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Time Doesn’t Change Everything: The Longitudinal Course of Distress Tolerance and its Relationship with Externalizing and Internalizing Symptoms During Early Adolescence
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Although distress tolerance is an emerging construct of empirical interest, we know little about its temporal change, developmental trajectory, and prospective relationships with maladaptive behaviors. The current study examined the developmental trajectory (mean- and individual-level change, and rank-order stability) of distress tolerance in an adolescent sample of boys and girls (N = 277) followed over a four-year period. Next we examined if distress tolerance influenced change in Externalizing (EXT) and Internalizing (INT) symptoms, and if EXT and INT symptoms in turn influenced change in distress tolerance. Finally, we examined if any of these trends differed by gender. Results indicated that distress tolerance is temporally stable, with little mean- or individual-level change. Latent growth models reported that level of distress tolerance is cross-sectionally associated with both EXT and INT symptoms, yet longitudinally, only associated with EXT symptoms. These results suggest that distress tolerance should be a focus of research on etiology and intervention.
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“the engagement in such maladaptive emotional regulation strategies can predispose and perpetuate psychopathological symptoms, particularly those related to anxiety and depression [8,9,25]”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
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“previous studies have shown that low distress tolerance is a predictor of more severe anxiety and depressive symptoms in nonclinical samples of children and adolescents”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
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“Lower distress tolerance levels were found to be associated with more severe internalizing symptoms”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
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“Recently, with the emergence of transdiagnostic approaches, distress tolerance is viewed as an important transdiagnostic factor underlying psychopathology; namely, emotional disorders (e.g., [8,69]), including in childhood [25,50].”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
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“Globally, these results are in line with our hypotheses and with those postulated in previous studies (e.g., [25,28,29]).”
From The Factorial Structure, Psychometric Properties and Sensitivity to Change of the Distress Tolerance Scale for Children with Emotional Disorders. (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
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Distress Intolerance and Prescription Opioid Misuse Among Patients With Chronic Pain
McHugh, R. K., Weiss, R. D., Cornelius, M., Martel, M. O., Jamison, R. N., & Edwards, R. R. (2016) · The Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2016.03.004 · Cited by 91
Changes in distress intolerance and treatment outcome in a partial hospital setting
McHugh, R. K., Kertz, S. J., Weiss, R. B., Baskin-Sommers, A. R., Hearon, B. A., & Björgvinsson, T. (2014) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.11.002 · Cited by 79
“Although much of the research on DI has focused on substance use disorders, recent research has highlighted the relevance of this risk factor in depression and anxiety (e.g., Cummings et al., 2013; Daughters et al., 2009).”
Allan, N. P., Macatee, R. J., Norr, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9623-y · Cited by 78
“…associated with low selfreported and behaviorally-indexed DT across multiple nonclinical samples (Dennhardt and Murphy 2011; Anestis et al. 2012; Buckner et al. 2007; Ellis et al. 2010; Gorka et al. 2012), though this literature is not entirely consistent (Brown et al. 2009; Cummings et al. 2013).”
BackgroundKira, I. A., Lewandowski, L., Chiodo, L. M., & Ibrahim, A. (2014) · Psychology · doi:10.4236/psych.2014.55050 · Cited by 77
“Research results indicated that distress tolerance is temporally stable for the individual, with little mean- or individual-level change (e.g., Cummings et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMattingley, S., Youssef, G. J., Manning, V., Graeme, L., & Hall, K. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.12.126 · Cited by 65
Van Eck, K., Warren, P., & Flory, K. (2017) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0542-y · Cited by 63
“Although college students as young adults are likely to display improvements in distress tolerance and emotion regulation as compared to earlier in adolescence (Cunningham et al. 2013; McRae et al. 2012), brain development is not unidimensional and continues well into the mid-twenties (Giedd 2006; Luna and Sweeney 200…”
BackgroundKang, N., Jiang, Y., Ren, Y., Gong, T., Liu, X., Leung, F. Y. K., & You, J. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0877-7 · Cited by 65
Felton, J. W., Banducci, A. N., Shadur, J. M., Stadnik, R., MacPherson, L., & Lejuez, C. W. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417000335 · Cited by 60
“Initial conceptualizations of DT suggested it was a stable traitlike characteristic originating in childhood (Linehan, 1993), which has been demonstrated empirically among youth (Cummings et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFrustration Tolerance in Youth With ADHD
Seymour, K. E., Macatee, R. J., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. M. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716653216 · Cited by 69
Banducci, A. N., Lejuez, C. W., Dougherty, L. R., & MacPherson, L. (2016) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-016-0691-y · Cited by 52
“Expanding upon previous work demonstrating relations between lower DT and higher anxiety (e.g., Cummings et al. 2013; Daughters et al. 2009; Keough et al. 2010), our study demonstrates youth with lower DT had higher levels of anxiety on average (at Waves 2, 4, and 6) as compared to youth with…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBrem, M. J., Florimbio, A. R., Elmquist, J., Shorey, R. C., & Stuart, G. L. (2017) · Psychology of Violence · doi:10.1037/vio0000088 · Cited by 51
“Individuals with ASPD traits endorse lower levels of distress tolerance than do individuals without ASPD traits (Cummings et al., 2013; Sargeant et al., 2011) and are thus believed to have diminished capacity to select adaptive regulatory behaviors.”
