Group-Based Modeling of Development
Abstract
This book provides a systematic exposition of a group-based statistical method for analyzing longitudinal data in the social and behavioral sciences and in medicine. The methods can be applied to a wide range of data, such as that describing the progression of delinquency and criminality over the life course, or changes in income over time.
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The mean a posteriori probability of being assigned to high- and low-risk groups was above the recommended .7 threshold, suggesting that hard classification into high and low groups can be confidently used as an exposure variable.
“The mean a posteriori probability of being assigned to high- and low-risk groups was above the recommended .7 threshold (females: high risk M = .86, low risk M = .85; males: high risk M = .80, low risk M = .91), suggesting that hard classification into high and low groups can be confidently used as an exposure variable (Nagin, 2005).”
From Pathways of association between disordered eating in adolescence and mental health outcomes in young adulthood during the COVID-19 pandemic (2023) · cites this paper as Nagin, 2005
The odds of correct classification were examined for each model specification to guide final model selection.
“The odds of correct classification were also examined for each model specification to guide final model selection (Nagin, 2005;Wheeler, 2016).”
From An Officer-Level Examination of the Prevalence and Correlates of Police Body-Worn Camera Activation (2025) · cites this paper as Nagin, 2005
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Group-Based Trajectory Modeling in Clinical Research
Nagin, D. S., & Odgers, C. L. (2010) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131413 · Cited by 2,749 · see citing works
Self-citationGlobal perspectives on resilience in children and youth
Masten, A. S. (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12205 · Cited by 1,710 · see citing works
Twelve frequently asked questions about growth curve modeling
Curran, P. J., Obeidat, K., & Losardo, D. (2010) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248371003699969 · Cited by 1,246 · see citing works
Marsh, H. W., Lüdtke, O., Trautwein, U., & Morin, A. J. S. (2009) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510902751010 · Cited by 1,245 · see citing works
Advances in Group-Based Trajectory Modeling and an SAS Procedure for Estimating Them
Jones, B. L., & Nagin, D. S. (2007) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124106292364 · Cited by 1,206 · see citing works
“This multitrajectory model is a form of the so-called constrained dualtrajectory model described in Chapter 8 of Nagin (2005).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationRam, N., & Grimm, K. J. (2009) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025409343765 · Cited by 1,143 · see citing works
PROC LCA: A SAS Procedure for Latent Class Analysis
Lanza, S. T., Collins, L. M., Lemmon, D. R., & Schafer, J. L. (2007) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705510701575602 · Cited by 1,075 · see citing works
Female and male antisocial trajectories: From childhood origins to adult outcomes
Odgers, C. L., Moffitt, T. E., Broadbent, J. M., Dickson, N. P., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Poulton, R., Sears, M. R., Thomson, W. M., & Caspi, A. (2008) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579408000333 · Cited by 1,034 · see citing works
Berlin, K. S., Williams, N. A., & Parra, G. R. (2013) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jst084 · Cited by 1,008 · see citing works
Competence and Resilience in Development
MASTEN, A. S., & OBRADOVIĆ, J. (2006) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1376.003 · Cited by 946 · see citing works
Group-based multi-trajectory modeling
Nagin, D., Jones, B., Passos, V. L., & Tremblay, R. (2018) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0962280216673085 · Cited by 824 · see citing works
Self-citationA Note on a Stata Plugin for Estimating Group-based Trajectory Models
Jones, B. L., & Nagin, D. S. (2013) · Sociological Methods & Research · doi:10.1177/0049124113503141 · Cited by 906 · see citing works
Self-citationTrajectories of disability in the last year of life
Gill, T. M., Gahbauer, E. A., Han, L., & Allore, H. G. (2010) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0909087 · Cited by 894 · see citing works
A Life-Course View of the Development of Crime
Sampson, R. J., & Laub, J. H. (2005) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716205280075 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
“As discussed ear- lier, groups serve many useful purposes, and methods such as trajectory-group analysis (Nagin 2005) are some of the most innovative to come along in recent criminology.”
MethodLatent Class Analysis With Distal Outcomes: A Flexible Model-Based Approach
Lanza, S. T., Tan, X. M., & Bray, B. C. (2013) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2013.742377 · Cited by 756 · see citing works
The GRoLTS-Checklist: Guidelines for Reporting on Latent Trajectory Studies
van de Schoot, R., Sijbrandij, M., Winter, S. D., Depaoli, S., & Vermunt, J. K. (2017) · Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2016.1247646 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
Autonomous, controlled, and amotivated types of academic motivation: A person-oriented analysis.
