The Development of Physical Aggression from Toddlerhood to Pre-Adolescence: A Nation Wide Longitudinal Study of Canadian Children
Abstract
The objectives of the study were to model the developmental trajectories of physical aggression (PA) from toddlerhood to pre-adolescence and to identify risk factors that distinguish typical (normative) from atypical developmental patterns. Ten cohorts of approximately 1,000 children (n = 10,658) drawn form a nationally representative (Canadian) sample were followed over 6 years. Using a group based trajectory approach, we identified three groups of children with distinct developmental trajectories between 2 and 11 years of age. One third of the children (31.1%) followed a low desisting trajectory, reflected in infrequent use of PA in toddlerhood and virtually no PA by pre-adolescence. The majority of children (52.2%) followed a moderate desisting trajectory, reflected in occasional use of PA in toddlerhood and infrequent use by pre-adolescence. One sixth of the children (16.6%) followed a high stable trajectory of PA. Multivariate logistic regression indicated that children in the high PA trajectory group were more likely to be boys (OR: 1.67; CI: 1.5-1.87), from low income families (OR: 1.4; CI; 1.27-1.67), from families where the mother had not completed high school (OR: 1.20; CI: 1.05-1.38) and who reported using hostile/ineffective parenting strategies (OR: 1.16; CI: 1.14-1.18). In sum, the results indicate that the typical developmental pattern of PA was one of occasional and declining use over time. However, about one sixth of children, mostly boys from disadvantaged families, exhibited an atypical developmental pattern reflected in more frequent and stable use of PA. The results suggest that most children learned relatively well to inhibit PA by the end of childhood and that a minority failed to do so. Family risks traditionally found to be associated with antisocial behaviors during adolescence appear to interfere with the socialization of PA during early and middle childhood.
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For a small proportion of children, early behavioral difficulties persist and represent the start of a pathway to mental health challenges.
“While such difficulties usually resolve naturally across the transition into the pre-school years [86], for a small proportion of children, difficulties persist and represent the start of a pathway to mental health challenges [4, 11, 15, 16, 24, 44, 71].”
From Optimizing parenting and child outcomes following parent–child interaction therapy – toddler: a randomized controlled trial (2024) · cites this paper as [24]
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“While such difficulties usually resolve naturally across the transition into the pre-school years [86], for a small proportion of children, difficulties persist and represent the start of a pathway to mental health challenges [4, 11, 15, 16, 24, 44, 71].”
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- Authors
- Côté, S., Vaillancourt, T., LeBlanc, J. C., Nagin, D. S., & Tremblay, R. E.
- Affiliations
- Université de Montréal (CA)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Dalhousie University (CA)
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Côté, Sylvana
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2006-02
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 68-82
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- OpenAlex
- W2139889254
- Cited by
- 641
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 92 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 38 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 48 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 36.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Francis Crick Institute
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- physical aggression, developmental trajectories, toddlerhood, late childhood, desistance from violence, atypical development, risk factors, parenting styles, family socioeconomic status, maternal education, gender differences, early childhood socialization, antisocial behavior
- MeSH terms
- Aggression, Analysis of Variance, Canada, Child, Child Behavior, Child Behavior Disorders, Psychology, Child, Child, Preschool, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Poverty, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Cohort Studies, Odds Ratio, Parenting
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