COVID-19 virus outbreak lockdown: What impacts on household food wastage?

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Survey weights were applied and used in all Chi-square analyses to improve the panel's representativeness.

“In order to further improve the panel’s representativeness, survey weights were applied and used in all Chi-square analyses (Neff et al. 2015).”

• cites Neff et al. 2015 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Food waste is positively correlated with food availability.

“Hall et al. (2009) have shown that food waste is positively correlated with food availability.”

• cites Hall et al. (2009) sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Making a food shopping list is an efficient food waste prevention tool at the household level, by preventing the purchase of surplus foods.

“Making food shopping list is considered as an efficient food waste prevention tool at the household level, by preventing the purchase of surplus foods (van Geffen et al. 2020).”

• cites van Geffen et al. 2020 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Shopping behavior is considered key to reducing food waste.

“Shopping behavior is considered as key to reducing food waste (Farr-Wharton et al. 2014; UNEP 2014; Aschemann-Witzel et al. 2015).”

• cites Farr-Wharton et al. 2014 sourceSupported
• cites UNEP 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Aschemann-Witzel et al. 2015 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

People who are price oriented and/or have an attraction to special offers tend to waste less.

“recent findings have pointed out that people who are price oriented and/or have an attraction to special offers tend to waste less (Jörissen et al. 2015; van Geffen et al. 2020).”

• cites Jörissen et al. 2015 sourceSupported
• cites van Geffen et al. 2020 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Farr-Wharton et al. (2014) and Jörissen et al. (2015) have pointed out the need to provide more information on the shelf life of fresh food and leftovers.

“Farr-Wharton et al. (2014) and Jörissen et al. (2015) have pointed out the need to provide more information on the shelf life of fresh food and leftovers.”

• cites Farr-Wharton et al. 2014 sourceSupported
• cites Jörissen et al. 2015 sourcePartly supported

  Section 4.5 (p. 12) says households need more information about product freshness and durability, supporting the shelf-life point for fresh food. It also calls for recipes using leftovers, but does not identify a need for information about how long leftovers remain safe or usable. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Qi and Roe (2016) indicated that for a majority of households, enhancing meal safety and freshness may sometimes require wasting food.

“Qi and Roe (2016) have indicated that for a majority of households, enhancing meal safety and freshness may sometimes require wasting food.”

• cites Qi and Roe 2016 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Survey respondents tend to substantially under-report their waste levels and over-report their effort levels.

“Survey respondents tend to substantially under-report their waste levels and in contrast to over-report their effort levels (Neff et al. 2015; Qi and Roe 2016; van Geffen et al. 2020).”

• cites Neff et al. 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The Discussion says U.S. respondents as a group are substantially underreporting their food waste, but says only that they may be overreporting their effort. The citing sentence presents both tendencies as established and does not retain that uncertainty. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Qi and Roe 2016 sourcePartly supported

  The Limitations section says self-reported food-waste amounts often yield downwardly biased estimates, supporting the under-reporting point. It does not establish that the bias is substantial or that respondents over-report their efforts; the study says it did not assess self-reported individual food-waste behaviors. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites van Geffen et al. 2020 sourcePartly supported

  In “Goal Setting: Motivation to Change” (page unavailable), the review says people generally underestimate how much food they waste themselves, supporting the direction of the waste-level claim. It does not establish that survey respondents substantially under-report measured waste levels, and the passages found do not say they over-report their efforts to avoid waste. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Information can increase food waste awareness, which in turn can promote pro-environmental behavior change.

“Information can increase food waste awareness, which in turn can promote pro-environmental behavior change (van Geffen et al. 2020).”

• cites van Geffen et al. 2020 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Significant relations have been reported between household discards, age and parental status, as well as between food waste, household income and number of household occupants.

“Significant relations have been reported between household discards, age and parental status (Neff et al. 2015; Shanes et al. 2018) as well as between food waste, household income and number of household occupants (Jörissen et al. 2015; Giordano et al. 2018).”

• cites Neff et al. 2015 sourceSupported
• cites Shanes et al. 2018 sourceSupported
• cites Jörissen et al. 2015 sourcePartly supported

  The citation to Jörissen et al. is attached to the clause about income and household occupants, not the earlier clause about age and parental status. Section 4.3 (p. 8) reports significantly lower food waste per person in households with two or more occupants than in single-person households. Section 4.1 (p. 5) describes respondents’ income groups, but does not establish a significant relationship between income and food waste. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Monthly household food expenditure was between US$100 and US$175 for 36% of respondents, over US$175 for 32%, between US$35 and US$100 for 27%, and less than US$35 for 5%.

“36% of the respondents affirmed to spend monthly between US$ 100 and 175, 32% over US$ 175 for food, 27% between US$ 35 and 100 and 5% less than US$ 35.”

Not yet classified.

Most respondents reported adopting a strategy of saving, storing, and eating leftovers.

“most of the respondents have set up a strategy of saving, storing and eating leftovers.”

Not yet classified.

In the survey, 0.7% of respondents had no opinion about food waste.

“0.7% had no opinions about this issue.”

Not yet classified.