BackgroundDistress Tolerance and Pathological Worry: Tests of Incremental and Prospective Relationships
Macatee, R. J., Capron, D. W., Guthrie, W., Schmidt, N. B., & Cougle, J. R. (2015) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2015.03.003 · Cited by 49
Internalizing and externalizing in adolescence: the roles of academic self‐efficacy and gender
Rocchino, G. H., Dever, B. V., Telesford, A. E., & Fletcher, K. (2017) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22045 · Cited by 45
Maternal and adolescent distress tolerance: the moderating role of gender
Daughters, S. B., Gorka, S. M., Rutherford, H. J. V., & Mayes, L. C. (2014) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0034991 · Cited by 40
Allan, N. P., Macatee, R. J., Norr, A. M., Raines, A. M., & Schmidt, N. B. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.05.002 · Cited by 45
Veilleux, J. C. (2022) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221118327 · Cited by 44
Sadeh, N., & Bredemeier, K. (2019) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2019_33_456 · Cited by 39
Daughters, S., Gorka, S., Magidson, J., MacPherson, L., & Seitz-Brown, C. J. (2013) · Journal des adolescens · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.08.008 · Cited by 39
“This is somewhat surprising considering the findings from Cummings et al. (2013) and that gender has been found to moderate the association between stress and internalizing symptoms more broadly (Galaif et al., 2003).”
BackgroundCohen, J. R., Danielson, C. K., Adams, Z. W., & Ruggiero, K. J. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-016-9545-y · Cited by 36
Confirming the Factor Structure and Validity of the Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS) in Youth
Tonarely, N. A., & Ehrenreich-May, J. (2020) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-019-00935-z · Cited by 33
Distress tolerance and symptoms of depression: A review and integration of literatures
Lass, A. N. S., & Winer, E. S. (2020) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12336 · Cited by 62
Luberto, C. M., & McLeish, A. C. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.09.013 · Cited by 29
Oddo, L. E., Felton, J. W., Meinzer, M. C., Mazursky-Horowitz, H., Lejuez, C. W., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. M. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054719864660 · Cited by 31
“Participants in the current study took part in a larger, 10-year longitudinal project examining the development of risky behaviors (Collado, Felton, MacPherson, & Lejuez, 2014; Cummings et al., 2013).”
BackgroundFelton, J. W., Collado, A., Havewala, M., Shadur, J. M., MacPherson, L., & Lejuez, C. W. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2017.1405354 · Cited by 34
“DT is believed to develop across childhood and become stable during early adolescence (Cummings et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialFelton, J. W., Schwartz, K. T. G., Oddo, L. E., Lejuez, C. W., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. M. (2021) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23225 · Cited by 25
“The BIRD demonstrates significant test–retest reliability (Cummings et al., 2013) and has been shown to elicit significant increases in negative affect (Amstadter et al.”
BackgroundRegulación emocional y habilidades académicas: relación en niños de 9 a 11 años de edad
Andrés, M. L., Stelzer, F., Vernucci, S., Juric, L. C., Galli, J. I., & Guzmán, J. I. N. (2017) · Suma Psicológica · doi:10.1016/j.sumpsi.2017.07.001 · Cited by 36
Macatee, R. J., Albanese, B. J., Clancy, K. J., Allan, N. P., Bernat, E. M., Cougle, J. R., & Schmidt, N. B. (2018) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000323 · Cited by 28
“Further, high DI has been cross-sectionally and prospectively linked to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms (Cummings et al., 2013; Seymour, Macatee, & Chronis-Tuscano, 2016) as well as borderline and antisocial personality disorder (Bornovalova et al., 2008; Daughters, Sargeant,…”
BackgroundDuranceau, S., Fetzner, M. G., & Carleton, R. N. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9591-7 · Cited by 29
Qi, J., Rappaport, L. M., Cecilione, J. L., Hettema, J. M., & Roberson‐Nay, R. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2019.1602838 · Cited by 24
“However, DT has been inconsistently associated with depression (e.g., Cummings et al., 2013; Macatee, Albanese, Allan, Schmidt, & Cougle, 2016) which may be due to the level of concurrent anxiety J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol.”
