
Qiu, S., Liu, Z., Jiang, W., Sun, J.-H., Liu, Z.-Q., Sun, X., Wang, C., & Liu, W. (2024) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-024-02266-3 · Cited by 14
Wang, S., Yue, Y., Wang, X., Tan, Y., & Zhang, Q. (2024) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.14266 · Cited by 12
Gut microbiota, plasma metabolites, and osteoporosis: unraveling links via Mendelian randomization
Lu, Y., Cai, X., Shi, B., & Gong, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1433892 · Cited by 13
Zheng, G., Cheng, Y., Wang, C., Wang, B., Zou, X., Zhou, J. N., Peng, L., & Zeng, T. (2024) · Renal Failure · doi:10.1080/0886022x.2024.2367028 · Cited by 14
A causal relationship between sarcopenia and cognitive impairment: A Mendelian randomization study
Liu, H., Fan, Y., Liang, J., Hu, A., Chen, W., Wang, H., Fan, Y., Li, M., Duan, J., & Wang, Q. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0309124 · Cited by 13
Walker, V. M., Vujković, M., Carter, A. R., Davies, N. M., Udler, M. S., Levin, M. G., Smith, G. D., Voight, B. F., Gaunt, T. R., & Damrauer, S. M. (2022) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-022-05653-1 · Cited by 13
Self-citationReview of mendelian randomization studies on age at natural menopause
Zhang, X., Huangfu, Z., & Wang, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1234324 · Cited by 16
Yu, H., Si, G., & Si, F.-C. (2024) · Journal of Cancer · doi:10.7150/jca.93376 · Cited by 13
Adiposity and cancer: systematic review and meta-analysisPreprint
Watts, E. L., Gonzalez-Feliciano, A., Gunter, M. J., Chatterjee, N., & Moore, S. C. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.02.16.24302944 · Cited by 13
Liu, T., Yang, F., Wang, Z., Mei, Y., Li, H., Wang, K., Zhang, X., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., & Meng, J. (2024) · Prostate International · doi:10.1016/j.prnil.2024.11.004 · Cited by 12
Yao, P., Mazidi, M., Pozarickij, A., Iona, A., Wright, N., Lin, K., Millwood, I. Y., Fry, H., Kartsonaki, C., Chen, Y., et al. (2025) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.125.050982 · Cited by 14
Meena, D., Huang, J., Smith, A., Yarmolinsky, J., Wu, S., Koskeridis, F., Ko, Y.-H., Dib, M., Antonatos, C., Vasilopoulos, Y., et al. (2025) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf725 · Cited by 14
Zhang, W., Zhang, L., Xiao, C., Wu, X., Cui, H., Yang, C., Yan, P., Tang, M., Wang, Y., Chen, L., et al. (2023) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000002894 · Cited by 12
Chen, X., Zheng, C., Xu, J., Wang, Q., Zhao, Z., & Jiang, Q. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1390516 · Cited by 14
The impact of anxiety on the risk of kidney stone disease: Insights into eGFR-mediated effects
Gao, M., Liu, M., Zhang, Y., Tang, L., Chen, H., & Zhu, Z. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.061 · Cited by 12
Chen, Z., Wang, X., Teng, Z., Huang, J., Mo, J., Qu, C., Wu, Y., Liu, Z., Liu, F., & Xia, K. (2024) · EBioMedicine · doi:10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105314 · Cited by 16
Well‐Being and Cardiovascular Health: Insights From the UK Biobank Study
Zhong, J., Zhang, P., Dong, Y., Xu, Y., Huang, H., Ye, R., Liu, X., & Sun, W. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.124.035225 · Cited by 12
An, H., Xie, K., & Gan, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1448394 · Cited by 12
Association between proton pump inhibitors and dementia risk: a Mendelian randomization study
Xie, K., Li, J., Tang, C., Huang, Z., & Chen, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-79821-1 · Cited by 12
Genetic evidence for the causal effects of air pollution on the risk of respiratory diseases
Wu, Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, J., Gan, Q., Su, X., Zhang, S., Ding, Y., Yang, X., Zhang, N., & Wu, K. (2024) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117602 · Cited by 13
Yu, H., Wang, J., Xu, X. J., Li, H., & Guo, J. (2025) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-025-03035-2 · Cited by 16
Cai, Y., Wu, Y., Liu, J., Pan, H., Deng, W., Sun, W., Xie, C., & Huang, X. (2023) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12885-023-11669-6 · Cited by 12
Pehkonen, J., Viinikainen, J., Kari, J. T., Böckerman, P., Lehtimäki, T. J., Viikari, J. S. A., & Raitakari, O. T. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106894 · Cited by 11
Branched chain amino acids harbor distinct and often opposing effects on health and disease
