The DOI matches its Crossref record; 18 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Rawlsian algorithm for autonomous vehicles
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This algorithm mainly relies on Maximin procedure, a strategy of maximizing the minimum payoffs.”
From Exploring moral algorithm preferences in autonomous vehicle dilemmas: an empirical study (2023) · cites this paper as Leben (2017)
In the citing paper
“Nevertheless, this approach also received criticism about inequitable distribution of risks (Leben, 2017; Keeling, 2018).”
From Exploring moral algorithm preferences in autonomous vehicle dilemmas: an empirical study (2023) · cites this paper as Leben, 2017
In the citing paper
“However, this approach met with significant criticism about prioritizing the lives of passengers over other vulnerable road users, such as children (Leben, 2017, p. 99).”
From Exploring moral algorithm preferences in autonomous vehicle dilemmas: an empirical study (2023) · cites this paper as Leben, 2017, p. 99
In the citing paper
“Mercedes-Benz, for instance, has remarked that their AVs would prioritize safeguarding the car’s passengers in collision situations (Leben, 2017, pp. 98–99).”
From Exploring moral algorithm preferences in autonomous vehicle dilemmas: an empirical study (2023) · cites this paper as Leben, 2017, pp. 98–99
Citations
Cites
A Theory of Justice: Original Edition
Rawls, J. (1971) · doi:10.4159/9780674042605 · Cited by 9,496
Gauthier, D. (1987) · doi:10.1093/0198249926.001.0001 · Cited by 1,933
The Stag Hunt and the Evolution of Social Structure
Skyrms, B. (2003) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139165228 · Cited by 1,539
The social dilemma of autonomous vehicles
Bonnefon, J.-F., Shariff, A., & Rahwan, I. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaf2654 · Cited by 1,527
Moral machines: teaching robots right from wrong
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-4493 · Cited by 799
Robot ethics: the ethical and social implications of robotics
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-0844 · Cited by 790
Wallach, W., & Allen, C. (2009) · Oxford University Press · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195374049.001.0001 · Cited by 711
Can the Maximin Principle Serve as a Basis for Morality? A Critique of John Rawls's Theory
Harsanyi, J. C. (1975) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.2307/1959090 · Cited by 653
Calculating QALYs, comparing QALY and DALY calculations
Sassi, F. (2006) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czl018 · Cited by 574
Binmore, K. (2005) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195178111.001.0001 · Cited by 472
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Anderson, M., Anderson, S. L., & Armen, C. (2004). Towards machine ethics. AAAI-04 Workship on Agent Orientations: theory and practice.
- Hobbes, T. (1651). Leviathan. New York: Penguin Books.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–141 of 141
Kasaki, M. (2021) · Journal of the Robotics Society of Japan · doi:10.7210/jrsj.39.22 · Cited by 1
Fairness in AI Systems Development: Beyond EU AI Act Compliance
Westerstrand, S. (2025) · Lecture notes in business information processing · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-85849-9_9 · Cited by 1
Whitmore, A., Samaras, C., Matthews, H. S., & Wong‐Parodi, G. (2022) · Journal of Transportation Engineering Part A Systems · doi:10.1061/jtepbs.0000668 · Cited by 1
Kirchmair, L. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6519-1_1051 · Cited by 1
Sobre as Limitações do Dilema do Bonde para a Avaliação dos Riscos Impostos por Veículos Autônomos
Kinouchi, R. R. (2018) · Revista de Filosofia Moderna e Contemporânea · doi:10.26512/rfmc.v6i2.22105
Mathematical Concepts as Natural Kinds
Nagase, D. A. (2018) · Revista de Filosofia Moderna e Contemporânea · doi:10.26512/rfmc.v6i2.19014
Logicality as Necessary Instantiation
Batchelor, R. (2018) · Revista de Filosofia Moderna e Contemporânea · doi:10.26512/rfmc.v6i2.18891
Contre la transparence : la valeur du hasard pour une machine apprenante
Grinbaum, A. (2018) · Revue française d éthique appliquée · doi:10.3917/rfeap.005.0047
Kirchmair, L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6730-0_1051-1
Autonomous Driving Ethics Algorithm from a Jurisprudential Perspective
李, 志. (2022) · Dispute Settlement · doi:10.12677/ds.2022.84106
Computational Modeling in Various Cognitive Fields