BackgroundResultLabella, M. H., Klein, N. D., Yeboah, G., Bailey, C., Doane, A. N., Kaminer, D., Bravo, A. J., & Cross‐Cultural Addictions Study Team (2023) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.22111 · Cited by 32
“Research suggests that lower distress tolerance may be associated with an increased likelihood and severity of depression (Cummings et al., 2013; Ellis et al., 2013; Williams et al., 2013) and that the degree to which stressful experiences increase risk for depression depends on the capacity to…”
Gao, Q., Guo, J., Wu, H., Huang, J., Wu, N., & You, J. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.08.004 · Cited by 24
Early Adolescent Symptoms of Social Phobia Prospectively Predict Alcohol Use
Dahne, J., Banducci, A. N., Kurdziel, G., & MacPherson, L. (2014) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2014.75.929 · Cited by 20
“Details of the larger longitudinal study have been reported elsewhere (e.g., Cummings et al., 2013; MacPherson et al., 2010).”
BackgroundNeuroticism as an underlying construct in youth emotional disorders
Tonarely, N. A., Sherman, J. A., Grossman, R. A., Shaw, A. M., & Ehrenreich, J. T. (2020) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2020.84.3.214 · Cited by 21
Gu, M. (2022) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1002/jad.12032 · Cited by 20
A multi-method analysis of distress tolerance in body dysmorphic disorder
Matheny, N. L., Summers, B. J., Macatee, R. J., Harvey, A. M., Okey, S. A., & Cougle, J. R. (2017) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2017.07.005 · Cited by 17
Doorley, J. D., Kashdan, T. B., Alexander, L. A., Blalock, D. V., & McKnight, P. E. (2019) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-019-09751-3 · Cited by 21
Childhood trauma and distress tolerance in a trauma-exposed acute-care psychiatric inpatient sample.
Berenz, E. C., Vujanovic, A. A., Rappaport, L. M., Kevorkian, S. S., Gonzalez, R., Chowdhury, N., Dutcher, C. D., Dick, D. M., Kendler, K. S., & Amstadter, A. B. (2017) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000300 · Cited by 17
“Available longitudinal research has demonstrated the relative stability of DT over a 6-month period in an adult sample (Kiselica, Webber, & Bornovalova, 2014), and over a 4-year period of adolescence (Cummings et al., 2013), indicating that DT is a relatively stable trait-like characteristic.”
BackgroundLongitudinal Association of Sleep Problems and Distress Tolerance During Adolescence
Kechter, A., & Leventhal, A. M. (2018) · Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1080/08964289.2018.1514362 · Cited by 17
“While there are a number of operationalizations of the distress tolerance construct, which can be quantified by various behavioral and self-report measures, Simons and Gaher’s (2005) four-dimensional model based on their self-report scale has been successfully applied in a number of previous studies among adults and a…”
MethodHeleniak, C., Bolden, C. R., McCabe, C. J., Lambert, H. K., Rosen, M. L., King, K. M., Monahan, K. C., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-021-00805-0 · Cited by 16
Ellis, A. J., Salgari, G. C., Miklowitz, D. J., & Loo, S. K. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.083 · Cited by 16
Doan, S. N., Son, H., & Kim, L. N. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.06.008 · Cited by 16
Moschak, T. M., Terry, D. R., Daughters, S. B., & Carelli, R. M. (2017) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12488 · Cited by 15
“For example, although studies on drug naïve adolescents provide evidence suggesting a link between low DT and risk behavior, including alcohol use (Daughters et al. 2009; Cummings et al. 2013), it is unknown whether drug naïve DT influences subsequent substance use or, conversely, if substance use lowers DT.”
Shaw, A. M., Halliday, E. R., Tonarely, N. A., & Ehrenreich-May, J. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.10.048 · Cited by 14
Barber, K. E., Zainal, N. H., & Newman, M. G. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.01.041 · Cited by 14
Anxiety and Opioid Use Disorder: Potential Targets for Treatment and Prevention
McHugh, R. K., Taghian, N. R., & Nguyen, M. D. (2021) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-020-00350-8 · Cited by 16
“These constructs are of interest because they are relatively stable and trait-like [10] and can be modified with treatment [11, 12], and thus may reflect potential therapeutic targets.”