Supermarket shopping in the sample was 66% higher than in the study by Sassi et al. (2016).

“our findings indicate a rise of 66% for shopping in supermarkets.”

• cites Sassi et al. (2016)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study identified that consumers need information to take further action on food waste.

“our study pointed out the consumers’ needs of information for taking further action.”

May combine two claims.

In the survey, 91.9% of respondents said they worried about food waste and tried to avoid it when possible.

“A large majority (91.9%) of respondents affirmed that they worry about food waste and try to avoid it when they can.”

Not yet classified.

Food waste awareness in the sample was higher than the 71% reported in INC data.

“There was an increase in food waste awareness, when compared to INC data (71%) (INC 2017).”

• cites INC 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Grocery shopping frequency was once a week for 39.8% of respondents, two or three times a week for 31%, daily for 15%, once every two weeks for 7.5%, once a month for 3.5%, and rarely for 3.2%.

“food shopping was performed once a week by 39.8% of respondents, two or three times a week by 31%, daily by 15%, once every 2 weeks by 7.5% and once a month by 3.5%, and 3.2% declared to rarely doing it.”

May combine two claims.

The main grocery shopping locations were supermarkets for 64.3% of respondents, small retailers for 29.0%, hard discount stores for 2.1%, and traditional local markets for 2.5%.

“64.3% buy their foods from supermarkets, whereas 29.0% buy their from small retailers, 2.1% from hard discount stores and only 2.5% from traditional local markets”

Not yet classified.

Respondents want to be better informed about the negative impacts of food waste on the environment (24%) and on the economy (10%).

“Respondents want to be better informed about the negative impacts of food waste on the environment (24%) and on the economy (10%).”

May combine two claims.

The most wasted food group is bakery products, followed by vegetables and to a lesser extent fruits.

“the most wasted food group is bakery products, followed by vegetables and to a lesser extent fruits.”

May combine two claims.

Most respondents usually discard food items they bought, even though the quantity wasted is generally small.

“most of the respondents usually discard food items they bought, even though this quantity wasted is generally small.”

May combine two claims.

2.5% of respondents are in demand of advice on how to cook leftovers (0.4%), how to better estimate portion size (0.4%), and information on organizations and initiatives dealing with food wastage prevention and reduction (1.7%).

“In addition, 2.5% are in demand of advices how to cook leftovers (0.4%) and how to better estimate the portion size (0.4%), and of information on organizations and initiatives dealing with food wastage prevention and reduction (1.7%).”

May combine two claims.

Women, persons over 40 years old, and university-educated people tend to prevent wastage of leftovers by freezing, donating or recycling them, whereas men and less educated people tend to throw them away more or use them for animal feeding.

“Women, persons more than 40 years old and university-educated people tend to prevent wastage of leftovers by freezing, donate or recycling them, whereas as men and less educated people tend to throwing them away more or to use them for animal feeding.”

May combine two claims.

Respondents expressed concerns about packaging size (18%) and clear labels (7%).

“Respondents also expressed concerns about the packaging, specifically for the size (18%) and clear labels (7%).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The sample was almost similar to that of Sassi et al. (2016) in terms of gender, education, and professional activity.

“it has almost similar to that from Sassi et al. (2016), in terms of gender, education and professional activity.”

• cites Sassi et al. (2016)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Significant positive associations were found between future intention to reduce food waste and number of occupants in the household and education.

“Significant positive associations were found between future intention to food wastage reduction and number of occupants in the household and education (Table 3).”

May combine two claims.

The sample was 72% women, 54% from households with more than four members, 77% professionally active, and 96% highly educated.

“Demographics (Table 1) indicate that 72% of the respondents are women, 54% live in households with more than 4 members, 77% were active professionally and 96% were highly educated.”

May combine two claims.

Respondents overwhelmingly reported trying to control their food waste levels during the lockdown, while only 2% said the lockdown would not affect their waste levels.

“respondents overwhelmingly declared to try to control their food waste levels during the COVID-19 lockdown, whereas only 2% affirmed that the COVID-19 lockdown would not impact their waste levels”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Online surveys cannot reach people who are not comfortable with technology or lack internet access, such as low-income, poorly educated, or elderly persons.

“they cannot reach people that are not comfortable with technology or don't have access to technology or the internet, such low income, poorly educated persons or elderly.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Individuals under stress are more strategic about how they spend money.

“According to Durante (2016), individuals would be more strategic about how they spend their money under stress.”

• cites Durante (2016) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Not yet classified.

Over cooking as a reason for food waste was probably related to difficulty estimating how much to cook per person or how to cook right portions, and to Tunisian culture, customs and traditions such as hospitality, food perceived as wealth, and the good mother identity.

“Over cooking was probably related to the difficulty to estimate how much to cook per person or how to cook the right portions, but also to Tunisian culture, customs and traditions, such as hospitality, food perceived as wealth and the good mother identity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Stressed consumers increase spending on necessities and spend less on discretionary items.

“stressed consumers increase spending on necessities and spend less on discretionary items.”

• cites Durante (2016) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Food waste is partly attributable to consumers.

