Cited by 127Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentCOVID-19 and Mental Health

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Intolerance of Uncertainty, Fear of Anxiety, and Adolescent Worry

Dugas, Michel J., Laugesen, Nina, Bukowski, William M.·2012·Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology

DOI 10.1007/s10802-012-9611-1

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Abstract

A 5 year, ten wave longitudinal study of 338 adolescents assessed the association between two forms of cognitive vulnerability (intolerance of uncertainty and fear of anxiety) and worry. Multilevel mediational analyses revealed a bidirectional and reciprocal relation between intolerance of uncertainty and worry in which change in one variable partially explained change in the other. Fear of anxiety and worry also showed evidence of a bidirectional relation, although change in fear of anxiety had a much weaker mediational effect on change in worry than vice versa. The findings show that relative to fear of anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty may play a greater role in the etiology of worry in adolescents.

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PoKi: A Large Dataset of Poems by ChildrenPreprint
Hipson, W. E., & Mohammad, S. M. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2004.06188 · Cited by 7
“, 2018) and that rates of anxiety and worry increase throughout adolescence (Dugas et al., 2012).”
Background
Cognitive Aspects of Generalised Anxiety Disorder in Adolescents: Exploring Intolerance of Uncertainty, Cognitive Avoidance, and Positive Beliefs About Worry
Shipp, L., Leigh, E., Laverton, A., Percy, R., & Waite, P. (2025) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-025-01809-3 · Cited by 10
“Elevated intolerance of uncertainty in adolescents with GAD aligns with existing research in community populations [30, 32, 34, 65] and further supports a role for this construct in clinical samples.”
The role of reward-related brain activity in response to treatment and later depression severity: data from a randomized controlled trial in early adolescents with anxiety disorders
Westbrook, C. A., Schlund, M. W., Silk, J. S., Forbes, E. E., Ryan, N. D., Dahl, R. E., McMakin, D. L., Kendall, P. C., Mannarino, A., & Ladouceur, C. D. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03388-2 · Cited by 6
“Furthermore, although no differences were seen between ANX and HC youth in reaction times, intolerance of uncertainty is a known aspect of anxiety in adolescents [48], so it is possible that ANX youth processed these trials differentially.”
Translasi, Adaptasi dan Validasi Skala Intolerance of Uncertainty Short Version 12-item (IUS-12) ke Bahasa Indonesia
Istiqomah, A. N., Helmi, A. F., & Widhiarso, W. (2022) · Psikologika Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Psikologi · doi:10.20885/psikologika.vol27.iss1.art8 · Cited by 6
Adolescent Worry Induction: An Experimental Laboratory Evaluation
Frala, J. L., Mischel, E. R., Knapp, A. A., Autry, K. S., & Leen-Feldner, E. W. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.033912 · Cited by 9
“…to evaluate worry, it is noteworthy that the existing youth worry literature has relied almost exclusively on self-report questionnaires (e.g., Dugas et al., 2012; Gosselin et al., 2007; Muris et al., 2002, Muris, Roelofs, Meesters, & Boomsma, 2004; Szabó, 2009), vignette presentation (e.g.,…”
Background
The Trap of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Italian Adolescents Fare Well at First, Maybe Thanks to Protective Trait Expression
Malerba, A., Iannattone, S., Casano, G., Lauriola, M., & Bottesi, G. (2022) · Children · doi:10.3390/children9111631 · Cited by 8
“Research on worry in adolescence showed that around this age concerns grow increasingly abstract, detailed, and related to temporally distant factors, thus proving that adolescents, much like adults, can suffer from concerns surrounding the future in general, in addition to those surrounding social evaluation or acade…”
BackgroundInfluential
Anxiety and Insomnia Mediate the Association of Fear of Infection and Fatigue: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Nurses Deployed to a COVID-19 Epicenter in China
Liu, Z., Zhang, H., Wang, N., Feng, Y., Liu, J., Wu, L., Liu, Z., Liu, X., Liang, L., Liu, J., et al. (2023) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s421619 · Cited by 5
The Associations between Mindfulness Processes and Emotional Distress Symptoms: A Network Analysis
Li, P., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Y., Qiu, T., Fang, Y., & Chen, Z. (2024) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-024-02478-4 · Cited by 5