BackgroundAllen, K. B., Tan, P. Z., Sullivan, J. A., Baumgardner, M., Hunter, H., & Noose, S. K. (2023) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-023-00458-z · Cited by 14
“Cummings et al. (2013) examined distress tolerance among children ages 9–13 years over the course of four years and found that while distress tolerance levels persisted both among and between individuals over time, they were only cross-sectionally associated with internalizing symptoms.”
BackgroundWarren, C. M., Kechter, A., Christodoulou, G., Cappelli, C., & Pentz, M. A. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-020-00154-1 · Cited by 12
Distress tolerance and subsequent substance use throughout high school
Kechter, A., Barrington‐Trimis, J. L., Cho, J., Davis, J. P., Huh, J., Black, D. S., & Leventhal, A. M. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.106983 · Cited by 22
Chen, F., Zhu, S., & Bi, C. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0942-y · Cited by 13
Race as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Distress Tolerance and Cigarette Smoking
Dahne, J., Stratton, K. J., Brown, R. C., Amstadter, A., Lejuez, C., & MacPherson, L. (2013) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2013.863346 · Cited by 11
“Participants This study utilized data from the fourth wave of an ongoing longitudinal study of families with an adolescent child (Cummings et al., 2013; MacPherson, Magidson, Reynolds, Kahler, & Lejuez, 2010; Schmidt et al., 2010).”
MethodA Pilot Study of a Tablet-Based Emotion Regulation Intervention for Early Adolescents
Houck, C. D., Modrowski, C. A., Hadley, W. S., Barker, D., Myers, V. H., Bala, K., Wickham, B., & Jerrod, T. (2022) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000001094 · Cited by 12
Tull, M. T., Edmonds, K. A., Forbes, C. N., Richmond, J. R., Rose, J. P., Anestis, M. D., & Gratz, K. L. (2020) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2020.1741632 · Cited by 11
“Although DT is a relatively stable individual difference characteristic (Cummings et al., 2013; Kiselica et al., 2014), it has been found to be modifiable through behavioral interventions (Bornovalova et al., 2012).”
BackgroundTonarely, N. A., Hirlemann, A., Shaw, A. M., LoCurto, J., Souer, H. R., Ginsburg, G. S., Jensen‐Doss, A., & Ehrenreich, J. T. (2020) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-020-09830-7 · Cited by 10
“%) than reported in previous studies of nonclinical youth (50–60%; Cummings et al. 2013; Daughters et al. 2009).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRamírez, M. T. G., Hernández, R. L., & Berumen, L. D. C. Q. (2019) · Ansiedad y Estrés · doi:10.1016/j.anyes.2019.08.004 · Cited by 12
Rette, D. N., Arnold, M. S., McDonald, E. M., Hoptman, M. J., Collins, K. A., & Iosifescu, D. V. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.064 · Cited by 9
Silverman, M. J. (2020) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2020.101716 · Cited by 9
Caiado, B., Santos, D., Pereira, B., Góis, A. C., Canavarro, M. C., & Moreira, H. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11010115 · Cited by 8
“Lower distress tolerance levels were found to be associated with more severe internalizing symptoms, which is consistent with the results of previous studies with both youth and adult samples (e.g., [1,25,29,51]).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDerella, O. J., Butler, E. J., Seymour, K. E., & Burke, J. D. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2023.2246557 · Cited by 8
“Lower distress tolerance is linked to higher concurrent levels of anxiety (Cummings et al., 2013; Ellis et al., 2010) and mood-related problems in girls (Daughters et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialRedmond, B. Y., Salwa, A., Bricker, J. B., Buckner, J. D., Garey, L., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2023) · Journal of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment · doi:10.1016/j.josat.2023.209163 · Cited by 8
Mchugh, R. (2019) · The Clinician's Guide to Anxiety Sensitivity Treatment and Assessment · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813495-5.00002-4 · Cited by 5
Yang, M.-J., Sawhney, V., McHugh, R. K., & Leyro, T. M. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2020.1810053 · Cited by 8
Morford, A. E., Cookston, J. T., & Hagan, M. J. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0838-x · Cited by 8
Naifeh, J. A., Nock, M. K., Dempsey, C. L., Georg, M. W., Aliaga, P. A., Dinh, H. M., Fullerton, C. S., Mash, H. B. H., Kao, T., Sampson, N. A., et al. (2021) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12821 · Cited by 8
“, traitlike) dimensions of emotional functioning (Cummings et al., 2013; Macatee et al., 2020), or how they may change in different contexts.”