(2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108755610.027
A fuel-efficient approach for platooning systems with ethical decision-making implications
Gonçalves, T. R., de Moura, N., & Nashashibi, F. (2023) · IEEE Workshop on Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts (ARSO) · doi:10.1109/arso56563.2023.10187497
Thinking of Autonomous Vehicles Ideally
Chiodo, S. (2023) · Studies in applied philosophy, epistemology and rational ethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-39991-6_8
Note on Abbreviated Citations to Historical Works
Buckner, C. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653302.002.0008
Moderate Empiricism and Machine Learning
Buckner, C. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653302.003.0001 · Cited by 2
Buckner, C. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653302.003.0008
Buckner, C. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653302.003.0005
Buckner, C. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653302.003.0004
Buckner, C. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653302.002.0007
Buckner, C. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653302.003.0006
Buckner, C. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653302.003.0003
Buckner, C. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653302.002.0003
Buckner, C. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653302.003.0007
What Is Deep Learning, and How Should We Evaluate Its Potential?
Buckner, C. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653302.003.0002
Buckner, C. J. (2023) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780197653302.002.0004
Moral Decision Making: Explainable Insights on the Role of Working Memory in Autonomous DrivingPreprint
Singh, A., Murzello, Y., Lee, H., Abdalla, S., & Samuel, S. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4888602
Schäffner, V. (2024) · Verlag Karl Alber eBooks · doi:10.5771/9783495992043
Formal Logic-Guided Harnessing Heterogeneous Fairness Rules in Smart Cities
An, Z., Zhao, Y., Gao, X., Mukhopadhyay, A., & Ma, M. (2025) · ACM Transactions on Cyber-Physical Systems · doi:10.1145/3737293
易, 瑶. (2025) · Advances in Philosophy · doi:10.12677/acpp.2025.148442
Sun, C. (2025) · International Journal of Law and Society · doi:10.11648/j.ijls.20250804.11
Economic Analysis of Ethical Principles for AI Algorithms: An Autonomous Driving Case
Park, K.-S., & Shin, W. (2026) · Asian Economic Papers · doi:10.1162/asep.a.979
Maksimenko, V., Pandey, H., Li, X., & Bansal, P. (2025) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-025-00856-9
Against AI ethics: challenging the conventional narratives
Afroogh, S., Pouresmaeil, Y., & Dhurandhar, A. (2026) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-025-00978-0
韦景倩, & Li, W. (2026) · Al lnnovations and Applications · doi:10.63944/09h.aia
Evans, K. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/77343456z9d12z4417z8715z2fce53011344 · Cited by 3
Governing Automated Vehicle Behavior
de Moura, N. (2021) · doi:10.70675/dd5e8704z941fz4435z9dacz2a149ac16fbd
Practice-Dependent Governance of AI
Kugelberg, E., & Kugelberg, H. D. (2026) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-026-06377-7
Driving phronesis as a milestone for engineering autonomous vehicles
GIBEA, T., & Uszkai, R. (2026) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-026-03250-z
Public Moral Preferences for Autonomous Vehicle Crash Decisions: A Questionnaire based study
Li, H., Wu, Z., Zhang, Y., Yang, S., & Qin, L. (2026) · Autonomous Transportation Research · doi:10.1016/j.atres.2026.09.001
Metadata
- Authors
- Leben, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh at Johnstown (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leben, Derek
- ORCID
- Leben, Derek
- Venue
- Ethics and Information Technology
- Published
- 2017-03-04
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 107-115
- ISSN
- 1388-1957 (ISSN-L)
- 1572-8439
- OpenAlex
- W2593875122
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 67.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Ethics and Information Technology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Philosophical Ethics and Theory
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety
- Keywords
- autonomous vehicles, trolley problem, original position, utilitarianism, survival probability, self-interested agents, fairness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