Navigating the digital mirror: The role of information-seeking orientation and uncertainty tolerance in social media-driven body image anxiety
Chen, Y. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2025.100665 · Cited by 6
Anxiety in Early Adolescents During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Dorčić, T. M., Živčić–Bećirević, I., & Smojver‐Ažić, S. (2023) · European Journal of Psychology Open · doi:10.1024/2673-8627/a000035 · Cited by 5
Worried, concerned and untroubled: antecedents and consequences of youth worry
O’Neal, C. W., Mallette, J. K., Lanier, A. R., Mancini, J. A., & Huebner, A. J. (2016) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12298 · Cited by 6
“2006) and become similar to adult worries (Dugas et al. 2012).”
Background
Association between sleep quality and uncertainty stress among healthcare professionals in hospitals in China: a nationwide cross-sectional survey
Pan, J., Cai, X., Chen, L., Wu, L., Xia, J., & Lu, J. (2024) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-087090 · Cited by 5
Stability and Change in Intolerance of Uncertainty and Its Association with Interpretation Bias in Social Situations: A Longitudinal Study of Italian Adolescents
Lauriola, M., Malerba, A., Marini, M., Parisse, C., Prislei, L., Bottesi, G., & Livi, S. (2024) · Adolescents · doi:10.3390/adolescents4040040 · Cited by 4
“…instance, brief school-based interventions aimed at improving adolescents’ situational tolerance of uncertainty could serve as effective preventive strategies, especially for individuals with high trait IU, potentially reducing the risk of developing more severe or clinically significant distress.”
Intolerance of Uncertainty, Acculturative Stress, Gratitude, and Distress: A Moderated Mediation Model
Liao, K. Y., & Wei, M. (2022) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/00110000221138803 · Cited by 5
“Therefore, individuals who use these maladaptive strategies may become less tolerant of uncertainty over time (Dugas et al., 2012).”
Background
Examining the Relationship Between Prospective and Inhibitory Intolerance of Uncertainty, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Symptoms and Treatment Outcome
Laposa, J. M., & Puccinelli, C. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.70081 · Cited by 3
Applicability of the intolerance of uncertainty model to Generalized Anxiety Disorder symptoms in young people
Watts, R., Cossar, J., & Ferreira, N. (2021) · Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.13129/2282-1619/mjcp-2978 · Cited by 3
“Independent of changes in relationships between variables, Dugas et al. (2012) reported worry and IU demonstrated U-shaped patterns of change over time in Canadian adolescents.”
Background
Altered resting-state amygdala-cerebellar functional connectivity is associated with intolerance of uncertainty in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder: A longitudinal study
Guo, Q., Zhu, R., Zhou, H., Wang, D., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2025.103048 · Cited by 3
The association between perinatal hypoxia exposure and externalizing symptoms and children’s decision making in conditions of uncertainty is moderated by DRD2 genotype
White, R., Gatzke‐Kopp, L. M., Ryan, P. J., & Lydon‐Staley, D. M. (2018) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21785 · Cited by 3
Intolerance of Uncertainty Experienced by Faculty of Education Students in the COVID-19 Pandemic and Their Strategies to Cope With Uncertainty
Küçükaydın, M. A. (2021) · Advances in educational technologies and instructional design book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-7275-7.ch017 · Cited by 3
Abbreviated version of Penn State Worry Questionnaire for Chinese adolescents: Age, gender and longitudinal invariance
Xie, S., Xiao, H., & Lin, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1086592 · Cited by 3
“(22) found that adolescent worry changed according to a curvilinear pattern.”
Background
The Future of Artificial Intelligence Will Be “Next to Normal”—A Perspective on Future Directions and the Psychology of AI Safety Concerns
Walter, Y. (2024) · Nature anthropology · doi:10.35534/natanthropol.2024.10001 · Cited by 5
Le traitement de l'anxiété généralisée : plus on en sait, moins on en fait.
Dugas, M. J. (2018) · Canadian Psychology / Psychologie Canadienne · doi:10.1037/cap0000144 · Cited by 2
Stressors and suicidal ideation in low-income adults in Malaysia: A serial mediation analysis of social support and mental health symptoms
Shukri, M. M., Armitage, C. J., Koon, C. S., & Tarmizi, N. N. (2024) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00207640241288686 · Cited by 2