Ratelle, C. F., Guay, F., Vallerand, R. J., Larose, S., & Senécal, C. (2007) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.99.4.734 · Cited by 754 · see citing works
Li, Y., & Lerner, R. M. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021307 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
“For instance, group-based mixture models lend themselves to identifying the various trajectories of school engagement that may be qualitatively different among subpopulations of adolescents (Nagin, 2005).”
BackgroundRole of media reports in completed and prevented suicide: Werther v. Papageno effects
Niederkrotenthaler, T., Voracek, M., Herberth, A., Till, B., Strauss, M., Etzersdorfer, E., Eisenwort, B., & Sonneck, G. (2010) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.109.074633 · Cited by 719 · see citing works
Group-Based Trajectory Modeling: An Overview
Nagin, D. S. (2014) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000360229 · Cited by 700 · see citing works
“2 of Nagin (2005) , for count data P.Yi/ is specified as the zero-inflated Poisson distribution, for censored data it is specified as the censored normal distribution, and for binary data, it is specified as the binary logit distribution.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationDOES MARRIAGE REDUCE CRIME? A COUNTERFACTUAL APPROACH TO WITHIN‐INDIVIDUAL CAUSAL EFFECTS*
Sampson, R. J., Laub, J. H., & Wimer, C. (2006) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00055.x · Cited by 683 · see citing works
Rousseau, D. M., Manning, J., & Denyer, D. (2008) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/19416520802211651 · Cited by 1,031 · see citing works
Côté, S., Vaillancourt, T., LeBlanc, J. C., Nagin, D. S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2006) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-005-9001-z · Cited by 641 · see citing works
Self-citationLatent Class Growth Modelling: A Tutorial
Armstrong, H. L., Carraro, N., Thompson, A., Gaudreau, P., & Louvet, B. (2009) · Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology · doi:10.20982/tqmp.05.1.p011 · Cited by 626 · see citing works
The Study of Adolescent Identity Formation 2000–2010: A Review of Longitudinal Research
Meeus, W. (2011) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00716.x · Cited by 618 · see citing works
“Study 8 used latent class growth analysis (LCGA; Nagin, 2005) to estimate, without any predetermined classification criteria, the optimal number of identity status trajectories.”
MethodThe growth of incarceration in the United States: exploring causes and consequences
Travis, J., Western, B., & Redburn, F. (2014) · National Academies Press eBooks · doi:10.17226/18613 · Cited by 1,095 · see citing works
Collins, L. M. (2006) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.57.102904.190146 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
“Growth mixture models (Muthén 2001; Muthén & Muthén 2000; Muthén & Shedden 1999; Nagin 1999, 2005; Nagin & Tremblay 2001) identify subgroups corresponding to distinct patterns of growth in longitudinal data and can be used to estimate the prevalence of the patterns and to relate the patterns to…”
Taking Stock of Developmental Trajectories of Criminal Activity over the Life Course
Piquero, A. R. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-71165-2_2 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Fanti, K. A., & Henrich, C. C. (2010) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0020659 · Cited by 541 · see citing works
Sweeten, G. (2011) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-011-9160-8 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Associations Between Sleep Duration Patterns and Behavioral/Cognitive Functioning at School Entry
Touchette, É., Petit, D., Séguin, J. R., Boivin, M., Tremblay, R. E., & Montplaisir, J. Y. (2007) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/30.9.1213 · Cited by 521 · see citing works
Male antisocial behaviour in adolescence and beyond
Moffitt, T. E. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0309-4 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
"The Concentration and Stability of Gun Violence at Micro Places in Boston, 1980-2008
Braga, A. A., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M. (2010) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-009-9082-x · Cited by 470 · see citing works
Theory of mind and prosocial behavior in childhood: A meta-analytic review.