BackgroundCummings, C., Lansing, A. H., & Houck, C. D. (2022) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02352-8 · Cited by 7
“…symptoms, including fewer delinquent behaviors (e.g., substance use, getting in physical altercations, carrying a weapon) and alcohol use (Cummings et al., 2013; Daughter et al., 2009), adolescents in the Low EA/High ER cluster might be at a greater risk for delinquent behaviors in…”
BackgroundA Psychometric Evaluation of the Distress Intolerance Index for Youth
Keller, A. E., Langer, D. A., Pincus, D. B., Elkins, R. M., Kerns, C. E., & Comer, J. S. (2018) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-018-9711-5 · Cited by 7
Distress Tolerance as a Familial Vulnerability for Distress-Misery Disorders
Macatee, R. J., Correa, K. A., Carrillo, V. L., Berenz, E. C., & Shankman, S. A. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.12.008 · Cited by 7
“Indeed, moderate temporal stability has been reported for behavioral and self-report measures of DT (Cummings et al., 2013; Kiselica et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMMPI-3 Predictors of Anxiety Sensitivity and Distress Intolerance
Kremyar, A. J., & Lee, T. T. C. (2021) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911211001948 · Cited by 7
Commentary on the Distress Tolerance Special Issue
Lejuez, C., Banducci, A. N., & Long, K. (2013) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-013-9527-2 · Cited by 9
Distress Intolerance Moderation of Attention to Emotion: An Eye-Tracking Study
Macatee, R. J., McDermott, K. A., Albanese, B. J., Schmidt, N. B., & Cougle, J. R. (2017) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-017-9869-2 · Cited by 8
Cash, A. R., & Breaux, R. (2025) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2025.2458088 · Cited by 5
Preadolescents’ Stereotypical Occupational Preferences: a Matter of Competence or Culture?
Mastari, L. N., Spruyt, B., & Siongers, J. (2021) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-021-09802-7 · Cited by 5
McMains, J. T., Liu, S., Oshri, A., & Sweet, L. H. (2024) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106940 · Cited by 5
Trip, S., Bora, C. H., Roşeanu, G., & McMahon, J. (2020) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-020-00369-w · Cited by 5
Escala de Tolerancia al Distrés: Propiedades Psicométricas en Estudiantes Universitarios Argentinos
del Valle, M. V., Andrés, M. L., & Urquijo, S. (2020) · Acta de Investigación Psicológica · doi:10.22201/fpsi.20074719e.2020.3.359 · Cited by 7
Sommers, B. (2017) · doi:10.32597/dissertations/1633 · Cited by 5
“…knowledge of DT’s development and the relationship between DT and self-damaging behaviors may deepen our understanding of the etiology of self-damaging behaviors as well as our understanding of, and thus the effectiveness of, interventions for these behaviors (Cummings et al., 2013, p. 735).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDieujuste, N., Ejadi, G., Narayan, A. J., & Doom, J. R. (2025) · Adversity and Resilience Science · doi:10.1007/s42844-025-00171-6 · Cited by 6
“…and distress tolerance, there is broader evidence that emotion dysregulation, anxiety sensitivity, and distress tolerance are longitudinally associated with mental health (Antony et al., 2022; Cummings et al., 2013; Heffer & Willoughby, 2018; Hovenkamp-Hermelink et al., 2019; Ranney et al., 2022).”
Zerach, G., & Gordon‐Shalev, T. (2023) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12861 · Cited by 7
Emotion Regulation Difficulties, Distress Tolerance and Psychopathological Symptoms
del Valle, M. V., Zamora, E. V., Urquijo, S., Olsen, C. D., López‐Morales, H., & Andrés, M. L. (2022) · Roczniki Psychologiczne · doi:10.18290/rpsych2022.0013 · Cited by 3
“In addition, General DT was also found to be a predictor of general distress, which is similar to previous studies about the importance of this mechanism in affectivity and psychopathology (Ameral et al., 2017; Cummings et al., 2013; Zvolensky et al., 2010).”