Avery, C. L., Howard, A. G., Lee, H., Downie, C. G., Lee, M. P., Koenigsberg, S. H., Ballou, A. F., Preuss, M. H., Raffield, L. M., Yarosh, R., et al. (2023) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-023-00382-x · Cited by 12
Dang, C., Chen, Z., Chai, Y., Liu, P., Yu, X., Liu, Y., & Liu, J. (2024) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-024-02945-z · Cited by 11
He, X., Zhang, Z., Jiang, H., Luo, H., Gan, Q., Wei, K., Liu, Y., Qin, Y., & Xiao, M. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-78603-z · Cited by 15
Wang, J., Hu, J.-X., Qin, D., Han, D., & Hu, J.-P. (2024) · The World Allergy Organization Journal · doi:10.1016/j.waojou.2024.101008 · Cited by 9
Zhang, M., Wang, Y., Hu, S., & Wu, Y. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-83880-9 · Cited by 11
Causal Mediation Analysis: A Summary‐Data Mendelian Randomization Approach
Lin, S., Lin, S., Ge, T., Chen, C., & Lin, K. (2025) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.10317 · Cited by 11
Xu, Z., Qi, L., Zhang, H., Yu, D., Shi, Y., Yu, Y., & Zhu, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1288170 · Cited by 11
Xia, Z., Liu, Y., Liu, C., Dai, Z., Liang, X., Zhang, N., Wu, W., Wen, J., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1247149 · Cited by 11
Liu, L. Y., Gu, Q., Hu, X., Fan, J., & Liu, X. (2022) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19510 · Cited by 12
Examination on the risk factors of cholangiocarcinoma: A Mendelian randomization study
Chen, L., Fan, Z., Sun, X., Qiu, W., Mu, W., Chai, K., Cao, Y., Wang, G., & Lv, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.900424 · Cited by 12
Lian, Z., Liu, Z., Fan, H., Wang, J., Zhang, K., Liu, Y., Kuang, N., Yu, G., Cheng, W., Becker, B., et al. (2026) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172610436x · Cited by 15
Chen, J., & Ye, W. (2024) · Pharmaceutical Biology · doi:10.1080/13880209.2024.2330609 · Cited by 10
Zheng, X., Chen, M., Zhuang, Y., Zhao, L., Qian, Y., Xu, J. Y., & Fan, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2024.1430675 · Cited by 11
Yang, X., Huang, L., Zhang, Y., Wang, K., Liu, S., Li, X., Ding, Y., Deng, D., Zhang, T., Zhao, W., et al. (2024) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2024.07.039 · Cited by 10
Li, C., Liu, Z., Yang, S., Li, W., Liang, B., Chen, H., Ye, Y., Wang, F., Liu, X., Jiang, Y., et al. (2024) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.1080/10641963.2024.2390419 · Cited by 13
Yang, Q., Duan, B., Yue, J., Zhang, D., Chen, X., Shi, M., Kan, J., Li, R., Li, H., & Gan, L. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1444222 · Cited by 10
Sun, X., Wang, C., He, Y., Chen, K., & Miao, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1416870 · Cited by 10
Ma, Y., Wu, F., Yu, Z., & Yang, L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-86794-2 · Cited by 12
Chen, W., Luo, M., Guo, J., Wang, S., Yan, D., Feng, X., Huang, Y., Zeng, T., Shen, L., Zhang, R., et al. (2025) · Cardiovascular Diabetology · doi:10.1186/s12933-025-02746-0 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Carter, A. R., Sanderson, E., Hammerton, G., Richmond, R. C., Davey Smith, G., Heron, J., Taylor, A. E., Davies, N. M., & Howe, L. D.
- Affiliations
- University of Bristol (GB)
- University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Carter, Alice R.
- ORCID
- Venue
- European Journal of Epidemiology
- Published
- 2021-05
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 465-478
- ISSN
- 0393-2990 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7284
- PMC
- PMC8159796
- OpenAlex
- W3159102563
- Cited by
- 1,215
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 196 · 2025: 407 · 2024: 386 · 2023: 143 · 2022: 54 · 2021: 18
- FWCI
- 117.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- European Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- UK Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00011/1, MR/M020894)
- UK Economic and Social Research Council (ES/N000757/1)
- Wellcome Trust (209138/Z/17/Z)
- Norwegian Research Council (295989)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Keywords
- Mendelian randomization, mediation analysis, causal inference, confounding, measurement error, weak instrument bias, pleiotropy, multiple mediators
- MeSH terms
- Mediation Analysis, Humans, Genetic Variation, Bias, Causality, Genome-Wide Association Study, Mendelian Randomization Analysis, Genetic Pleiotropy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