Imuta, K., Henry, J. D., Slaughter, V., Selcuk, B., & Ruffman, T. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000140 · Cited by 474 · see citing works
Prediction of Differential Adult Health Burden by Conduct Problem Subtypes in Males
Odgers, C. L., Caspi, A., Broadbent, J. M., Dickson, N. P., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., Poulton, R., Sears, M. R., Thomson, W. M., & Moffitt, T. E. (2007) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.4.476 · Cited by 460 · see citing works
Tremblay, R. E. (2010) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2010.02211.x · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Profiles in self-regulated learning in the online learning environment
Barnard-Brak, L. M., Paton, V. O., & Lan, W. Y. (2010) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v11i1.769 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Developmental Trajectories of Bullying and Associated Factors
Pepler, D. J., Jiang, D., Craig, W., & Connolly, J. (2008) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01128.x · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Research Review: DSM‐V conduct disorder: research needs for an evidence base
Moffitt, T. E., order, A. I. A., Arseneault, L., Jaffee, S. R., Kim‐Cohen, J., Koenen, K. C., Odgers, C. L., Slutske, W. S., & Viding, E. M. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01823.x · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Farooq, M. A., Parkinson, K. N., Adamson, A. J., Pearce, M. S., Reilly, J. K., Hughes, A. R., Janssen, X., Basterfield, L., & Reilly, J. J. (2018) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2016-096933 · Cited by 418 · see citing works
“This method, initially developed by Nagin et al , 28 has recently been applied to longitudinal physical activity data.”
BackgroundMethodFramework to construct and interpret latent class trajectory modelling
Lennon, H., Kelly, S., Sperrin, M., Buchan, I., Cross, A. J., Leitzmann, M., Cook, M. B., & Renehan, A. G. (2018) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020683 · Cited by 419 · see citing works
The Economics and Psychology of Inequality and Human DEvelopment
Cunha, F., & Heckman, J. J. (2009) · Journal of the European Economic Association · doi:10.1162/jeea.2009.7.2-3.320 · Cited by 407 · see citing works
Meeus, W., Van De Schoot, R., Keijsers, L., Schwartz, S. J., & Branje, S. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01492.x · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Effects of early family/parent training programs on antisocial behavior and delinquency
Piquero, A., Farrington, D., Welsh, B. C., Tremblay, R., & Jennings, W. G. (2008) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-009-9072-x · Cited by 443 · see citing works
“…NSF-sponsored National Consortium on Violence Research (NCOVR) have supported research on the development of a group-based method for identifying distinctive groups of individual trajectories within the population and for profiling characteristics of group members (Nagin, 2005; Nagin & Land, 1993).”
BackgroundResilience in Development: Progress and Transformation
Masten, A. S., & Cicchetti, D. (2016) · Developmental Psychopathology · doi:10.1002/9781119125556.devpsy406 · Cited by 416 · see citing works
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-CONTROL: EXAMINING SELF-CONTROL THEORY'S STABILITY THESIS
Hay, C., & Forrest, W. (2006) · Criminology · doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2006.00062.x · Cited by 386 · see citing works
Trajectories of antisocial behavior and psychosocial maturity from adolescence to young adulthood.
Monahan, K. C., Steinberg, L. D., Cauffman, E. E., & Mulvey, E. P. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015862 · Cited by 382 · see citing works
Six Developmental Trajectories Characterize Children With Autism
Fountain, C., Winter, A. S., & Bearman, P. S. (2012) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2011-1601 · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Costello, D., Swendsen, J., Rose, J., & Dierker, L. (2008) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.76.2.173 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Côté, S. M., Vaillancourt, T., Barker, E. D., Nagin, D. S., & Tremblay, R. E. (2007) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579407070034 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
Self-citationRodriguez, E. T., & Tamis‐LeMonda, C. S. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01614.x · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Paciello, M., Fida, R., Tramontano, C., Lupinetti, C., & Caprara, G. V. (2008) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2008.01189.x · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Gunnar, M. R., Frenn, K., Wewerka, S. S., & Van Ryzin, M. J. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.013 · Cited by 363 · see citing works
Functional Trajectories Among Older Persons Before and After Critical Illness
Ferrante, L. E., Pisani, M. A., Murphy, T. E., Gahbauer, E. A., Leo-Summers, L. S., & Gill, T. M. (2015) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.7889 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
The Life Course Perspective on Drug Use
Hser, Y., Longshore, D. L., & Anglin, M. D. (2007) · Evaluation Review · doi:10.1177/0193841x07307316 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
“Applying a growth mixture modeling strategy (Muthen 2004; Muthen and Asparouhov forthcoming; Nagin 1999, 2005) to heroin use level (i.e., mean number of days per month using heroin) during the first half of the addiction careers (16 years) since first heroin use, Hser and colleagues (2007 [this…”
Groff, E. R., Weisburd, D., & Yang, S.-M. (2010) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-009-9081-y · Cited by 391 · see citing works
The long view of crime : a synthesis of longitudinal research
Liberman, A., & Nagin, D. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-71165-2 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Richler, J., Huerta, M., Bishop, S. L., & Lord, C. (2010) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409990265 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
A time-varying effect model for intensive longitudinal data.