Maternal depression, parenting, and child psychological outcomes in the context of maternal pain
O’Brien, J. R., Lee, A. H., Stone, A. L., Dieckmann, N. F., Zalewski, M., & Wilson, A. C. (2024) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14106 · Cited by 3
Li, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., Du, X., Shi, C., Lai, L., Liu, X., Cai, Z., Chen, A., & Ren, Z. (2024) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-024-00252-0 · Cited by 2
“This discrepancy could be attributed to the fact that previous studies primarily examined adults, while the sample was mostly composed of adolescents, a developmental period during which distress tolerance tends to be relatively stable (Cummings et al., 2013).”
Xie, Z., Bi, K., & Cui, L. (2025) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.70092 · Cited by 4
Anestis, J. C., Harrop, T. M., Preston, O. C., Bulla, B. A., & Rodriguez, T. R. (2021) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2021.1905653 · Cited by 2
“, negative associations): Emotional/Internalizing Dysfunction (EID), Behavioral/Externalizing Dysfunction (BXD), Somatic Complaints (RC1), Demoralization (RCd), Low Positive Emotions (RC2), Antisocial Behavior (RC4), Dysfunctional Negative Emotions (RC7), Malaise (MLS), Cognitive Complaints (COG), Suicidal/Death Ideat…”
BackgroundInfluentialFarraway, S., Wuthrich, V. M., Lyneham, H. J., Hudson, J. L., Kangas, M., Chatterton, M. L., Mihalopoulos, C., & Rapee, R. M. (2022) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2021.12.002 · Cited by 2
Rappaport, L. M., Berenz, E. C., Lejuez, C. W., & Roberson‐Nay, R. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108140416.009 · Cited by 3
McIntosh, R. C., Hoshi, R. A., Nomi, J. S., Goodman, Z., Kornfeld, S., & Vidot, D. C. (2023) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.112274 · Cited by 2
Byllesby, B. M., Charak, R., Cano-González, I., & Christ, N. M. (2025) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-025-10226-8 · Cited by 2
Bilsky, S. A., Cloutier, R. M., Guillot, C. R., Bynion, T., & Lewis, S. F. (2019) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2019.1638937 · Cited by 3
“Distress tolerance has been linked to both internalizing and externalizing symptoms during adolescence (Cummings et al., 2013).”
Background정지현, & Kwon, S. (2015) · The Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.15842/kjcp.2015.34.1.011 · Cited by 2
Lenger, K. A., Roberson, P. N. E., & Bluth, K. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01383-w · Cited by 2
Elevated integration within the reward network underlies vulnerability to distress
Kozak, S., Dezachyo, O., Stanford, W., Bar‐Haim, Y., Censor, N., & Dayan, E. (2022) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhac460 · Cited by 2
Lee, S., Wu, L., Lin, S., Chen, T. C., & Lin, W. (2024) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.13270 · Cited by 1
Kliamovich, D., Gaillard, M., Tenekedjieva, L., Dean, J. A., & Nagel, B. J. (2025) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-111323-090945 · Cited by 1
Yang, J., Zhang, J., Zhou, Y., Xie, Y., Wu, T. T., Qiao, J., Yang, B. X., Luo, D., 刘连忠, & Yu, P. (2026) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-026-04287-x · Cited by 1
“However, other studies have reported decreasing trends in anxiety among middle school students [9, 10].”
Byllesby, B. M., & Palmieri, P. A. (2024) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.23092 · Cited by 1
Lewno, B. (2014) · UNI ScholarWorks (University of Northern Iowa)
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy for Adolescent Difficulties with Emotion Regulation: An Open Trial
Duenas, J. A. (2016) · ScholarWorks - WMU (Western Michigan University)
Chen, N. (2014) · VTechWorks (Virginia Tech)
Metadata
- Authors
- Cummings, J. R., Bornovalova, M. A., Ojanen, T., Hunt, E., MacPherson, L., & Lejuez, C.
- Affiliations
- University of South Florida (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bornovalova, Marina A.
- Venue
- Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
- Published
- 2013-01-18
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 735-748
- ISSN
- 0091-0627 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2835
- PMC
- PMC4158838
- OpenAlex
- W2028767276
- Cited by
- 111
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 8.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (P30DA028807, DA18647, R01DA018647, DA028807)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Resilience and Mental Health
- Keywords
- distress tolerance, developmental trajectories, externalizing problems, internalizing problems, early adolescence, rank-order stability, gender differences, latent growth curve models, adolescent psychopathology
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adolescent, Child, Child Behavior Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Frustration, Humans, Individuality, Internal-External Control, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Orientation, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Psychomotor Performance, Psychopathology, Reaction Time, Sex Factors, Stress, Psychological, Resilience, Psychological
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