“Despite substantial evidence linking financial stress to suicidal ideation (Almaghrebi, 2021; McCormick et al., 2017), some studies present inconsistent findings (Dugas et al., 2012; W. Lin et al., 2020).”
Beliefs, traits, and motivations underlying rumination
Borders, A. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812545-8.00008-5 · Cited by 2
Distinct Negative Beliefs About Uncertainty and Their Association With Worry: An Exploration of the Factors of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale and Their Correlates
Sexton, K. A. (2011) · Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University) · Cited by 1
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
Dunkley, C. R., & Robichaud, M. (2021) · Evidence-Based Treatment for Anxiety Disorders and Depression · doi:10.1017/9781108355605.010 · Cited by 1
Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlüğün Açıklanmasında Benmerkezcilik ve Duygusal Zekânın Rolü Nedir?
Altun, F., ÖZYAZICI, Ö., ÖZGÖL, M., EYÜBOĞLU, S., ÖZAYDIN, B. B., & ÇOĞALAN, Y. (2022) · e-Kafkas Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi · doi:10.30900/kafkasegt.963549 · Cited by 1
CYBERCHONDRIA: ROLE OF POTENTIAL RISK FACTORS
Batool, I., & Batool, H. (2022) · Khyber Medical University Journal · doi:10.35845/kmuj.2022.22920 · Cited by 1
Intolerance of Uncertainty on Distress and Impairment: The Mediating Role of Repetitive Negative Thinking
Kelso, K. C., & Grös, D. F. (2024) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-024-10157-w · Cited by 1
“Still, another study found that IU and worry exhibit a reciprocal relationship over time in adolescents (Dugas et al., 2012).”
The moderating role of gender in the impact of intolerance of uncertainty on earthquake fear in Türkiye
Torpuş, K., Usta, G., Özbay, S. Ç., & Kanbay, Y. (2025) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2025.2564301 · Cited by 9
“When examining the results of studies that investigate the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and fear (Buhr & Dugas, 2009; Carleton et al., 2013; Deacon & Abramowitz, 2006; Dugas et al., 2012; Millroth & Frey, 2021; Morriss et al., 2015; Nelson et al., 2015; Figure 4.”
Intolerance of uncertainty, digital stress, emotion dysregulation: undermining psychological maturity in early adolescents
Eryılmaz, A., Koçyiğit, B., & Huebner, E. S. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-09280-6 · Cited by 1
“The current study’s findings are consistent with previous empirical research (Dugas et al., 2012; Hazen et al., 2008; Ye et al., 2023) and theoretical frameworks suggesting that intolerance of uncertainty can undermine adaptive psychological functioning during adolescence, as reflected in lower…”
Uncertainty reduction as a candidate primary reinforcer: an evolutionary and neural account
Lincoln, A. (2026) · Academia Neuroscience and Brain Research · doi:10.20935/acadneurosci8451 · Cited by 1
Neural Mechanisms of Uncertainty Processing in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Damiano, C. R. (2015) · Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) · doi:10.17615/m00e-f584 · Cited by 1
Geringe Ungewissheitstoleranz und ihre Folgen – psychische Störungen und andere belastende Auswirkungen
Spitzer, N. (2019) · Psychotherapie: Praxis · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-58790-4_5 · Cited by 1
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders
(2021) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108355605.003 · Cited by 1

Authors: Dugas, M. J., Laugesen, N., & Bukowski, W. M.
Affiliations: Concordia University (CA)
Corresponding author: Dugas, Michel J.
ORCID: Dugas, Michel J.
Bukowski, William M.
Venue: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2012-02-03
Volume: 40
Issue: 6
Pages: 863-870
ISSN: 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
1573-2835
DOI: 10.1007/s10802-012-9611-1
OpenAlex: W2049413286
Cited by: 127
References: 53
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
FWCI: 3.86
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Health Canada
Canadian Institutes of Health Research
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Keywords: intolerance of uncertainty, adolescent worries, cognitive vulnerability, bidirectional relationship, mediation, anxiety disorders
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Anxiety, Cognition Disorders, Fear, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Problem Solving, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Uncertainty

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Intolerance of Uncertainty, Fear of Anxiety, and Adolescent Worry

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