Tan, X. M., Shiyko, M. P., Li, R., Li, Y., & Dierker, L. (2011) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0025814 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
“Change has long been an active topic in behavior science, as reflected in many books such as Harris (1963); Nesselroade and Baltes (1979); Gottman (1995); Collins and Sayer (2001); Singer and Willett (2003); and Nagin (2005), as well as in an overwhelming number of journal articles.”
BackgroundSubtypes of aggressive behaviors: A developmental perspective
Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M. R., & Barker, E. D. (2006) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025406059968 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
Szatmari, P., Georgiades, S., Duku, E., Bennett, T. A., Bryson, S., Fombonne, E., Mirenda, P., Roberts, W., Smith, I. M., Vaillancourt, T., et al. (2015) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.2463 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Yeates, K. O., Taylor, H. G., Rusin, J. A., Bangert, B. A., Dietrich, A. M., Nuss, K. E., Wright, M., Nagin, D. S., & Jones, B. L. (2009) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2008-1056 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Self-citationYouth crime and justice: Key messages from the Edinburgh Study of Youth Transitions and Crime
McAra, L., & McVie, S. (2010) · Criminology & Criminal Justice · doi:10.1177/1748895809360971 · Cited by 318 · see citing works
Latent class analysis in PLS-SEM: A review and recommendations for future applications
Sarstedt, M., Radomir, L., Moisescu, O. I., & Ringle, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.08.051 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
kmlandkml3d:RPackages to Cluster Longitudinal Data
Genolini, C., Alacoque, X., Sentenac, M., & Arnaud, C. (2015) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v065.i04 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Piquero, A. R., Farrington, D. P., & Blumstein, A. (2007) · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Daily living skills in individuals with autism spectrum disorder from 2 to 21 years of age
Bal, V. H., Kim, S. H., Cheong, D., & Lord, C. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315575840 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Rhoades, B. L., Greenberg, M. T., Lanza, S. T., & Blair, C. (2011) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2010.08.004 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Overdispersion and Poisson Regression
Berk, R., & MacDonald, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-008-9048-4 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
“More extensive discussions of heterogeneity can be found in the influential work Nagin and Land (1993) and in several subsequent papers and books (e.g., D’Unger et al. 1998; Nagin 2005 ).”
BackgroundJennings, W. G., & Reingle, J. M. (2012) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2012.07.001 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Observations on the Use of Growth Mixture Models in Psychological Research
Bauer, D. J. (2007) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273170701710338 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Weisburd, D. L., Morris, N. A., & Groff, E. R. (2009) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-009-9075-9 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Henselmans, I., Helgeson, V. S., Seltman, H. J., de Vries, J., Sanderman, R., & Ranchor, A. V. (2010) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017806 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
“Even though the procedure that we used (TRAJ finite mixture modeling) can handle missing values (Nagin, 2005, p, 36), we chose to exclude 32 women who missed more than two of the five distress assessments and women who did not have at least one early assessment shortly after diagnosis (T1 or T2) and one late assessmen…”
MethodChildhood to Early-Midlife Systolic Blood Pressure Trajectories
Theodore, R. F., Broadbent, J. M., Nagin, D. S., Ambler, A. P., Hogan, S., Ramrakha, S., Cutfield, W. S., Williams, M. J. A., Harrington, H., Moffitt, T. E., et al. (2015) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.115.05831 · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Self-citationvan der Nest, G., Passos, V. L., Candel, M. J. J. M., & van Breukelen, G. (2020) · Advances in Life Course Research · doi:10.1016/j.alcr.2019.100323 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Persistent opioid use following cesarean delivery: patterns and predictors among opioid-naïve women
Bateman, B. T., Franklin, J. M., Bykov, K., Avorn, J., Shrank, W. H., Brennan, T. A., Landon, J. E., Rathmell, J. P., Huybrechts, K. F., Fischer, M. A., et al. (2016) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2016.03.016 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Combining propensity score matching and group-based trajectory analysis in an observational study.