“Because food waste is partly attributable to consumers (FAO 2015)”

• cites FAO 2015Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The low reported food waste could be related to Tunisian culture, customs and Muslim-driven traditions, such as the act of throwing food being considered unacceptable.

“This could be related to Tunisian culture, customs and Muslim-driven traditions, such as the act of throwing food considered as unacceptable.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tunisian per capita food waste reached 112 kg per year in 2017.

“Tunisian per capita food waste reached 112 kg/year in 2017 (INC 2018).”

• cites INC 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Restrictions on eating out increased home cooking and consequently the use of bought food products.

“the restriction on eating out increased home cooking and consequently the use of bought food products.”

Not yet classified.

These findings suggest better food planning by shoppers during the COVID-19 lockdown, with food probably purchased with thought to how it would be used.

“These findings suggest a better food planning by shoppers during COVID-19 lockdown: food has been probably purchased with thought to how it would be used.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Food waste in Tunisia represents 5% of food expenditures per year, amounting to US$197 million.

“This food waste represents 5% of food expenditures per year (US$ 197 million, INC 2017).”

• cites INC 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Respondents developed positive attitudes toward food waste prevention and adapted their habits close to good practices recommended by FAO during the first two weeks of the COVID-19 lockdown.

“Respondents have developed positive attitudes toward food waste prevention; during the two first weeks of COVID-19 lockdown, they have adapted their habits that have been found to be close to the good practices recommended by FAO (UNEP 2014).”

• cites UNEP 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Changes in consumers' behaviors toward food waste have been related to external factors such as economic crisis in Greece and Italy.

“changes in customers’ behaviors toward food waste have been shown to be related to the external factors such as economic crisis in Greece (Abeliotis et al. 2014) and in Italy”

• cites Abeliotis et al. 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Martinengo 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Fanelli and Di Florio 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In an exploratory study of 281 Tunisian adults, about half of respondents reported throwing food.

“about the half of respondents declared throwing food.”

• cites Sassi et al. (2016)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The change of behavior was probably associated with a loss of income and a fear of food shortages that impaired food availability.

“The change of behavior was probably associated with a loss of income and to a fear of food shortages, impairing food availability.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The COVID-19 lockdown led to a loss of income-earning opportunities, mainly for independent workers.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: There was a fear of food shortages that impaired food availability during the COVID-19 lockdown.

Not yet classified.

The COVID-19 outbreak provides an opportunity to keep these new behaviors in place after the crisis to improve consumers' behaviors from a sustainability standpoint.

“COVID-19 outbreak provides the opportunity to keep these new behaviors in place after this crisis to improve consumers’ behaviors from a sustainability standpoint.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Italians reduced food waste by 57% because of the economic crisis.

“According to Coldiretti-SWG (2011), Italians have reduced food waste by 57% because of the economic crisis.”

• cites Coldiretti-SWG (2011)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Online surveys do not allow a depth analysis of the results.

“online surveys do not allow a depth analysis of the results.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Giordano et al. (2018) found no evidence of either a positive or negative relationship between the purchase of discounted food products and household food waste quantities.

“Giordano et al. (2018) have found no evidence of either a positive or negative relationship between the purchase of discounted food products and household food waste quantities.”

• cites Giordano et al. 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to the Tunisian Ministry of Agriculture (2020), adequate stores of staples remain available.

“According to the Tunisian Ministry of Agriculture (2020), they are unlikely, since adequate stores of staples remain available.”

• cites Tunisian Ministry of Agriculture (2020)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Not yet classified.

Awareness campaigns about food wastage have been launched in Tunisia by national institutions and non-governmental organizations, but have a limited impact.

“awareness campaigns about food wastage have been launched in Tunisia by the national institutions and non-governmental organizations (INC 2018), but have a limited impact.”

• cites INC 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Our results are consistent with Pearson et al. (2013), Arous et al. (2017) and Hebrok and Boks (2017), indicating that buying and cooking too much, not finishing meals and inappropriate food storage techniques were recognized as significant drivers of food waste by consumers.

“Our results are consistent with those reported by Pearson et al. (2013), Arous et al. (2017) and Hebrok and Boks (2017), indicating that buying and cooking too much, not finishing meals and inappropriate food storage techniques were recognized as significant drivers of food waste by consumers.”

• cites Pearson et al. 2013Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Arous et al. 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hebrok and Boks 2017 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sassi et al. (2016) reported food safety as the main reason of food waste in Tunisian households.

“Sassi et al. (2016) have also reported food safety as the main reasons of food waste in Tunisian households.”

• cites Sassi et al. 2016Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Better organization and planning by most pre-disaster shoppers have been observed during winter storm and hurricane seasons in the USA.

“Better organization and planning by most pre-disaster shoppers have been observed during winter storm and hurricane seasons in the USA (Kulemeka 2010).”

• cites Kulemeka 2010Not checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several countries have instituted policies to encourage household waste reduction and recycling, for instance by implementing tariff-based waste management systems.

“Several countries have instituted policies to encourage household waste reduction and recycling, by for instance, implanting tariff-based waste management systems (Chalak et al. 2016).”

• cites Chalak et al. 2016 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source