Haviland, A. M., Nagin, D., & Rosenbaum, P. (2007) · Psychological methods · doi:10.1037/1082-989x.12.3.247 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationCampbell, S. B. G., Matestic, P., von Stauffenberg, C., Mohan, R., & Kirchner, T. (2007) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.43.5.1202 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
“The model with the maximum BIC, but also one that includes relatively few groups, is preferred (Nagin, 2005).”
MethodKokko, K., Tremblay, R. E., Lacourse, É., Nagin, D. S., & Vitaro, F. (2006) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00500.x · Cited by 278 · see citing works
“All probabilities were higher than .80, a value that is generally assumed to imply a good model fit to the data ( Nagin, 2005 ).”
BackgroundSelf-citationKmL: k-means for longitudinal data
Genolini, C., & Falissard, B. (2009) · Computational Statistics · doi:10.1007/s00180-009-0178-4 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
“Since it is a non-parametric algorithm, it does not need any prior information and consequently avoids the issues related to model selection, a frequent concern reported with existing model-based procedures (Nagin 2005, p 65).”
MethodDay, D. V., & Sin, H. (2011) · The Leadership Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.04.011 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Developmental psychopathology: Pathways to the future
Masten, A. S. (2006) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025406059974 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
The evolution of fertility expectations over the life course
Hayford, S. R. (2009) · Demography · doi:10.1353/dem.0.0073 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
“All models are estimated using a methodology developed by Nagin and colleagues (Jones et al. 2001; Nagin 1999, 2005) and implemented via a SAS add-on developed by Jones et al. (2001; available for downloading at http://www.andrew.cmu.edu/user/bjones/index.htm).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialChen, C., Lee, W., Yang, H., Chang, H., Jen, C., Iloeje, U. H., Su, J., Hsiao, C. K., Wang, L., You, S., et al. (2011) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2011.06.036 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Galéra, C., Côté, S., Bouvard, M., Pingault, J.-B., Melchior, M., Michel, G., Boivin, M., & Tremblay, R. (2011) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.138 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Colen, C. G., Ramey, D. M., Cooksey, E. C., & Williams, D. R. (2017) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.04.051 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Agley, J. D., & Xiao, Y. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-10103-x · Cited by 266 · see citing works
General Growth Mixture Analysis with Antecedents and Consequences of Change
Petras, H., & Masyn, K. E. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-77650-7_5 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Franklin, J. M., Shrank, W. H., Pakes, J., Sanfélix‐Gimeno, G., Matlin, O. S., Brennan, T. A., & Choudhry, N. K. (2013) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0b013e3182984c1f · Cited by 260 · see citing works
White, D. K., Neogi, T., Nevitt, M. C., Peloquin, C. E., Zhu, Y., Boudreau, R. M., Cauley, J. A., Ferrucci, L., Harris, T. B., Satterfield, S., et al. (2012) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/gls197 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
Odgers, C. L., Moffitt, T. E., Tach, L., Sampson, R. J., Taylor, A., Matthews, C., & Caspi, A. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016162 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Group-Based Trajectory Modeling (Nearly) Two Decades Later
Nagin, D. S., & Odgers, C. L. (2010) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-010-9113-7 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Self-citationEliminating Bias in Classify-Analyze Approaches for Latent Class Analysis
Bray, B. C., Lanza, S. T., & Tan, X. M. (2014) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2014.935265 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
A Longitudinal Assessment of the Victim-Offender Overlap
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- Authors
- NAGIN, D.
- Corresponding author
- NAGIN, Daniel
- ORCID
- NAGIN, Daniel
- Venue
- Harvard University Press eBooks
- Publisher
- Harvard University Press
- Published
- 2005-01-01
- OpenAlex
- W1598612182
- Cited by
- 4,164
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 234 · 2025: 288 · 2024: 271 · 2023: 264 · 2022: 297 · 2021: 323 · 2020: 263 · 2019: 270 · 2018: 225 · 2017: 220 · 2016: 222 · 2015: 241 · 2014: 155 · 2013: 154 · 2012: 176
- FWCI
- 19.40
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Harvard University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Bayesian Methods and Mixture Models
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- longitudinal analysis, life course, delinquency, criminality, income change, developmental trajectories
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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